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语言学 术语翻译及术语解释

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2021-02-19 08:59
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2021年2月19日发(作者:bark是什么意思)


术语翻译及术语解释汇总



术语翻译



1.



Design features of language


(语言的甄别特征)



Arbitrariness


(任意性)


< br>Duality


(二层性


/


二重 性)




Creativity


(创造性


/


原创性)



Displacement


(移位性)



Cultural transmission


(文化传播 )



Interchangeability

< br>(可


互换性)



2.


Functions of language


referential


指称功能





poetic


诗学功能







emotive


情感功能




conative


劝慰功能






phatic


寒暄功能






metalingual function


元语言功能



ideational function


概念功能



interpersonal function


人际功能



textual function


语篇


/


文本功能














Informative


(信息


/


告知功能)




Performative Function


(施为功能)










Emotive Function


(情感功能)




Phatic communion


(寒暄交谈)













Recreational Function


(娱乐功能)




3.



Phonetics(


语音学


)





















Phonology


(音系


/


音位学)


;


Mor phology


(形态学)




















Syntax


(句法学)


;


Semantics


(语义学)





















Pragmatics


(语用学)



Articulatory phonetics


发音语音学



Acoustic phonetics


声学语音学



Auditory phonetics


听觉语音学














Psycholinguisti cs


心理语言学



Socioling uistics


社会语言学
















Anthropological linguistics


人类语言学



Computational linguistics


计算语言学








Applied linguistics


应用语言学



Neurolinguistics


神经语言学



4.


Descriptive vs. prescriptive


描写式和规定式






Synchronic vs. diachronic


共时和历时








Langue vs. parole


语言和言语



Competence vs. performance


语言能力和语言行为



5. V


ocal tract


声道


(resonating cavities


共鸣腔


)




pharynx


咽腔


, oral cavity


口腔



and


nasal cavity


鼻腔


.



其它的一些发音器官:


lungs< /p>



, windpipe



trachea


)气管


, vocal folds


声带


,


larynx



, epiglottis


会厌,次声门


, pharynx



, uvula


小舌


, hard palate


硬腭


,



soft palate


软腭


, alveolar ridge


齿龈



6.



Consonants and vowels


(辅音和元音)



A. Manners of articulation


发音方式




B. Places of articulation


发音位置



7.


Stop (or plosive)


爆破音




Fricative


摩擦音




Approximant


近似音



Lateral (approximant)


边音





Affricates


塞擦音


,



trill


颤音



and tap


闪音



Bilabial


双唇音





Labiodental


唇齿音





Dental


齿音






Alveolar


齿龈音




Postal veolar


后齿龈音








Retroflex


卷舌音















Palatal


硬腭音





Velar


软腭音





Uvular


小舌音


,





pharyngeal


咽音









glottal


声门音



monophthong vowel:


单元音




diphthongs


双元音








triphthongs


三元音



Lax vowels


短元音





Tensed vowels


长元音



8.



Coarticulation and phonetic transcription


协同发音和标音



anticipatory coarticulation


先期协同发音



perseverative coarticulation


后滞协同发音


.


broad transcription


宽式标音













narrow transcription


严式标音




9.


minimal pairs


最小对立体





Phoneme


音位



phonemic transcriptions


音位转写










phonetic transcriptions


语音转写



phones


音子







allophones


音位变体





complementary distribution


互补分布



phonetic similarity


发音近似性












Free variation


自由变体



assimilation


同化








regressive assimilation


逆同化






progressive


assimilation


顺同化





phonological


rule


音系规则





Epenthesis


增音






binary


二分的



Distinctive features


区别特征



Endocentric and Exocentric Constructions


向心结构和离心结构



subordinate and coordinate


从属和并列



Conceptual meaning


概念意义














Associative meaning:


联想意义



Connotative meaning


内涵意义










Social meaning


社会意义












Affective meaning


情感意义












Reflected meaning


反射意义



Collocative meaning


搭配意义










Thematic meaning


主位意义



denotation:


外延意义




connotation:


内涵



The referential theory:


指称理论







Semantic triangle


语义三角





Sense and reference


:涵义和指称



Synonymy


同义关系








Antonymy


反义关系




Hyponymy


上下义关系







Polysemy


一词多义关系











Homonymy


同音


/

< p>
形异意关系



Dialectal synonyms


地域同义词





Stylistic synonyms


风格同义词



Collocational synonyms


搭配同义词



gradable antonymy


等级反义关系






cover term


覆盖项



Marked vs. unmarked terms


标记项和非标记项



complementary antonymy



互补反义关系




converse antonymy



逆向反义关系



homophones:


同音异义词






homographs :


同形异义词




complete homonyms





semantic components


语义部分



术语解释



1.



Design feature


的定义:


the defining


(最典型的,起决定作用的)



properties of


2.



3.



4.



5.



6.



7.



8.



9.



human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.


Synchronic


共时:


It refers to the description of a language at some point of time


in history.



Diachronic


历时:


It


studies


the


development


or


history


of


language.


In


other


words, it refers to the description of a language as it changes through time .



prescriptive


规定式:


A kind of linguistic s


tudy aims to lay down rules for “correct


and standard” behavior in using language


.



descriptive


描写式


: A kind


of


linguistic study aims


to


describe and analyze the


language people actually use


.



Arbitrarine ss


(任意性)


:


By


saying


that


“language


is


arbitrary”,


we


mean



that


there is no logical connection between meaning and sound.



Duality< /p>


(二层性


/


二重性)

:it means that language is a system, which consists of


two levels of structures, at the lower level there is the structure of sounds; at the


higher level there is the structure of meaning.


Displacement< /p>


(移位性)


:


it


means


that


language


can


be


used


to


communicate


about things that are not present in our immediate communicational context.




competence


语言能力


:


it


refers to an ideal speaker’s knowledge of the underlying


system of rules in a language.


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