-
Pronunciation Symbols
as
a
in
a
but
as
u
in
ab
u
t
as
e
in
kitt
en
r as
ur
/
er
in
f
ur
th
er
a as
a
in
a
sh
as
a
in
a
ce
?
as
o
in
m
o
p
a
as
ou
in
ou
t
b as in
b
a
b
y
ch as
ch
in
ch
in
d as
d
in
d
i
d
e as
e
in
b
e
t
as
ea
in
ea
sy
as
y
in
eas
y
f as
f
in
f
i
f
ty
g as
g
in
g
o
h as
h
in
h
at
i as
i
in
h
i
t
as
i
in
i
ce
j as
j
in
j
ob
k as
k
in
k
in
as
ch
in
i
ch
dien
l as
l
in
l
i
l
y
m as
m
in
m
ur
m
ur
n as
n
in
ow
n
as
ng
in
si
ng
as
o
in
g
o
as
aw
in
l
aw
i as
oy
in
b
oy
p as
p
in
p
e
pp
er
r as
r
in
r
ed
s as
s
in
le
ss
sh as
sh
in
sh
y
t as
t
in
t
ie
th as
th
in
th
in
th as
th
in
th
e
ü
as
oo
in
l
oo
t
as
oo
in
f
oo
t
v as
v
in
v
i
v
id
w as
w
in
a
w
ay
y as
y
in
y
et
yü
as
you
in
you
th
y
as
u
in
c
u
rable
z as
z
in
z
one
zh as
si
in
vi
si
on
韦氏词典音标与国际音标对照
国际上有很多套音标标准，如
从小学习的国际音标
IPA
，美式音标
KK
等。
Merriam Webster's
Dictionary
词典使用的与上面两种均不同。花了好大功夫才从
MW Dictionary
的官方网站上找到音标示
例，在此记录并留作参考。我还在后面附上了国际音标的对照（绿色）。
?
as
a
in
a
but
?
'
?
,
?
g as
g
in
g
o
g
r as
r
in
r
ed
r
h as
h
in
h
at h
s as
s
in
le
ss
s
sh as
sh
in
sh
y
?
t
as
t
in
t
ie
t
i as
i
in
h
i
t
I
?
?
as
u
in
ab
u
t
?
ī
as
i
in
i
ce
ai
n
as
en
in
kitt
en
n
k as
k
in
k
in k
k as
ch
in
i
ch
dien
~
?
r
as
ur
/
er
in f
ur
th
er
r
a
as
a
in
a
sh
?
ā
as
a
in
a
ce ei
?
as
o
in
m
o
p
?
th as
th
in
th
in
θ
j
as
j
in
j
ob
d
?
th as
th
in
th
e
?
ü
as
oo
in
l
oo
t
u:
l as
l
in
l
i
l
y
l
?
as
oo
in
f
oo
t
u
m as
m
in
m
ur
m
ur
m
n as
n
in
ow
n
n
v as
v
in
v
i
v
id
v
w as
w
in
a
w
ay
w
a
?
as
ou
in
ou
t
au
?
as
ng
in
si
ng
?
y
as
y
in
y
et
j
b as in
b
a
b
y
b
yü
as
you
in
you
th
ju:
ō
as
o
in
g
o
?
u
y as
u
in
c
u
rable
ju
ch as
ch
in
ch
in
t
?
z as
z
in
z
one
z
d as
d
in
d
i
d
d
e as
e
in
b
e
t e
?
as
aw
in
l
aw
?
:
zh as
si
in
vi
si
on
?
'
ē,
?
ē
as
ea
in
ea
sy
i:
?
i
as
oy
in
b
oy
?
i
ē
as
y
in
eas
y
i
f as
f
in
f
i
f
ty
f
这套音标系统里面没有国际音标中
tr
,
dr
,
ts
,
dz
的对应音标，
因为现代语音学认为这四个音标不
是独立因素，而属于辅音连缀。此外，音标中
?
因该是
u
上加一点，
?
和
?
i
应该是
o
上加
p as
p
in
p
e
pp
er
p
一点。
Pronunciation Guide
This
discussion
sets
out
the
signification
and
use
of
the
pronunciation
symbols
in
this
dictionary, with special attention to
those areas where experience has shown that
dictionary users may have questions.
The order of symbols in this page is the same as
the order in
Pronunciation
Symbols
, with the exception that the
symbols which are not
letter characters
are listed first. For more information about
pronunciations, see
Pronunciation
Overview
.
Symbol
Explanation
All
pronunciation information is printed between
reversed virgules.
Pronunciation
symbols are printed in roman type and all other
information, such as labels and notes,
is printed in italics.
'
A
single
stress
mark
precedes
a
syllable
with
primary
(strongest)
stress;
a
double
mark
precedes
a
syllable
with
secondary
(medium)
stress;
a
third
level of weak stress requires no mark
at all: 'pen-m&n-
the nineteenth century
the International Phonetics Association has
recommended that stress marks precede
the stressed syllable, and
linguists
worldwide have adopted this practice on the basic
principle
that before a syllable can be
uttered the speaker must know what degree
of stress to give it. In accordance
with the practice of French
phoneticians, no stress marks are shown
in the transcription of words
borrowed
from French whose pronunciations have not been
anglicized, as
at
ancien
r
é
gime
and
é
meute
.
-
Hyphens
are
used
to
separate
syllables
in
pronunciation
transcriptions.
In actual
speech, of course, there is no pause between the
syllables of
a word. The placement of
hyphens is based on phonetic principles, such
( )
,
÷
as vowel
length, nasalization, variation due to the
position of a
consonant in a syllable,
and other nuances of the spoken word. The
syllable
breaks
shown
in
this
text
reflect
the
careful
pronunciation
of
a single word out of
context. Syllabication tends to change in rapid or
running speech: a consonant at the end
of a syllable may shift into a
following syllable, and unstressed
vowels may be elided. The numerous
variations in pronunciation that a word
may have in running speech are
of
interest
to
phoneticians
but
are
well
outside
the
scope
of
a
dictionary
of
general English.
The
centered
dots
in
boldface
entry
words
indicate
potential
end-of-line
division points and not syllabication.
These division points are
determined
by
considerations
of
both
morphology
and
pronunciation,
among
others. A detailed discussion of end-
of-line division is contained in
the
article on Division in Boldface Entry Words in
Webster's Third New
International Dictionary
. In
this dictionary a consistent approach has
been pursued, both toward word division
based on traditional formulas
and
toward
syllabication
based
on
phonetic
principles.
As
a
result,
the
hyphens indicating syllable breaks and
the centered dots indicating
end-of-
line division often do not fall in the same
places.
Parentheses are used in
pronunciations to indicate that whatever is
symbolized
between
them
is
present
in
some
utterances
but
not
in
others;
thus
factory
'fak-t(&-)rE is pronounced both 'fak-t&-rE and
'fak-trE,
industry
'in-(
is
pronounced
both 'in-d&s-trE
and 'in-
fence
'fen(t)s
and
boil
'boi(&)l,
it
may
be
difficult
to
determine
whether
the
sound
shown
in
parentheses
is
or
is
not
present
in
a
given
utterance;
even the usage of a single speaker may
vary considerably.
Variant
pronunciations are separated by commas; groups of
variants are
separated by semicolons.
The order of variants does not mean that the
first is in any way preferable to or
more acceptable than the others.
All of
the variants in this dictionary, except those
restricted by a
regional
or
usage
label,
are
widely
used
in
acceptable
educated
speech.
If evidence reveals
that a particular variant is used more frequently
than another,
the
former
will be
given
first.
This
should
not, however,
prejudice
anyone
against
the
second
or
subsequent
variants.
In
many
cases
the numerical distribution of variants
is equal but one of them, of
course,
must appear first.
The obelus, or
division sign, is placed before a pronunciation
variant
that occurs in educated speech
but that is considered by some to be
questionable or unacceptable. This
symbol is used sparingly and
primarily
for variants that have been objected to over a
period of time
in print by commentators
on usage, in schools by teachers, or in
correspondence that has come to the
Merriam-Webster editorial
department.
In most cases the objection is based on
orthographic or
etymological
arguments.
For
instance,
the
second
variant
of
cupola
'ky
ü
-p&-l&,
÷
-
because
a
is very rarely pronounced
O in English. The pronunciations
'fe-
by&-
use of parentheses) are similarly
marked at the entry for
February
÷
'fe-b(y)&-
'fe-
br&-,
even
though
they
are
the
most
frequently
heard pronunciations, because some
people insist that both
r
's
should
be pronounced. The obelus
applies only to that portion of the
transcription
which
it
immediately
precedes
and
not
to
any
other
variants
following.
&
in
unstressed
syllables
as
in
b
a
nan
a
,
c
o
llide,
a
but.
This
neutral
vowel,
called
schwa
,
may
be
represented
orthographically
by
any
of
the
letters
a
,
e
,
i
,
o
,
u
,
y
,
and
by
many
combinations
of
letters.
In
running
speech
unstressed
vowels
are
regularly
pronounced
as
&
in
American
and
British
speech. Unstressed &
often intrudes between a stressed vowel and a
following l or r though it is not
represented in the spelling, as
in
eel
'E(&)l and
sour
'sau(-&)r.
'&,
in stressed
syllables as in h
u
mdr
u
m, ab
u
t.
&
immediately preceding l, n,
m, [ng], as in batt
le
,
cott
on
, and
one
pronunciation of op
en
'O-p
n and of
and
[ng] as in one
pronunciation
of the phrase
lock
and
key
?
k-
[ng]-'kE. The
symbol
preceding these
consonants does not itself represent a sound. It
signifies
instead
that
the
following
consonant
is
syllabic;
that
is,
the
consonant
itself forms the nucleus of a syllable that does
not contain
a
vowel.
In
the
pronunciation
of
some
French
or
French-derived
words
is placed
immediately after l, m, r to indicate one
nonsyllabic
pronunciation
of
these
consonants,
as
in
the
French
words
tab
le
pris
me
and
tit
re
each
of
which
in
isolation
and
in
some
contexts is a one-
syllable word.
&
&
&
&
&
&r
as in f
ur
th
er
, m
er
g
er
,
b
ir
d. (See the section on
r
.) The anglicized
pronunciation of the vowel
?
is represented in this
book as &(r).
(See the section on
[
oe
].)
'&r-,
'&-r
as
in
two
different
pronunciations
of
hurry
.
Most
U.S.
speakers
pronounce
'h&r-E with
the &r
representing
the same sounds as
in
bird
'b&rd.
Usually
in
metropolitan
New
York
and
southern
England
and
frequently
in
New
England and the southeastern U.S. the vowel is
much the same as the
vowel of
hum
followed by a syllable-
initial variety of r. This
pronunciation of
hurry
is represented as
'h&-rE in this dictionary.
Both types
of pronunciation are shown for words composed of a
single
meaningful
unit (or
morpheme
) as
in
current, hurry,
and
worry
. In words
such as
furry
,
stirring
, and
purring
in which a vowel or
vowel-initial
suffix is added to a word
ending in
r
or
rr
(as
fur
,
stir
, and
purr
),
a
A
?
[
a'
]
the second type of pronunciation
outlined above is heard only
occasionally and is not shown in this
dictionary.
as in
m
a
t,
m
a
p,
m
a
d,
g
a
g,
sn
a
p,
p
a
tch. Some variation in
this vowel is
occasioned
by
the
consonant
that
follows
it;
thus,
for
some
speakers
map
,
mad
,
and
gag
have
noticeably
different
vowel
sounds.
There
is
a
very
small
number
of
words
otherwise
identical
in
pronunciation
that
these
speakers
may distinguish
solely by variation of this vowel, as in the two
words
can
(put into cans; be
able) in the sentence
However, this
distinction is sufficiently infrequent that the
traditional practice of
using a single
symbol
is
followed
in
this book.
as in
d
a
y,
f
a
de,
d
a
te,
a
orta,
dr
a
pe,
c
a
pe. In most English speech
this
is actually a diphthong. In
lowland South Carolina, in coastal Georgia
and Florida, and occasionally elsewhere
A is pronounced as a
monophthong.
As
a
diphthong
A
has
a
first
element
e
or
monophthongal
A and a second element i.
as in b
o
ther,
c
o
t, and, with most American
speakers, f
a
ther,
c
a
rt. The
symbol
?
represents the vowel of
cot
,
cod
, and the stressed vowel
of
collar
in the
speech
of
those
who pronounce this
vowel
differently
from
the
vowel
in
caught
,
cawed
,
and
caller
,
represented
by
o.
In
U.S.
speech
?
is
pronounced
with
little
or
no
rounding
of
the
lips,
and
it
is
fairly
long in
duration, especially before voiced consonants. In
southern
England
?
is
usually
accompanied
by
some
lip
rounding
and
is
relatively
short
in
duration.
The
vowel
o
generally
has
appreciable
lip
rounding.
Some U.S. speakers (a perhaps growing
minority) do not distinguish
between
cot
--
caught
< br>,
cod
--
cawed
, and
collar
--
caller
, usually because
they lack or have less lip rounding in
the words transcribed with o.
Though
the symbols
?
and o are used
throughout this dictionary to
distinguish the members of the above
pairs and similar words, the
speakers
who
rhyme
these
pairs
will
automatically
reproduce
a
sound
that
is
consistent
with
their
own
speech.
In
words
such
as
card
and
cart
most
U.S.
speakers
have
a
sequence
of
sounds
that
we
transcribe
as
?
r.
Most
speakers who do not pronounce r before
another consonant or a pause,
however,
do
not
rhyme
card
with
either
cod
or
cawed
and
do
not
rhyme
cart
with either
cot
or
caught
. The pronunciation
of
card
and
cart
by such
speakers, although not shown in this
dictionary, would be transcribed
as
'k[a']d and 'k[a']t. Speakers of r-dropping
dialects will
automatically substitute
[a'] for the transcribed
?
r.
(See the
sections on
[
a'
] and
r
.)
as
in
f
a
ther
as
pronounced
by
those
who
do
not
rhyme
it
with
bother
.
The
pronunciation of this
vowel varies regionally. In eastern New England
and southern England it is generally
pronounced farther forward in the
mouth
than
?
but not as far
forward as a. In New York City and the
southeastern U.S. it may have much the
same quality as
?
but
somewhat
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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