英语故事-William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

英语故事

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

威廉· 爱德华·布格哈特·杜博斯是一位有名的学者、编辑

及非裔美人行动主义者；他也是美国 有色人种促进会的创办会员

(NAACP

﹣美国历史最悠久、

规模最大的人权组织

)

；

终其一生，

杜博

斯全力对抗差别待遇及种族歧视。< /p>

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (February 23, 1868

–

August

27,

1963)

was

an

American

civil

rights

activist,

pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor.

historian David Levering Lewis wrote,

“

in the course of his

long, turbulent career, W. E. B. Du Bois attempted virtually

every possible solution to the problem of twentieth-century

racism

—

scholarship,

propaganda,

integration,

national

self-determination,

human

rights,

cultural

and

economic

separatism,

politics,

international

communism,

expatriation,

third world solidarity.

”

The

first

African-American

graduate

of

Harvard

University, where he earned his PhD in history, Du Bois later

became

a

professor

of

history

and

economics

at

Atlanta

University.

He

became

the

head

of

the

National

Association

for

the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming

founder

and

editor

of

the

NAACP

’

s

journal

the

crisis.

Du

Bois

rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T.

Washington

’

s ideas of social integration between whites and

blacks,

campaigning

instead

for

increased

political

representation

for

blacks

in

order

to

guarantee

civil

rights,

and the formation of a black elite that would work for the

progress of the African American race.

Writings

Du

Bois

wrote

many

books,

including

three

major

autobiographies.

Among

his

most

significant

works

are

The

Philadelphia

Negro

(1899),

The

Souls

of

Black

Folk

(1903),

John

Brown (1909), Black Reconstruction (1935), and Black Folk,

Then and Now (1939). His book The Negro (1915) influenced the

work

of

several

pioneer

Africanist

scholars,

such

as

Drusilla

Dunjee Houston and William Leo Hansberry.

In

the

New

York

times

review

of

the

souls

of

black

folk,

the anonymous book reviewer wrote,

“

for it is the Jim Crow

Car, and the fact that he may not smoke a cigar and drink a

cup of tea with the white man in the south, that most galls

William

E.

Burghardt

Du

Bois

of

the

Atlanta

College

for

negroes.

”

It is the thought of a negro of northern education who

has

lived

long

among

his

brethren

of

the

south

yet

who

can

not

fully

feel

the

meaning

of

some

things

which

these

brethren

know

by instinct

—

and which the southern- bred white knows by a

similar instinct: certain things which are by both accepted

as facts

—

not theories

—

fundamental attitudes of race to

race

which

are

the

product

of

conditions

extending

over

centuries,

as

are

the

somewhat

parallel

attitudes

of

the

gentry

to the peasantry in other countries.

While prominent white scholars denied African-American

cultural, political and social relevance to American history

and

civic

life,

in

his

epic

work

black

reconstruction,

Du

Bois

documented

how

black

people

were

central

figures

in

the

American

civil

war

and

reconstruction,

and

also

showed

how

they

made alliances with white politicians. He provided evidence

to disprove the dunning school theories of reconstruction,

showing

the

coalition

governments

established

public

education in the south, as well as many needed social service

programs.

He

demonstrated

the

ways

in

which

black

emancipation

—

the

crux

of

reconstruction

—

promoted

a

radical

restructuring

of

United

States

society,

as

well

as

how

and

why

the country failed to continue support for civil rights for

blacks

in

the

aftermath

of

reconstruction.

This

theme

was

taken

up later and expanded by Eric Foner and Leon F. Litwack, the

two

leading

late

twentieth

century

scholars

of

the

reconstruction era.

In 1940, at Atlanta University, Du Bois founded Phylon

magazine. In 1946, he wrote The World and Africa: an inquiry

into

the

part

that

Africa

has

played

in

world

history.

in

1945,

he helped organize the historic fifth pan-African conference

in

Manchester,

great

Britain.

In

total,

Du

Bois

wrote

22

books,

including

five

novels.

He

helped

establish

four

academic

journals.

Criminology

Du Bois began writing about the sociology of crime in

1897,

shortly

after

receiving

his

PhD.

From

Harvard

(Zuckerman,

2004,

p.

2).

His

first

work

involving

crime,

a

program

of

social

reform,

was

shortly

followed

by

a

second,

The

Study

of

the

Negro

problems (Du Bois, 1897; Du Bois, 1898). The first work that

involved

in-depth

criminological

study

and

theorizing

was

The

Philadelphia

Negro,

in

which

a

large

section

of

the

sociological

study

was

devoted

to

analysis

of

the

black

criminal population in Philadelphia (Du Bois, 1899).

Du Bois (1899)

set forth three significant parts to his

criminology

theory. The first

was that Negro crime was caused

by

the

strain

of

the

“

social

revolution

”

experienced

by

black

Americans as they began to adapt to their new-found freedom

and

position

in

the

nation.

This

theory

was

similar

to

Durkheim

’

s (1893) Anomie Theory, C the boom in crime in the

black

population.

he

explained,

“

The

appearance

of

crime

among

the

southern

negroes

is

a

symptom

of

wrong

social

conditions--of a stress of life greater than a large part of

the

community

can

bear.

”

(Du

Bois,

1901b,

p.

745).

He

distinguished

between

the

strains

on

southern

Negroes

and

those on northern Negroes because the problems of city life

in the north were different from those of the southern rural

sharecroppers.

Secondly,

Du

Bois

(1904a)

believed

that

black

crime

declined as the African-American population moved toward a

more equal status with whites. This idea, referred to later

as

“

stratificatio n,

”

was

developed

in

a

similar

manner

later

in

the

twentieth

century

by

Merton

in

his

1968

structure-strain

theory

of

deviance.

In

The

Philadelphia

Negro

and

later

statistical

studies,

Du

Bois

found

direct

correlations

between

low levels of employment and education and high levels of

criminal activity.

Thirdly, Du Bois held that the talented tenth or the

“

exceptional

men

”

of

the

black

race

would

be

the

ones

to

lead

the

race

and

save

it

from

its

criminal

problems

(Du

Bois,

1903,

p.

33).

Du

Bois

saw

the

evolution

of

a

class

system

within

black

American society as necessary to carry out the improvements

necessary

to

reduce

crime

(Du

Bois,

1903).

He

set

forth

a

number

of

solutions

to

crime

that

the

talented

tenth

had

to

enact

(Du

Bois, 1903, p. 2).

He

was

perhaps

the

first

criminologist

to

combine

historical fact with social change and used the combination

to postulate his theories. He attributed the crime increase

after the civil war to the

“

increased complexity of life,

”

competition for jobs in industry (especially with the recent

Irish immigrants), and the mass exodus of blacks from the

farmland and immigration to cities (Du Bois, 1899). Du Bois

(1899, p. 64) states in The Philadelphia Negro:

Naturally

then,

if

men

are

suddenly

transported

from

one

environment

to

another,

the

result

is

lack

of

harmony

with

the