语言学基本知识

语言学的基本概念

1.

What is linguistics?

(1)

The definition: Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language, or,

alternatively, the scientific study of language.

(2)

The main branches of Linguistics:

Phonetics

语音学

Phonology

音位学

Morphology

形态学

Syntax

句法学

Semantics

语义学

Pragmatics

语用学

2.

General Linguistics & Applied Linguistics

(1)

The main difference

General Linguistics:

理论研究，研究对象为人类所有语言

Applied Linguistics:

应用研究，语言在各个领域的实际应用

(2)

The main branches of each

General Linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics,

Pragmatics

Applied Linguistics: Sociolinguistics, Psycholinguistics, Physiological

Phonelics, etc. (Page 64, Para1)

Note:

上述应用语言学分分支，指的是广义的应用语言学 的分支，狭义的应用

语言学只指语言教学

3.

Important distinctions in Linguistics

(1)

Descriptive Linguistics V

.S. Prescriptive Linguistics

1

Don

’

t say X.

a prescriptive command

People don

’

t say X.

a descriptive statement

The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how

things are.

Prescriptive Linguistics:

规定正确的用法，按照此规定使用语言

Descriptive Linguistics:

语言的实际用法

(2)

Synchronic Linguistics V

.S. Diachronic Linguistics

----Saussure

Diachronic Linguistics: the study of language through the course of its history.

Synchronic Linguistics: the study of language, which takes a fixed instant as its

point of observation.

(3)

Speech V

.S. Writing

Speech: communication by word of mouth

Writing: symbol of language

(4)

Langue V

.S. Parole

Langue: the common possession of a speech community

言语活动中社会成

员共同 使用的部分，是社会共有的交际工具。

Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics

语言上的实际表现或语料，

在具体场合下的具体话语。

(5)

Competence V

.S. Performance

---Chomsky

Competence: a language user

’

s underlying knowledge about the system of

rules of his language

Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations. What we do

when we speak or listen.

2

Phonetics

语音学

1.

Definition

The

study

of

the

pronunciation

(including

how

sounds

are

made,

transmitted,

and received

发出，

传递 ，

感知

), description and classification of speech sounds.

比

p

是用什么发音器官发出来的？是爆破音还是 唇齿音？是元音还是辅音？是

轻音还是浊音？

Articulatory Phonetics

发音语音学

: the production of speech sounds---organs

Acoustic Phonetics

声学语音学

: the property of sound waves---transmission

Auditory

Phonetics

听觉语音学

:

the

way

in

which

the

listener

analyses

or

possesses a sound wave ----perception

2.

Classification of English Speech Sounds

Consonants (24)

V

owels (20)

Difference: whether the air from the lungs meets with obstruction

in the throat, the nose, or the mouth when you pronounce.

(1)

Classification of Consonants

①

V

oiced or voicelss

清音或浊音

（

8

对）

V

oiced: p, t, k, f,

θ, s, ?

, t

?

V

oiceless: b, d, g, v, ?

, z,

?

, d

?

②

Place of pronunciation

（分为

8

类，共

24

个音标）

Bilabial: p, b, m, w

(4

个

)

Labiodental: f,v

（

2

个）

Dental: θ, ?

(2

个

)

Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, r, l

(7

个

)

Palatal-alveolar:

?

, t

?

,

?

, d

?

(4

个

)

Palatal: j

(1

个

)

Velar: k, g, ?

(3

个

)

Glottal: h

（

1

个）

3