-
英语长难句结构分析
(
含
2019
年高考全国
1-3
卷长难句
)
英语中句子最基本的句式只有五种，
其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式转
换而来。五种基本句式如下：
1
主语＋谓语
(
不及物动词
)
2
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词
)
＋宾语
3
主语＋系动词＋表语
4
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词
)
＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5
主语＋谓语
(
及物动词
)
＋宾语＋宾语补足语
此外还有特殊句式如
there be-,
强调句，倒装句等。
但是在真实的语
言环境中，句子结构远非这么简单。复杂主语、复杂宾语、
复杂介词短语，
还有各种复杂的定语和状语等修饰成分让句子变得异常复杂。
高
考阅读理解、完型填空和语法填空经常出现结构复杂的长难句，
影响考生对语篇
文段的理解。另外，新高考将包括两个写作题：读后续写
(
概要写作
)
和应用文写
作。在评分标准中把
“尽力使用较复杂语法结构”
视为是否得高分的标准之一。
因此，学会分析长难句显得格外重要。
一个句子之所以成为长难句，
就是因为句子各部分成分和结构复杂，
具体说
就是句中出现了复杂主语、复杂宾语、复杂修饰语
(
介词短语、非谓语动词、定语和
状语
)
以及各种从句等。下面分类解析：
一、复杂主语
包括下列情形：含有连词如
and,
both...and..., either...or..., neither...nor...,
not
only...but (also), as well
as
；非谓语动词做主语；主语从句充当主语；同位语结构
做主语等。如：
Those who
were highest in status in high school, as well as
those least liked in
elementary
school,
are
“
mostlikely
to
engage
(
从事
)
in
dangerous
and
risky
behavior.
(2019
”高考全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
D)
(as
well
as
连接
those
who...
与
those
least liked
...
做主语
)
The gunners like to
describe what they do as character-building, but
we know
that
to
wound
an
animal
and
watch
it
go
through
the
agony(
痛苦
)
of
dying
can
make nobody happy.
(
动词不定式
to do
结构做主语
)
Connecting to the community
（社区）
as you freely give your
time, money, skills, or services
provides a real joy.
(2019
高考全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
B)
(-ing
形式做主语
)
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is
easy, but we can
’
forget that
deep
relationships wouldn't even exist
if it weren
’
t for casual c
onversation(2018
全
.
国
Ⅱ卷阅读理解
D) (-ing
形式做主语
)
What you needis a great
teacher who lets you make mistakes.
(2019
高考全国
Ⅰ卷阅读理解
B) (
主语从句充当主语
)
Shackleton,a
onetime
British
merchant-navy
officer
who
had
got
to
within
100
miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a
business...(2016
全国甲卷阅读理
解
D)
(
同位语结构做主语
)
二、主谓之间被介词短语、定语从句或非谓语动词分隔
Mr. Robbins, together with his wife and
children, is leaving London for Paris.
Some people think that the great
Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from
roughly 551 to 479 B.C. , influenced
the development of chopsticks.( 2016
全国丙卷语法填空
)
Frank
Hurley,
a
confident
and
gifted
Australian
photographer
who
knew
the
Antarctic,
was
hired
to
make
the
images,
most
of
which
have
never
before
been
published.(2016
全国新课标甲卷阅读理解
D)
According
to
the
report's
key
findings,
“
the
proportion(
比例
)
who
say
they
‘
never
’
or
‘
hardly ever
’
rehasd
forgonefunfrom 8 percent of 13-year-olds
and
9
percent
of
17-year-olds
in
1984
to
22
percent
and
27
percent
respectively
today.
(2018
”
全国卷Ⅱ阅读
C)
The woman sitting at the
desk, seeing my madness, sympathetically jumped
up. (2016
全国甲卷完形填空
)
三、复杂表语
包括非谓语动词、表语从句等。
One (reason)
was that I was amazed at the fact that a sick
person could feel
much better after
seeing a doctor.(2019
高考全国卷Ⅱ短文改错
)(
表语从句中还含有
一个同位语从句
)
The general
rule is that mild zones have relatively few
languages, often spoken
by many people,
while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by
small numbers(2018.
全国卷Ⅰ阅读
C) (
表语从句中还含有
while
并列句
)
四、复杂宾语
包括非谓语动词、
(
并列
)
宾语从句
(
介词后和动词后
)
等。
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the
qualities that made the neighbors want you
on
a
play
date--sharing,
kindness,
openness--carry
over
to
later
years
and
make
you
better able to relate and connect with
others.(2019
全国Ⅰ卷阅读理解
D) (
宾语
从句中含有定语从句
)
Back in 1983,
two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,
reported that young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular
smell
that
neighboring
plants can get.(2017
全国Ⅱ卷阅读理解
D)(
宾语从句中含有
-ing
形式和定语从句
)
In order to
pass the class, among other criteria, we had to
write a paper on
①
how we plan to apply
②
what we would learn in
class to our future professions
and
,eventually, to our lives.(2018
全国卷Ⅱ完形填空
)
(
①
是介词
on
所带的宾语从
句，
②
是动词
apply
所带的宾语从句
)
Axani wrote in his post
①
that he is not looking for
anything in return and
②
that the woman who uses the extra
ticket can choose to either travel with him or
take the ticket and travel on her own.
(2017
全国Ⅲ卷完形填空
) (wrote
带有
2
个由
that
引导的宾语从句，第
②
个宾语从句含有
who
引导的定语从句
)
五、复杂定语
包括非谓语动词、形容词短语、介词短语、
(
多个
)
定语从句等。
It
’
ans amazing accomplishment
and one we cannot achieve without
generous support from individuals,
corporations, and other social organizations.
(2017
全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解
A)
(
省略了
that/which
的定语从句
)
To people who
are used to the limited choice of apples such as
Golden Delicious
and Royal Gala in
supermarkets,it can be quite an eye opener to see
the range of
classical apples still in
existence, such as Decio which was grown by the
Romans.
(2016
全国新课标丙卷阅读理解
C)
(who
引导定语从句
)
But my connection with
pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the
mid-1980s, when I was the first Western
TV reporter permitted to film a special unit
caring for pandas rescued from
starvation in the wild. (2016
全国新课标乙卷语法填
空
)
(when
引导的定语从句中含有
-ed
形式和
-ing
形式做定语
)
Thursday
sees
us
make
the
short
journey
to
Pariswhere
we
will
visit
Disneyland Paris
park
，
staying until late to
see the parade and the fireworks(2018.
全国卷Ⅱ阅读
A) (where
引导定语从句
)
Readers also tended to share articles
①
that were exciting or
funny, or
②
that
inspired
negative
feelings
like
anger
or
anxiety,
but
not
articles
③
that
left
them
merely
sad(. 2016
全国新课标丙卷阅读理解
D)
(
含有三个
that
引导的定语从句
)
Also, it is not uncommon
any more to find carpenters
(
木匠
) with college
degreesand carpenters with a solid
knowledge of mathematics , which would enable
them to deal with more difficult house
designs. (
含有两个
with
介词短语做定语和
which
引导的定语从句
)
Now, using teeth and bone
pieces taken from the
baby
’
sgrave, scientists have
compared the DNA from the Unknown Child
with those collected from members of five
families who lost relatives on the
Titanic and never recovered the
bodies(.
含有两
个
-ed
形式做定语和
who
引导的定语从句
)
六、复杂同位语
(
同位语从句
)
While they are rare north of 88 , there
is
°
evidence that they range
all the way
across the Arctic, and as
far south as James Bay in Canada. (2019
全国Ⅰ卷语法填
空
)
The
friendship
that
grew
out
of
the
experience
of
making
that
film
and
The
Sting
four
years
later
had
its
root
in
the
fact
that
although
there
was
an
age
difference, we both came
from a tradition of theater and live TV .(2017
全国Ⅱ卷阅读
理解
B) (that
引导同位语从句，同位语从句部含有
although
引导的状语从句
)
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