-
Ideographic
vs.
Nomothetic
Approaches to
Psychology
NOMOTHETIC APPROACH
DEFINITIONS
The
approach
of
investigating
large
groups
of
people
to
try
to
find
general
laws
of
behaviour
that
apply
to
everyone.
ASSUMPTIONS &
METHODS
The
nomothetic
approach
(from
the
Greek
word
‘
nomos
’
meaning
‘
law
’
)
assumes
that
since
individuals
are
merely
complex
combinations
of
many
universal
laws,people are best studied by
large
scale,
preferably
experimental,
methods
to
identify
those
laws.
The
individual
will
be
classified
with
others
,measured
as
a
score
upon
a
dimension , or be a statistic
supporting a
general principle.
EXAMPLES
FROM
PSYCHOLOGY
Nomothetic
research
is
the
main
approach taken in
scientifically oriented
psychology:
The
behaviourists
’
experiments
on
the
principles of learning
were conducted on
many
subjects
,
and
replicated
until
the
general principles of
learning were well
established
.Most
of
the
experiments
were conducted
on rats and pigeons , but
the
behaviourists
’
belief
in
the
universal
nature
of
the
laws
they
discovered
allowed them to
generalise their findings
to humans.
The
social
psychology
experiments
of
Asch and Milgram also
used the
心理学之特殊规律与一般规
律研究法
一般规律研究法
定义
通过调查大群体的人，试图找到
适用
于每个人的普遍行为规律的研究方
法。
研究假设和方法
一
般
规
律
研
究
法
（
源
自
希
腊
词
汇
‘
nomos
’
,
意思是‘规律’
）假设，既<
/p>
然个体只是许多普遍规律的复杂结合
体，那么在对人们进行研究时
最好通
过大规模的、较适合的实验方法来证
实这些规律。这些个
体将会与其他人
进行分类，在一个维度上测得一个分
数或一个典
型统计量来支持一个一般
原则。
心理学中的例子
一般规律研究法是科学心理学中主
要
使用的方法：
< br>行为主义学家关于学习规律的实验在
许多被试身上实施，这些实验被一再
地重复，直到形成了完善的关于学习
的一般规律。虽然绝大多数实验是用
老鼠和鸽子进行的，但是基于他们的
研究
,
行为主义学家在普遍的自然规律
方面的信念使得他们把这些
发现普及
到人的身上。
阿施和米尔格兰姆的社会心理学实验
也使用了一般规律研究法，目的是得
nomothetic
approach,
aiming
to
reach
general
conclusions.
All
psychological
theories
that
propose
generalised principles of behaviour
have
nomothetic
assumptions
–
Eysenck
’
< br>s
personality
theory
places
individuals
along
a
universal
dimension
of
extroversion,
intelligence
tests
measure
people along the scale of IQ scores,
the
medical
model
classification
manuals ,
DSMIV
, classify people
as
suffering
from
particular
types
of
disorder.
ADV
ANTAGES
The
nomothetic approach is in tune with
the
deterministic
,law-abiding
nature
of
science,
and
has
been
applied
very
successfully in other sciences as well
as
psychology
.The
ability
to
generalise
laws
from
limited
instances
is
very
useful
in
predicting
&
controlling
ality
questionnaires and
mental
disorer
classification
manuals
have
proven
useful
in
the
selection
of
personnel
and
the
diagnosis
and
treatment
of
disorders
.Nomothetic
finding
from
psychological
studies
may
prove
useful
in
reducing
global
problems
such
as
prejudice
and
aggression.
DISADV
ANTAGES
The
drawback,however,is
that
this
approach
leaves
us
with
a
more
superficial
understanding
of
any
one
person-you
and
I
may
have
answered
different questions from you.
Also a piece of nomothetic research may
tell me I have a 1% chance of becoming
schizophrenic,but
it
will
not
tell
me
if
am in that
1%.
Nomothetic
generalisations
may
be
too
inaccurate
for the is a
出具有普遍性的结论。
所有揭示行为普遍规律的心理学理论
有一般性的假设
–
艾克森的人格理论
将个体按照外
倾维度进行划分，智力
测验则按照
IQ
得分对人们进行测量，
医学模型分类手册，比如：
《诊断与统
计手册》第四版，按照人们所具有的
特
定的障碍类型进行分类。
优点
<
/p>
一般规律研究法与具有确定性的、遵
循规律的自然科学一致，并且
已经被
成功地运用于其它的科学领域，包括
心理学在内。从有限
的例子中概括出
一般规律的能力在预测和控制行为方
面是非常有
用的。人格问卷和精神障
碍分类指南在员工的选择和精神障碍
患
者的诊断和治疗方面已被证实是有
用的。来自心理学研究的一般发现或
< br>许会在减少全球性问题（如歧视和攻
击）上起到一定的作用。
不足
然而
，这种研究方法的缺点是它使我
们对于任何人都留下一个非常表浅的
理解
--
< br>而且，一项一般性的调查研究可能会
告诉我有
1%
的可能患分裂情感性精
神病，但是它不能告诉我是否我在那
1%
内。
一般性的概括对于个体来讲或许会太
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