-
英语长难句结构精析
(2014
—
2019
年高考全国
1-3
卷长难句
)
英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，
其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转
换而来。五种基本句式如下：
1
主语＋谓语
(
不及物动词
)
2
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词
)
＋宾语
3
主语＋系动词＋表语
4
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词<
/p>
)
＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词<
/p>
)
＋宾语＋宾语补足语
此外还有特殊句式如
there be-,
强调句，倒装句等。
但是在真实的语
言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、
复杂介词短语，
还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。
高
考阅读理解、
完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，
影响考生对语篇
文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写
(
概要写作
)
和应
用文写
作。在评分标准中把
“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”
视为是否得高分的标准之一。
因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。<
/p>
一个句子之所以成为长难句，
就是因为
句子各部分成分和结构复杂，
具体说
就是句中出现了复杂主语、
复杂宾语、复杂修饰语
(
介词短语、非谓语动词、定
语和状语
)
以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：
一、复杂主语
包括下列情形：含有连词如
and,
both...and...,
either...or...,
neither...nor...,
not
only...but (also), as well as
；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构
做主语等。如：
Those who were highest in status
in high school, as well as those least liked in
elementary
school
,
are
“most
likely
to
engage
(
从事
)
in
dangerous
and
risky
behavior.”
(
2019
高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
D) (as well as
连接
those
who...
与
those least
liked ...
做主语
)
The
gunners
like
to
describe
what
they
do
as
character-building,
but
we
know
that
to wound an animal and
watch it go through the
agony(
痛苦
) of
dying
can make
nobody happy.
(
动词不定式
to
do
结构做主语
)
1
Connecting to the
community
（社区）
as you freely
give your time, money, skills, or
services
provides a real
joy.
(2019
高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
B)
(-ing
形式做主语
)
Dismissing
small
talk
as
unimportant
is
easy,
but
we
can
’
t
forget
that
deep
relationships wouldn't even exist if it
weren
’
t for casual
conversation.
(2018
全国Ⅱ卷
阅读理解
D)
(-ing
形式做主语
)
What
you need
is a great teacher who lets
you make mistakes.
(2019
高考全国Ⅰ
卷阅读理解
B)
(
主语从句充当主语
)
Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-
navy officer
who had got to within
100 miles of the South Pole in 1908,
started a business...(2016
全国甲卷阅读理
解
D)
(
同位语结构做主语
)
二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔
Mr. Robbins
,
together with his wife and children,
is
leaving London for Paris.
Some
people think
that
the
great
Chinese
scholar
Confucius,
who lived
from roughly 551 to 479
B.C.
,
influenced the
development of chopsticks.(
2016
全国丙卷语法填空
)
Frank
Hurley,
a
confident
and
gifted
Australian
photographer
who
knew
the
Antarctic,
was
hired
to
make
the
images,
most
of
which
have
never
before
been
published.(2016
全国新课标甲卷阅读理解
D)
According
to
the
report's
key
findings,
“
the
proportion(
比例
)
who
say
they
‘never’ or ‘hardly ever’ read for
fun
has gone from 8 percent of 13-year-
olds and 9
percent
of
17-year-olds
in
1984
to
22
percent
and
27
percent
respectively
today.”
(2018
全国卷Ⅱ阅读
C)
The
woman
sitting
at
the
desk
,
seeing
my
madness,
sympathetically
jumped up.
(2016
全国甲卷完形填空
)
三、复杂表语
包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
One
(reason)
was
that
I
was
amazed
at
the
fact
that
a
sick
person
could
feel
much better after
seeing a doctor.
(2019
高考全国卷Ⅱ
短文改错
)(
表语从句中还含
有一个同
位语从句
)
2
The general rule is
that mild zones have relatively few
languages, often spoken
by many people,
while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by
small numbers.
(2018
全国卷Ⅰ阅读
C) (
表语从句中还含有
while
并列句
)
四、复杂宾语
包括非谓语动词、
(
并列
)
宾语从句
(
介词后和动词后
)
< br>等。
Dr. Prinstein has also
found
that the qualities
that made the neighbors want you
on a play date--sharing, kindness,
openness--
carry over to later years and
make you
better able to relate and
connect with others.
(2019
全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
D)
(
宾语从句
中含有定语从句
)
Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack
Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported
that
young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular
smell
that
neighboring
plants can get.<
/p>
(2017
全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
D)(
宾语从句中含有
-ing
形式和定语从句<
/p>
)
In order to
pass the class, among other criteria, we had to
write a paper on
①
how
we
plan
to
apply
②
what
we
would
learn
in
class
to
our
future
professions
and ,eventually,
to our lives.
(2018
全国卷Ⅱ完形填空
) (
①
是介词
on
所带的宾语从
句，
②
是动词
apply<
/p>
所带的宾语从句
)
Axani wrote in his post
①
that he is not looking for
anything in return
and
②
that
the woman
who uses the extra ticket
can choose to either travel with him or
take the
ticket and travel on her own.
(2017
全国Ⅲ卷完形填空
) (w
rote
带有
2
个由
< br>that
引导
的宾语从句，第
②
个宾语从句含有
who
引导的定语从句
)
五、复杂定语
包括非谓语动词、形容
词短语、介词短语、
(
多个
)
定语从句等。
It’s
an
amazing
accomplishment
and
one
we
cannot
achieve
without
generous
support from
individuals, corporations, and other social
organizations.
(2017
全国卷
Ⅰ阅读理解
A)(
省略了
that/which
的定语从句
)
To people
who are used to
the limited choice of apples such as Golden
Delicious
and
Royal
Gala
in
supermarkets,
it
can
be
quite
an
eye
opener
to
see
the
range
of
classical apples still in existence,
such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.
3
(2016
全国新课标丙卷阅读理解
C)
(who
引导定语从句
)
But
my
connection
with
pandas
goes
back
to
my
days
on
a
TV
show
in
the
mid-1980s,
when I was the first Western TV
reporter
permitted to film a special
unit
caring for pandas
rescued from starvation in the wild.
(2016
全国新课标乙卷语法填
空
) (when
引导的定语从句中含有
-ed
形式和
-ing
形式做定语
)
Thursday sees us
make the short journey to Paris
where
we will visit Disneyland
Paris
park
，
staying until late to
see the parade and the
fireworks.(2018
全国卷Ⅱ阅读
A)
(where
引导定语从句
)
Readers
also
tended
to
share
articles
①
that
were
exciting
or
funny,
or
②
that
inspired
negative feelings like anger or
anxiety,
but not articles
③
that left them merely
sad.
(
2016
全国新课标丙卷阅读理解
D) (
含有三个
that
引导的定语从句
)
Also,
it
is
not
uncommon
any
more
to
find
carpenters
(
木匠
)
with
college
degrees
and carpenters
with a solid knowledge of
mathematics
,
which would enable
them
to
deal
with
more
difficult
house
designs.
(<
/p>
含有两个
with
介词短语做定语和
which
引导的定语从句
)
Now,
using
teeth
and
bone
pieces
taken
from
the
baby’
s
grave,
scientists
have
compared the DNA from
the Unknown Child with those
collected from members of
five families
who lost
relatives on the Titanic and never recovered the b
odies.
(
含有两
个
-ed
形式做定语和
who
引导的定语从句
)
六、复杂同位语
< br>(
同位语从句
)
While
they are rare north of
88°
,
there is evidence
that they range all
the way
across the Arctic, and as far
south as James Bay in Canada.
(2019
全国Ⅰ卷语法填
空
)
The friendship that grew out of the
experience of making that film and
The
Sting
four years later had
its root in the fact
that
although
there was an age
difference, we
both came from a
tradition of theater and live TV
.
(2017
全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
B)
< br>
(that
引导同位语从句，同位语从句内部含有
although
引导的状语从句
)
We shared the belief
that
if
you’re
fortunate enough to have success, you should
put
something
back
---
he
with
his
Newman’
s
Own
food
and
his
Hole
in
the
Wall
camps for kids who are
seriously ill, and me with
Sundance and
the institute
and the
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