语言学练习第二章

Chapter two

Summarize the characteristics of English consonants :

[

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voiceless bilabial stop

[

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voiced bilabial stop

[

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voiceless alveolar stop

[

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voiced alveolar stop

[

]

voiceless velar stop

[

]

voiced velar stop

[

]

bilabial nasal

[

]

alveolar nasal

[

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velar nasal

[

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voiceless postalveolar affricate

[

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voiced postalveolar affricate

[

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alveolar lateral

[

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voiceless labioldental fricative

[

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voiced labioldental fricative

[

]

voiceless

dental fricative

[

]

voiced

dental fricative

[

]

voiceless

alveolar

fricative

[

]

voiced

alveolar

fricative

[

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voiced alveolar trill

[

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voiceless post-alveolar fricative

[

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voiced

post-alveolar fricative

[

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glottal fricative

[

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bilabial approximant

[

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palatal approximant

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter

given:

1. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.

2

．

A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech

sounds and how they differ.

3. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all

b_______ sounds.

4

．

Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for

varieties of articulation than any other.

5

．

English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms

of p____ of articulation.

6

．

When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech

sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is

called a s________.

7

．

S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the

segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.

8

．

The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called

s ____ rules.

9

．

The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad

transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is

called n_________ transcription.

10

．

When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word

in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.

11

．

P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular

language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic

communication.

12

．

The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important

cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.

13

．

T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of

the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.

14

．

Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of

stress: word stress and s_________ stress.

15

．

The sound /f/ is _________________.

A. voiced palatal affricate

B. voiced alveolar stop

C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative

16. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more

phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the

segments are called ____________.

A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents

C. suprasegmental features D. semantic features

17. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a

collection of distinctive phonetic features.

A. phone B. sound

C. allophone D. phoneme

18

．

The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic

environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.

A. phones B. sounds

C. phonemes

D. allophones

19

．

Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.

A. mouth

B. lips

C. tongue

D. vocal cords

20

．

The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.

A. voiceless B. voiced

C. vowel D. consonantal

21

．

__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.