二语习得概念

is mother tongue/native language?

Generally, mother tongue is the first language a child has learned from birth. Because of this, it is often called first

language. In most case, a person’s L1 and his mother tongue mean the same. But there is still

different, for

example, a child was born in a foreign country.

2. what is SLA?

Second language acquisition refers both to the study of individuals and groups who are learning a language

subsequent to learning their first one as young children, and to the p

rocess of learning that language. The

additional language is called a second language (L2), even though it may actually be the third, fourth, or tenth to

be acquired. It is also commonly called a target language, which refers to any language that is the aim or goal of

learning.

3. what’s first language?

A language which is acquired during early childhood- normally beginning before the age of about three years-and

that they are learned as part of growing up among people who speak them.

4. what’ s second langu

age?

It is typically an official or societally dominant language needed for education, employment, and other basic

purpose. It is often acquired by minority group members or immigrants who speak anther language natively. In this

more restricted sense, the term is contrasted with other terms in this list.

5. the difference between acquisition and learning?

Acquisition: picking up a second language through exposure; learning: conscious study of a language.

6. multilingualism: refers to the ability to use two or more languages. Bilingualism: the ability to use two

languages. Monolingualism: the ability to use only one language.

Simultaneous multilingualism: refers to the acquisition of two or more languages at the same time. Sequltaneous

multilingualism refer to the acquisition of two or more languages one after another.

motivations of adding second language at an older age. A.: invasion or conquest of one’s country by speakers

of another language. B: a need or desire to contact speakers of other language in economic or other specific

domains. C: immigration to a country where use of a language other than one’s L1 is required. D: adoption of

religious beliefs and practices which involve use of another language. E: a need or desire to pursue educational

experiences where access requires proficiency in another language. F: a desire for occupational or social

advancement which is further by knowledge of another language. G: an interest in knowing more about peoples

of other cultures and having access to their

technologies

literatures.

8. how do you think children acquire their first language?

1) children’s natural desire to please their clotting

parents.2) children’s language acquisition is purposive, that they develop language because of their urge to

communicate their wants and needs to the people who take care of them. 3).children learn language by imitation.

role of natural ability.

Human are born with a natural ability or innate capacity to learn language. Such a predisposition must be assumed

in order to explain several facts.

1) children begin to learn their L1 at the same age, and in much the same way, whether it is English, Korean, or

any other language in the world. 2) Children master the basic phonological and grammatical operations in their

L1 by the age of about five or six, as noted above, regardless of what the language is . 3)children can understand

and create novel utterances: they are not limited to repeating what they have heard, and indeed the utterances that

children produce are often systematically different from those of the adults around them. 4) there is a cut-off age

for L1 acquisition, beyond which it can never be complete

5)acquisition

10. the role of

social experience

A: not all of L1 acquisition can be attributed to innate ability, for language specific learning also plays a crucial

role.

B:

social experience, including L1 input and interaction is thus a necessary condition for acquisition.

L1 VS L2 IN THREE STAGES

Initial stage :L1 :innate capacity

：

L2 :L1 knowledge :world knowledge interaction skills

Intermediate stage: L1 child grammar

basic process; maturation: input, reciprocal interaction. L2: transfer

(positive & negative) input, feedback, aptitude, motivation, instruction

Final stage: L1: native competence.

L2: multilingual competence, fossilization in SLA.

Positive transfer, when an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is appropriate or “correct” in

the L2 :

Negative transfer ,when an L1 structure or rule is used in an L2 utterance and that use is inappropriate and

considered an “error”.

Facilitating conditions: 1) feedback including correction of L2 learners’ errors: 2) aptitude, including memory

capacity and analytic ability: 3) motivation, or need and desire to learn: 4) instruction, or

explicit teaching in

school settings.

some linguistic believe children have the innate capacity to learn language?

First of all, children often say things that adults do not . this is especially true of children’s tendency

to use

regular patterns to form plurals or past tense on words that would have irregular formation.

Next, children use language in accordance with general universal rules of language even though they have not yet

developed the cognitive ability necessary to understand these rules.

Finally, patterns of children’s language development are not directly determined by the input they receive.

12. The difference between internal& external focus to the study of language acquisition. 1) the internal focus

seeks to a

ccount for speakers’ internalized, underlying knowledge of language. 2) the external focus emphasizes

language use, including the functions of language which are realized in learners’ production at different stages of

development.

13. The nature of language.

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol and specific used for human communication..

Languages are systematic/ symbolic/ /human specific.

Languages are systematic: they consist of recurrent elements which occur in regular patterns of relationships. All

languages have an infinite number of possible sentences, and the vast majority of all sentences which are used

have not been memorized. They are created according to rules or principles which speakers are usually

unconscious of using- or even of knowing- if they acquired the language as a young child.

Languages are symbolic: sequences of sounds or letters do not inherently possess meaning. The meanings of

symbols in a language come through the tacit agreement of a group of speakers.

Languages are social : each language reflects the social requirements of the society that use it, and there is no

standard for judging :whether one language is more effective for communication than another, other than to

estimate the success its users may have in achieving the social tasks that are demanded of them.

13. Contrastive analysis. Contrastive is an approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and

explaining learner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 to determine similarities and differences. It was

heavily influenced by theories which were dominant in linguistics and psychology within the USA though the

1940s and 1950s, Structuralism and behaviorism.

Error analysis

Error analysis (EA) is the first approach to the study of SLA which

includes an internal focus on learners’ creative

ability to construct language. it is based on the description and analysis of actual learner errors in L2, rather than

on idealized linguistic structures attributed to native speakers of L1 and L2 (as in CA)