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二语习得概念

作者:高考题库网
来源:https://www.bjmy2z.cn/gaokao
2021-02-19 05:43
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2021年2月19日发(作者:stealth)


is mother tongue/native language?


Generally, mother tongue is the first language a child has learned from birth. Because of this, it is often called first


language. In most case, a person’s L1 and his mother tongue mean the same. But there is still


different, for


example, a child was born in a foreign country.


2. what is SLA?


Second language acquisition refers both to the study of individuals and groups who are learning a language


subsequent to learning their first one as young children, and to the p


rocess of learning that language. The


additional language is called a second language (L2), even though it may actually be the third, fourth, or tenth to


be acquired. It is also commonly called a target language, which refers to any language that is the aim or goal of


learning.


3. what’s first language?



A language which is acquired during early childhood- normally beginning before the age of about three years-and


that they are learned as part of growing up among people who speak them.


4. what’ s second langu


age?


It is typically an official or societally dominant language needed for education, employment, and other basic


purpose. It is often acquired by minority group members or immigrants who speak anther language natively. In this


more restricted sense, the term is contrasted with other terms in this list.


5. the difference between acquisition and learning?


Acquisition: picking up a second language through exposure; learning: conscious study of a language.



6. multilingualism: refers to the ability to use two or more languages. Bilingualism: the ability to use two


languages. Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language.






Simultaneous multilingualism: refers to the acquisition of two or more languages at the same time. Sequltaneous


multilingualism refer to the acquisition of two or more languages one after another.


motivations of adding second language at an older age. A.: invasion or conquest of one’s country by speakers


of another language. B: a need or desire to contact speakers of other language in economic or other specific


domains. C: immigration to a country where use of a language other than one’s L1 is required. D: adoption of


religious beliefs and practices which involve use of another language. E: a need or desire to pursue educational


experiences where access requires proficiency in another language. F: a desire for occupational or social


advancement which is further by knowledge of another language. G: an interest in knowing more about peoples


of other cultures and having access to their



technologies



literatures.


8. how do you think children acquire their first language?



1) children’s natural desire to please their clotting


parents.2) children’s language acquisition is purposive, that they develop language because of their urge to


communicate their wants and needs to the people who take care of them. 3).children learn language by imitation.


role of natural ability.


Human are born with a natural ability or innate capacity to learn language. Such a predisposition must be assumed


in order to explain several facts.


1) children begin to learn their L1 at the same age, and in much the same way, whether it is English, Korean, or


any other language in the world. 2) Children master the basic phonological and grammatical operations in their


L1 by the age of about five or six, as noted above, regardless of what the language is . 3)children can understand


and create novel utterances: they are not limited to repeating what they have heard, and indeed the utterances that


children produce are often systematically different from those of the adults around them. 4) there is a cut-off age


for L1 acquisition, beyond which it can never be complete



5)acquisition


















10. the role of


social experience




A: not all of L1 acquisition can be attributed to innate ability, for language specific learning also plays a crucial


role.



B:



social experience, including L1 input and interaction is thus a necessary condition for acquisition.


L1 VS L2 IN THREE STAGES


Initial stage :L1 :innate capacity




L2 :L1 knowledge :world knowledge interaction skills



Intermediate stage: L1 child grammar



basic process; maturation: input, reciprocal interaction. L2: transfer


(positive & negative) input, feedback, aptitude, motivation, instruction


Final stage: L1: native competence.



L2: multilingual competence, fossilization in SLA.


Positive transfer, when an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is appropriate or “correct” in


the L2 :



Negative transfer ,when an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is inappropriate and


considered an “error”.



Facilitating conditions: 1) feedback including correction of L2 learners’ errors: 2) aptitude, including memory


capacity and analytic ability: 3) motivation, or need and desire to learn: 4) instruction, or



explicit teaching in


school settings.


some linguistic believe children have the innate capacity to learn language?


First of all, children often say things that adults do not . this is especially true of children’s tendency



to use


regular patterns to form plurals or past tense on words that would have irregular formation.



Next, children use language in accordance with general universal rules of language even though they have not yet


developed the cognitive ability necessary to understand these rules.


Finally, patterns of children’s language development are not directly determined by the input they receive.



12. The difference between internal& external focus to the study of language acquisition. 1) the internal focus


seeks to a


ccount for speakers’ internalized, underlying knowledge of language. 2) the external focus emphasizes


language use, including the functions of language which are realized in learners’ production at different stages of


development.


13. The nature of language.


Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol and specific used for human communication..



Languages are systematic/ symbolic/ /human specific.


Languages are systematic: they consist of recurrent elements which occur in regular patterns of relationships. All


languages have an infinite number of possible sentences, and the vast majority of all sentences which are used


have not been memorized. They are created according to rules or principles which speakers are usually


unconscious of using- or even of knowing- if they acquired the language as a young child.



Languages are symbolic: sequences of sounds or letters do not inherently possess meaning. The meanings of


symbols in a language come through the tacit agreement of a group of speakers.



Languages are social : each language reflects the social requirements of the society that use it, and there is no


standard for judging :whether one language is more effective for communication than another, other than to


estimate the success its users may have in achieving the social tasks that are demanded of them.


13. Contrastive analysis. Contrastive is an approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and


explaining learner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 to determine similarities and differences. It was


heavily influenced by theories which were dominant in linguistics and psychology within the USA though the


1940s and 1950s, Structuralism and behaviorism.



Error analysis


Error analysis (EA) is the first approach to the study of SLA which


includes an internal focus on learners’ creative


ability to construct language. it is based on the description and analysis of actual learner errors in L2, rather than


on idealized linguistic structures attributed to native speakers of L1 and L2 (as in CA)

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