2020年考研英语阅读理解全文翻

Text1

Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on

auto-

pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice,

but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century.

In

the ever-

changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.

So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and

innovation.

习惯是件有趣的事情。

我们无意识间 养成了一些习惯，

我们的大脑是自动运

转的，轻松进入熟知套路 所带来的不自觉舒适状态。

“这并非选择，而是习惯控

制了那些 没有思想的人”

，这是威廉?华兹华斯（

William Wo rdsworth

）

19

世纪时

说的话。

在现在这个日新月异的

21

世纪，

甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。

因 此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。

But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new

habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can

jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill

off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re

there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create

parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

但大脑研究人员发现，

当我们有意识地 培养新的习惯的时候，

我们创建了平

行路径，

< br>甚至是全新的脑细胞，

可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。

但

是，

不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；

一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，

它们就会留在

那里。相 反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna

Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for

Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our

president calls himself ‘the Decider.’ ” She adds, however, that “to

decide is to kill off

all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many

other possibilities.”

《开放思想》一书的作者

Dawna Markova

说：

“革新所需要的第一样东西，

就是一种对好 奇的着迷。然而我们被教导去做‘决定’

，就像我们的总裁称呼自

己为‘决策者’那样。

”她补充道，

“但是，决定意味着否决 一切可能性而只保留

一种。一个优秀的具有革新精神的思想者总是在探寻许多其它的可能 。

”

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says.

Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to

approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or

collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of

that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable

during the first decade or so of life.

她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。研究人员在

20

世纪

60

年代末发现人类 天生主要用四种方法应对挑战。

这四种方法是分析法，

程序法， 关联（或合作）法和创新法。但是在青春期结束的时候，大脑关闭一半

的能力，

仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最有价值的思

维 方式。

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,

meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of

thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American belief system —

that anyone can

do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will...” and

Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters

commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates

excellence.” This is where developing new habits comes in.

目前标准化测试 主要强调分析和程序的能力，

也就是说，

我们中很少有人会

本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。

是

2006

年出版的著作《今年我

将

......

》一书的作者以及

Markova

女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说：

“这打破了

< br>美国信念体系里的主要规则——任何人都可以做任何事。

这是一个我们已经使之< /p>

永恒的谎言，这造就了平庸。了解你擅长什么并且多去实践就会成就卓越。

”这

就是培养新习惯的目的。

Text 2

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his

paternal (fatherly) wisdom

–

or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to

do is shell our $$30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore

–

and another

$$120 to get the than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they

first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief

operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits.

再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子，

但是如今男人可以提升其 为人之父的

智慧，至少可以确认他是孩子的父亲。他所要做的就是在当地药店里支付

30

美

元买一个父子关系测试包（

PTK

）

，然后另支付

120

美元以获得该测试的各项结

果。

Doug Fogg

是

Identigene (

生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司

)

的首席< /p>

运营官，他说，自从去年

PTK

不需要处 方就能购买以来，已经有超过

6

万人购

买了该产品。

More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging

in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $$ the most popular :

paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological

relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that

offer to search for a family’s geographic roots .

超过

24

家公司直接向公众出售

DNA

检测工具，价格从几百美元到

2500

多

< br>美元不等。

其中最受欢迎的是父子和血缘关系检测，

被收 养的孩子可以利用它找

到自己的有血缘关系的亲属，而家庭也可以用它来找到被人收养的 孩子。

DNA

检测也得到了许多热心的家谱学专家的推崇，

还为那些寻找家族地域根源的服务

公司提供了支持。

Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending

it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to

compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of

false precision

being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a

New York University sociologist.

多数测试需要从口腔唾液中获取 细胞，

并将唾液送至公司进行检测。

所有的

测试都需要一个潜在的对照者，以便进行

DNA

对比。但是 ，一些观察家们持怀

疑态度。纽约大学的社会学家

Troy Duster