-
Chapter 1
第一章
Land and People
英国的国土与人民
I.
Different Names for Britain and its Parts
英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
phical names: the British Isles, Great
Britain and England.
地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
al name: the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland.
官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
British Isles are made up of two large
islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and
Ireland, and
hundreds of small ones.
不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。<
/p>
political divisions on the
island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and
Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of
Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous
section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great
Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands
in the north;
the Central lowlands; the
south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh
苏格兰位于
大不列颠的北部。它有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：爱
丁堡。<
/p>
(3) Wales is in the west of
Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff
威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫
(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth
region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.
北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。
Commonwealth (of nations) is a free
association of independent countries that were
once
colonies of Britain. It was
founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until
1991.
英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于
1931
年，至
1990
年止
已有
50
个成员国。
Chapter 2
第二章
The Origins
of a Nation (5000BC-1066)
英国的起源（公元前
5000
年—
1066
年）
l and settlement of the
Celts
克尔特人的到来和定居
Celts were practiced famers. The
drained much of marshlands and built houses of
wre
ironworkers, too. Their languages,
the Celts languages, are the basis of the language
which is still
used by some people in
Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism
(n.
德鲁伊教
).
克尔特
人是有经验的农民，
他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。
他们还打造铁器。
苏格兰和威尔士
语就是以他们的语言
为基础发展而来的。
1
、
The
Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
约公元前
700
年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2
、
The
Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came
about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是约公元前
600<
/p>
年盖尔人的来临。
The
second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC. <
/p>
第二次高潮是约公元前
400
年布列吞人
的抵达。
The third wave were the
Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是约公元前
150
年比利其人的到达。
II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)
< br>盎格鲁—撒克逊人（公元
446
—
871
年）
1
．
Basis of Modern English race: the
Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁—萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）
In the mid-5th century a new wave of
invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to
Britain. They
were three Teutonic
tribes.
①
The Jutes, who
fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain
first. A Jutish chief became the
King
of
Kent
in
449.
②
Then
the
Saxons,
users
of
the
short-
sword
from
northern
Germany,
established their
kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end
of the 5th century to the
beginning of
the 6th century.
③
In the
second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who
also came
from northern Germany and
were to give their name to the English people,
settled in East Anglia,
Mercia
and Northumbria.
These
seven
principal
kingdoms
of
Kent,
Essex,
Sussex,
Wessex,
East
Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have
been given the name of Heptarchy.
五
世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎
格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）部落。
居住
在日德兰半岛
（现丹麦南部）
上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列
颠。
一个朱特人首领于
449
年当上了
国王。后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、苏塞克斯和威塞
克斯建立了
王国，
统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，
同样来自德国北部的盎格
鲁人，在东盎格利亚、麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定
居，同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够上。
这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏塞克斯
、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森伯利
亚）
，合称为七王
国。
2
．
The early
Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格鲁—撒克逊人改信基督教。
The Anglo-Saxons brought their own
Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon
disappeared,
except among the Celts of
Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597,
Pope Gregory I sent St.
Augustine, the
Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in Rome, to
Engl
and to convert the heathen
(
异教
的
)
English
to
Christianity.
In
597
St.
Augustine
became
the
first
Archbishop
of
Canterbury.
He
was
remarkably
successful
in
converting
the
king
and
the
nobility,
but
the
conversion
of
the
common people was largely due to the
missionary activities of the monks in the north. <
/p>
盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。
除了康瓦尔、
威尔士、
苏格兰和爱尔兰中的克
尔特人还信奉
基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元
597
，教皇格里高一世
把罗马圣安德鲁
修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依
基督教。公元
579
年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教方面，
奥古斯丁特别成功。
< br>但
是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于北方修道们的传教活动。
3
．
The Early
Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English
state.(formation of the English
nation)
早期盎格鲁—撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The
Anglo-Saxons
laid
the
foundations
of
the
English
state.
Firstly,
they
①
divided
the
country
into
shires
(which
the
Normans
later
called
counties),
with
shire
courts
and
shire
reeves,
or
sheriffs,
responsible
for
administering
law.
Secondly,
they
devised
the
narrow-strip,
three-field
②
farming
system
which
continued
to
the
18th
century.
Thirdly,
they
also
③
established
the
manorial
system(
庄园制
). Finally, they
④
created the
Witan
（
council or meeting of
the wisemen
）
to
advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council
which still exists today.
盎格鲁—撒克逊人构筑了英国
的国家基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、
或行政司法长官负责执法。
其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至
18
世纪。此外，他们
还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会
(
贤人会议
)
，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今
天尚存的枢密院的前身。
IV
．
Viking and
Danish invasions
北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1
．
The invaders
were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked
various parts of England from
the
end
of
the
8th
century.
They
became
a
serious
problem
in
the
9th
century,
especially
between 835 and
878. They even managed to capture York, an
important center of Christianity in
867. By the middle of 9th century, the
Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the
Saxon
kingdom of Wessex.
入侵者
是挪威人和丹麦人，从
8
世纪末开始，他们不断袭击英格兰的各
个地方。
9
世纪，尤
其是公元
835-878
年间已成为严重问题。
他们甚至
占领了约克郡，
公元
867
年时的基督
教中
心。到
9
世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹
麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国的安全。
2
．
King Alfred
(849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王
（
849-899
）和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He
defeated the Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with them
in 879. The Danes
gained control of the north and east, while he
ruled the rest. He also converted
some
leading Danes into Christians.
He
①
founded
a
strong
fleet
and
is
known
as
“
the
father
of
the
British
navy
”
.
He
②
reorganized
the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He
③
translated a Latin book
into English.
He
also
④
established
schools
and
⑤
formulated
a
legal
system.
All
this
earns
him
the
title “Alfred the
Great.”
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦
人，并于公元
879
年与他们达成了友好协议。
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区）
，而他统治其他地区。他还
劝服一些丹
麦首领成为基督教徒。
他
因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”
（撒克逊军
队）
，使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他
还建立了学校，并且阐明了
法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。<
/p>
”的称号。
V
．
The Norman
Conquest (1066)
诺曼征服（公元
1066<
/p>
年）
1
．
Reasons for
William
’
s invasion of
England after Edward
’
s
death.
威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。
It was said that king Edward had
promised the English throne to William, but the
Witan chose
Harold as king. So William
led his army to invade England. In October 1066,
during the important
battle
of
Hastings,
William
defeated
Harold
and
killed
him.
One
Christmas
Day,
William
was
crowned king of England, thus beginning
the Norman Conquest of England.
据说，
爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，
但是贤人会议挑选
了哈罗德为
国王。
公元
1066
年
10
月，
在哈斯丁
斯附近的激烈交锋中，
威廉打败了哈罗德军队，
同时哈
罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征服。
< br>
2
．
The Norman
Conquest and its consequences
诺曼征服及其产生的影响。
The
Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps
①
the best-known event in
English history. William the
Conqueror
②
confiscated
almost all the land and gave it to his Norman
followers. He replaced
the weak Saxon
rule with
③
a strong Norman
government. So the feudal system was completely
established
in
En
gland.
④
Relations
with
the
Continent
were
opened,
and
the
civilization
and
commerce were extended.
⑤
Norman-French culture,
language, manners and architecture were
introduced.
⑥
The
Church was brought into closer connection with
Rome, and the church courts
were
separated from the civil courts.
1066
年年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，
将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。
他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊
政府。
于是，
封建
制度在英国完全建立
。
开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，
文明和商业得到发展，
引进了诺曼—法兰
西文化、语言、
行为规范和建筑
艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭分
离。
3
．
The
English
is
a
mixture
of
nationalities
of
different
origins.
The
ancestors
of
many
English
people
were
the
ancient
Angles
and
Saxons.
Some
English
people
are
of
the
Norman-French
origin.
英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。
许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊
人。
而还有一
些英国人的是诺曼血统。
Chapter 3
第三章
The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381) <
/p>
英国的形成（公元
1066-1381
）
I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
诺曼统治（公元
1066-1381
）
1. William's Rule
（
1066-1087
）
威廉一世的统治（公元
1066-1087
）
England's feudalism under
the rule of William the Conqueror
在威廉统治下的英国封建制度
①
Under William, the feudal
system in England was completely established.
②
According to this
system,
the
King
owned
all
the
land
personally.
③
William
gave
his
barons
large
estates
in
England
in return
for
a
promise
of
military
service
and
a
proportion
of
the
land's produce.
④
These estates were
scattered far and wide over the country, so that
those who held them could
not easily
combine to rebel the king.
⑤
The barons, who had become
William's tenants-in-chief,
parceled
out land to the lesser nobles, knights and
freemen, also in return for goods and services.
⑥
At
the
bottom
of
the
feudal
scale
were
the
villeins
or
serfs.
⑦
One
peculiar
feature
of
the
feudal
system of England was that all landowners must
take the oath of
allegiance
，
not only to
their immediate lord, but also to the
king.
①在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得到完全确立。②根据此制度，国王拥有
全国所有土地。
③威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取对方服役和物品。④这些
地产分散于各处，
相距遥远，
这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反
叛国王。
⑤已成为国王总佃户的贵族又把土地
分配给小贵族、<
/p>
骑士和自由民，
同样换取货物和服役。⑥处于封建等级最底层的是
农奴。⑦
英国封建制独有的特色就是，
无论是土地承租人还是二
佃户，
都必须要宣誓效忠于直接地主，
而且要效忠于国王。
II
．
Contents and
the significance of the Great Charter
《大宪章》的内容及意义
Great
Charter
was
signed
by
King
John
in
1215
under
the
press
of
the
barons.
It
consists
of
sixty-three clauses. Its important
provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be
made without the
approval
of
the
Grand
Council;
(2)
no
freemen
should
be
arrested,
imprisoned
or
deprived
of
their property; (3) the Church should
possess all its rights, together with freedom of
elections; (4)
London and other towns
should retain their traditional rights and
privileges, and (5) there should
be
the
same
weights
and
measures
throughout
the
country.
(significance)
Although
The
Great
Charter has long been
popularly regarded as the
①
foundation of English liberties, it was
a
②
statement
of
the
feudal
and
legal
relationships
between
the
Crown
and
the
barons,
③
a
guarantee of
the freedom of the Church and a
④
limitation
of
the
powers
of
the
king.
The
spirit
of
the
Great
Charter
was
the
limitation
of
the
powers of the king, keeping them within
the bounds of the feudal law of the land.
< br>《大宪章》是约翰国王
1215
年在封建贵族压力下签定
的。
《大宪章》总共
63
条，其中最重
要的内容是：
(1)
未经大议会同意，不得征税；
(2)
只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁
自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；
(3)
教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；
（
4
）
伦敦和其它城
镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权；
(5)
全国要统一度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为《大宪章》
为英国的自由奠定了基础，但该宪章
只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明
书，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王
权利。
《大宪章》的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制在
英国封建
法律允许的范围之内。
origins of the
English Parliament
英国议会的起源
The Great Council is known to be the
prototype (
原型
) of the
current British Parliament. In 1265,
Simon de Montfort summoned
（召集）
the Great
Council, together with two knights from each
county
and
two
citizens
from
each
town.
It
later
developed
into
the
House
of
Lords
and
the
House
of
Commons.
Its
main
role
was
to
offer
advice
，
not
to
make
decisions.
There
were
no
elections
or parties. And the most important part of
Parliament was the House of Lords.
大议会是
当今英国议会的原型。
1265
年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会，
各县有两名骑士，各
镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演变
成议会，
分为上议院和下议院。
其作用是咨询而
非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。
英语国家概况精讲系列（六）
IV
．
The Hundred
Years' War and its consequences.
百年战争及其结果
The
Hundred
Years
’
War
refers
to
the
war
between
England
and
France
that
lasted
intermittently
from
1337
to
1453.
The
causes
of
the
war
were
partly
territorial
and
partly
economic.
①
The territorial causes were
related with the possession by the English kings
of the
large duchy of
Aquitaine in France, as the French
kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted
this
large
slice.
②
The
economic
causes
were
connected
with
cloth
manufacturing
towns
in
Flanders,
which
were
the
importer
of
English
wool,
but
they
were
loyal
to
the
French
king
politically. Besides, England's desire
to
③
stop France from giving
aid to Scots and
④
a growing
sense of
nationalism were the other causes.
The
English's being driven out of France is
①
regarded as a
blessing for both countries. If the
English had remained in France, the
superior size and wealth of France would have
②
hindered
the
development of a separate English national
identity,
③
while
France was hindered so long
as a
foreign power occupied so much French territory. <
/p>
百年战争指
1337
年到
1453
年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，
战争的起因
既有领土因素又有
经济因素。领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地
，这是战争的根源，
随着法国国王势力日增，
他们渴望占领这片
土地。
经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。
弗兰德斯
地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，
但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国
国王。
其他
原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且
压制不断增强的民族意识。
战争的结果：
把英国人赶出法国对两
个国家都是幸事：
若英国人继续留在法国，
那么法国人在领土和
财富
上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国的发展；
而在英国占领
大量法国领土的情况下，
法国也
很难统一。
Three stages of the war
战争的三个阶段
In the
first two stages, the English won some big
victories. But in the third stage, they were
driven
out of Fance.
战争初期，英国取
得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国
The battle
of Argencourt
阿壤科之战
It took place in 1415 and the English
won a crushing victory. After the victory, the
English king
Henry
Ⅴ
was recognized
as the French King.1415
年英国大获全胜，亨利
5
世登上法国王位。
Joan of Arc
(1412-1431)
贞德女士
Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in
French history. She led and encourages the French
in driving
the English out of French in
the Hundred Years
’
War.
贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，她领导和
鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。
Consequences of the war
战争的后果影响
①
The English lost the war.
The expulsion of the English from French is
regarded as a blessing for
both
countries.
②
It
helped English national identity as well as French
national identity.
③
Two
separate nation were born after the
war.
V. The Black Death
黑死病
The Black
Death
is
the
modern
name
given
to
the
deadly
bubonic
plague,an epidemic
disease
spread by rat fleas
across Europe in the 14th century. It swept
through England in the summer of
1348.
It
reduced England's
population
from
four
million
to
two
million
by
the
end
of
the 14th
century.
The
economic
consequences
of
the
Black
Death
were
far-
reaching.
As
a
result
of
the
plague,
much land was left
untended and there was a terrible shortage of
labour. The surviving peasants
had
better
bargaining
power
and
were
in
a
position
to
change
their
serfdom
into
paid
labour.
Some
landlords,
unable
or
unwilling
to
pay
higher
wages,
tried
to
force
peasants
back
into
serfdom.
In
1351
the
government
issued
a
Statute
of
Labourers
which
made
it
a
crime
for
peasants to ask for more wages or for
their employers to pay more than the rates laid
down by
the Justices of the Peace.
黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，
是一种流行疾病，
在
14
世纪传播了到欧洲。
< br>1348
年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在
14
世纪末从
400
万锐减至
200
万。
黑死病对经济造成的后
果更为深远。
鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。
地主
想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧场。
存活的农民处于有利的
讨价还价地位，
从农奴变为雇佣
劳动力。于是一些支付不起或不
愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫使农民重返农奴地位。
1351
年政府颁布“劳工法令”
，规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制订
的
工资水平要高的工资都是犯罪。
Chapter 4
第四章
Transition to the Modern Age
(1455-1688)
向现代英国的过渡
I. Transition to the Modern Age
(1455-1485)
向近代英国的过渡
(1455
年
-1485
年
)
The Wars of Rose
玫瑰战争
The nature
and consequences of the Wars of the Roses.
The name Wars of the Roses was refer to
the battles between the House of Lancaster,
symbolized
by
the read rose,
and
that of
York,
symbolized
by
the
white,
from
1455
to 1485. Henry Tudor,
descendant
of
Duke
of
Lancaster
won
victory
at
Bosworth
Fireld
in
1485
and
put
the
country
under the rule of the Tudors. From
these Wars, English feudalism received its death
blow. The
great medieval nobility was
much weakened.
玫瑰战争是指，
从
1455
年到
1485
年
，
以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征
的约克家
族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。
1485
年，兰开斯特家族的后
代亨利都铎取得了博
斯沃恩战役的胜利，
建立了都铎王朝。
这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，
贵族阶层
受到了削弱。
II. Henry VIII
and
The English Reformation
亨利八世和英国的宗教改革
Henry
VIII
was
above
all
responsible
for
the
religious
reform
of
the
church.
There
were
three
main
causes: a desire for change and reform in the
church had been growing for many years and
now, encouraged by the success of
Martin Luther, many people believed its time had
come; the
privilege and wealth of the
clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.
亨利八世最重要的
改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革。
改革原因有三个主要方面：
多年来，
人们改革教会的意愿
不断增长，
现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，
许多人认为时机已到；
教职人员的特权和财富已
引起民愤；亨利
需要钱。
The reform began as a
struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from
the Papacy. Henry VIII
wanted to
divorce Catherine of A
ragon but the
Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of
the English Church’s connection with
the Pope, and to make an independent Church of
England.
He made this break with Rome
gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all
of England’s
monasteries and nunneries
because they were more loyal to the Pope than to
their English kings.
The
laws
such
as
the
Act
of
succession
of
1534
and
the
Act
of
Supremacy
of
1535
made
his
reform possible. He
established the church of England as the national
church of the country, and
he made
himself the supreme head of the church of England.
改革以争取离婚而开始，
以脱离教皇而告终。
< br>亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，
但是教皇
拒绝了。亨
利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会。
1529
年
至
1534
年间逐渐
地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对
教皇比对英国国
王更忠诚。
1534
年的《继位法》和
1535
年的《王权法案》使改革具有了可
行性。
1535
年他获“英格兰教会最高首脑”之称号。
Henry
VIII’s
reform
stressed
the
power
of
the
monarch
and
certainly
strengthened
Henry’s
position;
Parliament
had
never
done
such
a
long
and
important
piece
of
work
before,
its
importance grew as a
result. His attack on the Pope’s power
encourag
ed many critics of abuses of
the Catholic Church. England was moving
away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.
改革的三大影响：
亨利的改革强调了君主权力，
自然巩固了亨利的地位；
议会以往从未做过
如此漫长而
重要的工作，
自然其重要性也有所加强；
他对教皇权力的打击鼓
舞许多人批评指
责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向新教。
英语国家概况精讲系列（八）
III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
伊莉莎白一世（
1558
年
-160
3
年）
Elizabeth I and parliament
(1)Elizabeth
I
was
the
last
monarch
of
the
Tudor
Dynasty.
She
was
able
to
work
with
avoided troubling Parliament too often
for pounds by making strict economies at
the
relationship
was
often
turbulent.
Because
Parliament
demanded
that
its
right
of
free
speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed
to discuss all important questions at will.
Elizabeth I did not agree to their
demands.
为
了避免经常向议会索要资金，
伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。<
/p>
但是，
她与议会
的关系也经常不稳定。<
/p>
因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，
同时希
望
可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊不同意他们的要求。
Elizabeth's religious
reform and her foreign policy
伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策
Elizabeth's
religious
reform was
a
compromise
of views.
She
broke
Mary's
ties with
Rome
and
restored
her
father's
independent
Church
of
England,i.e.
keeping
to
Catholic
doctrines
and
practices but to be free of the Papal
control. His religious settlement was unacceptable
to both
the extreme Protestants known
as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.
For
nearly
30
years
Elizabeth
successfully
played
off
against
each
other
the
two
great
Catholic
powers, France and Spain, and prevented
England from getting involved in any major
European
conflict.
Through
her
marriage
alliances
which
were
never
materialized,
Elizabeth
managed
to
maintain a friendly relationship with
France. So England was able to face the danger
from Spain.
伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点
的妥协。
她中断玛丽与罗马的关系，
恢复她父亲在位时独
立的英格兰教会，
也就是说保持天主教教条及习俗，
< br>但不受教皇控制。
她的宗教定论既不被
以清教徒知名的新
教极端分子所接受，也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接受。
近
30
年的时间，伊莉莎白成功挑起了两大天
主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀，从而免于英
国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突。
通过她从未具体化的联姻，
伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好
关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险。
IV. The English Renaissance
英国文艺复兴
Distinctive features of the English
Renaissance
英国文艺复兴的特点
1)
English
culture
was
revitalized
not
so
much
directly
by
the
classics
as
by
contemporary
Europeans under
the influence of the classics;
2) England as an insular country
followed a course of social and political history
which was to a
great extent independent
of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;
3)
Owing
to
the
great
genius
of
the
14th
century
poet
Chaucer,
the
native
literature
was
sufficiently
vigorous
and
experienced
in
assimilating
for
foreign
influences
without
being
subjected by them;
4)
English
Renaissance
literature
is
primarily
artistic,rather
than
philosophical
and
scholarly;
5)the
Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in
England.
英国文艺复兴的五个特点：
1
）英国文化的复兴直接受古典作品影响不大，更大的影响来自
于受古典作品熏陶的当代欧洲人；
2
）由于英国是一
个岛国家，其社会和政治历史进程与欧
洲其他国家相去甚远；
3
）
由于
14
世
纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，
英国本国文学得以蓬勃
发展，能
够在吸收外国文学影响的同时，并未处于从属地位；
4
）英国文
艺复兴文学主要是
文艺方面而不是哲学的和学术方面；
5
）文艺复兴和英格兰的宗教改革正好同步。
VI. The Civil Wars and their
consequences
Because of the
absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation
between Charles I and the parliament
developed into the civil war. The war
began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles
I was
condemned to death.
The English Civil War is also called
the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a
conflict between
the
parliament
and
the
King,
and
a
conflict
between
economic
interests
of
the
Crown.
The
economic interests of the urban middle
classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan)
ideology
while the Crown’
s traditional economic
interests correspondingly allied with Anglican
religious belief. The English
Civil
War
not
only
overthrew
feudal
system
in
England
but
also
shook
the
foundation
of
the
feudal rule in Europe.
It is generally regarded as the beginning of
modern world history.
由于查尔斯
的“君权神授”统治权，他与议会的对质发展成了内战。战争开始于
1642
年
8
月
22
日，结束于
1651
年。最后查尔斯被处死。
英国内战又称为清教徒革命。
这是议会和国王间的冲突，
也是城市中产阶级的经济利益与皇
室传统经济利益之间的冲突。城市中产阶级经济利益刚好与他们的宗教（清教）思想吻合，
相应地，
皇室传统的经济利益则与圣公会教的宗教信仰相结合在一起。
英国内战不仅推翻了
英国的封建制度，而且动摇了欧洲的封建基础。
英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开端。
The Commonwealth under Oliver
Cromwell(p.57)
Cromwell was
leader of the first civil war against charles I.
His famous
“
Ironside
< br>”
cavalry and
New Model
Army(
新模范军
) defeated the
king. After the War he was made Lord Protector of
the
Commonwealth of England and he
instituted direct military rule of the country.
After king Charles
I
’
s exection in 1649, Oliver
Cromwell and the
“
Rump
”
（残余国会）
declared
England a was no king, no House of
Lords in England. The Commonwealth
ended in 1660 when Charles II became
king.
克伦威尔领导了第一次对抗查理
1
世内战。他著
名的铁骑军和新模范军击败了国王。
战后
同时他成为英伦之岛共和国的护国公，
建立直接军
队领导制度。
当查里一世
1649
年被处决后，
克伦威尔和他的残余国会宣布英格兰为共和国。
没有国王和上议院。
共和国于
1660
年查里
2
世登基结束。
The
Restoration
王政复辟
----------------------1660
When Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and
was succeeded by his son, Richard, the regime
began to
collapse.
One
of
Cromwell's
generals
George
Monck,
occupied
London
and
arranged
for
new
parliamentary elections. The Parliament
thus was elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by
asking the
late King's son to return
from his exile in France as king Charles II. It
was called the Restoration.
1658
年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解。克
伦威尔
的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦敦，安排新的议会选举。
16
60
年选出的议会要求上一任国王的
儿子长期流亡地法国回国作
国王查尔斯二世，从而解决了危机。这就是所谓的王政复辟。
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
1688
年光荣革命
------------------1688
In 1685 Charles II died and was
succeeded by his brother James II. James was
brought up in exile
in Europe, was a
Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his
personal religious views. But
England
was
no
more
tolerant
of
a
Catholic
king
in
1688
than
40
years
ago.
So
the
English
politicians rejected James II, and
appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange,
to invade and
take the English throne.
William landed in England in 1688. The takeover
was relatively smooth,
with no
bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was
known as the Glorious Revolution.
1685
年
查尔斯二世去世，
由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。
詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大，
是个天主教徒，
他希望不
放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。
但是
1688
的英国已不象
40
年前那样能容忍天主教徒
当国王了。
英国政客反对詹姆斯二世，
他们呼吁信奉新
教的国王，
奥兰治亲王威谦入侵英国
夺取王位。
1688
年
11
月
15
日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相对平静，既未流
血也未处死国王，所以就称为“光荣革命”
。
第五章
The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
(1688-1990)
大英帝国的兴衰
I. Whigs and Tories
辉格党人和托利党人
These two party names originated with
the Glorious Revolution (1688).
这两个政党名称皆起源于
1688
年的光荣革命。<
/p>
The
Whig
were
those
who
opposed
absolute
monarchy
and
supported
the
right
to
religious
freedom
for
Nonconformists.
The
Whig
were
to
form
a
coalition
with
dissident
Tories
in
the
mid-19th
century and become the Liberal Party.
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。辉格党人在
19
世纪中叶
与持不同意见的托利党人组成联盟，
建立自由党。
The
Tories were those who supported hereditary
monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings.
The Tories were the forerunners of the
Conservative Party.
托利党人是指那
些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。
I. Agricultural Changes in
the Late 18th Century
18
世纪末的农业革命
During the late 18th and
early 19th centuries, the
“open
-
field” system ended
when the Enclosure
Act was
passed. The movement lasted for centuries.
Agricultural enclosure had good as well as
bad results:
18<
/p>
世纪末、
19
世纪初的农业革命期间，随
着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的“开放田地”制结
束。圈地运动持续了将近一个多世纪。农
业圈地运动的利弊共存：
（
1
）
Farms became bigger and bigger units as
the great bought up the small;
由于大农场兼并了小农场，规模越来越大；
（
2
）
More vegetables, more milk and more
dairy produce were consumed, and diet became
more varied;
人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；
（
3
）
Enclosure was a disaster for the
tenants evicted from their lands by the
enclosures. These
peasant
farmers
were
forced
to
look
for
work
in
towns.
Enclosure
led
to
mass
emigration,
particularly to
the New World;
圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，
他们被赶出土地，
被迫到城镇找工作。
圈地运动导致了大规模的
移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。
（
4
）
A new class hostility was introduced
into rural relationships.
农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）
II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-183
0)
工业革命（
1780-1830
）
1
．
The industrial
Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry
and the consequent changes
in social
and economic organization in Britain in the late
18th and early 19th centuries.
工业革命指的是
17
世纪末、
18
世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和
经济结构的变化。
2
．
Britain was the
first country to industrialize because of the
following factors:
英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：
(1)
Favourable
geopraphical
location.
Britain
was
well
placed
geographically
to
participate
in
European and world trade;
<
/p>
优越的地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；
(2) Political stability.
Britain had a peaceful society, which, after the
17th century, was increasingly
interested in overseas trade and
colonies. International trade brought wealth to
merchants and
city bankers. They and
those who had done well out of new farming methods
provided capital in
large quantities
for industralization.
政治局面稳
定。
17
世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣日增
。国际贸易给商
人和城市银行家带来财富，他们加上由于新农作法而发家的人们为工业化
提供了大笔资金。
(3) The
limited monarchy which resulted from the Glorious
Revolution of 1688 ensured that the
powerful
economic
interests
in
the
community
could
exert
their
influence
over
Government
policy.
1688
年光荣革命限制了君主的权
力，这使得强大的经济利益集团能对政府政策施加影响。
(4) It was a country in which the main
towns were never too far from seaports, or from
rivers,
which could distribute their
products.
英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。
(5) Britain had many
rivers, which were useful for transport but also
for water and steam power.
Britain also
had useful mineral resources.
< br>英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还有可用的矿产资源。
(6) British engineers had
sound training as craftsmen.
英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。
(7) The inventors were respected. They
solved practical problems.
发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。
(8) Probably laissez faire
and “Protestant work ethic” helped.
自由贸易及“新教工作伦理”可能起到一定作用
(9) England, Scotland, and
Wales formed a customs union after 1707 and this
included Ireland
after 1807. So the
national market was not hindered by internal
customs barriers.
1707
年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成海关协会，
1807
< br>年后爱尔兰加入。因此，全国市
场不再受制于国内海关的约束。
< br>
(10) The enclosures and
other improvements in agriculture made their
contributions by providing
food for the
rising population, labour for the factories, and
some of the raw materials needed by
industry.
圈地运动和其
它农业改良为增加的人口提供了粮食，
为工厂提供了劳动力，
为
工业提供了所
需的一些原材料。
3
．
Typical
examples of the inventions during the Industrial
Revolution
工业革命中一些重大创新
(1) John Kay’s flying shuttle in
1733;
1733
年，约翰凯的飞梭；
(2) James Hargreaves’
Spinning Jenny in 1766;
1766
年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；
(3) Richard Arkwright’s
waterframe in 1769;
1769
年理查
德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；
(4) Samuel Crompton’s mule in
1779
1779
年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机；
(5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in
1784;
1784
年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；
(6) James Watt’s steam engine in
1765.
1765
年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。
4
．
Consequences of the
industrial Revolution
工业革命的结果
（
1
）
Britain was by 1830 the
“
workshop of the
world
”
;
< br>使英国在
1830
年成为了“世界工场”
；
（
2
）
Towns grew rapidly and became the
source of the nation
’
s
wealth.
城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。
（
3
）
Mechanization destroyed the livelihood
of those who could not invest in it . The working
men worked and lived in a appalling
conditions.
机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们
的生活。工人们在极其恶劣的条件下劳动与生活。
（
4
）
The industrial revolution created the
industrial working class, the proletariat, and it
later
led to trade unionism.
工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十二）
III. The Chartist Movement
(1836-1848)
宪章运动（
1836-1848
）
1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.
议会改革的原因
(1) Power was monopolized
by the aristocrats.
权力被贵族垄断。
(2) Representation of town and country,
and North and South was unfair.
议会中城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表分配极不公平。
(3) There were also various
so-called rotten or pocket boroughs.
还有各种称之为腐败选区或口袋选区。
2
．
Three Reform
Bills(1832-1884)
三个改革法案
Between 1832 and 1884 three Reform
Bills were passed.
1832
年至
1884
年间通过了三个改革法案。
a) The Reform Act
of 1832 (also called the “Greater Charter of 1832)
abolished “rotten boroughs”,
and
redistributed parliamentary seats more fairly
among the growing towns. It also gave the vote
to many householders and tenants, based
on the value of their property.
1832
年的《改革法案》
（也称为
1832
年的大宪章）废除了“腐败选区”
；在新兴城
镇中较为
公平地重新分配了议席；以财产价值为基础赋予许多屋主和佃家选举权。
b) The New Poor
Law of 1834 forced the poor people into work
houses instead of giving them
sufficient money to survive in their
own homes.
1834
年
的新济贫法强迫穷人进工厂，而没有给他们足够的钱在自己的家里谋生。
3
．
A
People
’
s Charter
人民宪章
There was widespread dissatisfaction
with the Reform Act of 1832 and the New Poor Law.
In 1836,
a group of skilled workers and
small shopkeepers formed the London Working Men’s
Association.
They drew up a charter of
political demands (a People’s Charter) in 1838,
with th
e intention of
presenting it to Parliament. It had six
points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting
by secret
ballot;
(3)equal
electoral
districts;
(4)abolition
of
property
qualifications
for
members
of
Parliament;
(5)payment
of
members
of
Parliament;
(6)annual
Parliaments,
with
a
General
Election every June.
1832
年的《改革法案》和《新济贫法》引起了普遍不满。
1836
年，一群技术工人和小店主
组成伦敦工人协会
。
他们于
1838
年起草了有关政治要
求的宪章
（人民宪章）
，
想把它呈送给
议会。宪章有六点内容：
（
1
）所有成年男子都有选举权；
（
2
）进行无记名投票；
（
3
）
划分认
输相等的选区；
（
4
）废除议员的财产资格要求；
（
5
）议员应有报酬；
（
6
）议会
每年六月进行
大选。
4
．
Results of the
Chartist Movement
宪章运动的结果。
Chartism
failed
because
of
its
weak
and
divided
leadership,
and
its
lack
of
coordination
with
trade-unionism.
The
working
class
still
immature,
without
the
leadership
of
a
political
party
armed
with
correct
revolutionary
theory.
The
Chartist
movement
was,
however,
the
first
nationwide working
class movement and drew attention to serious
problems. The 6 points were
achieved
very gradually over the period of 1858-1918,
although the sixth has never been practical.
Lenin said that Ch
artism was
“
the first
broad, really mass, politically formed,
proletarian revolutionary movement.”
由于领导层的软弱和分歧，
由于缺少
与工会的协调，
宪章运动失败了。
当时的工人阶级还未
成熟，
没有正确的革命理论武装的政党领导。
但
是，
宪章运动是第一次全国范围的工人阶级
运动，引起了对许多
严重问题的关注。在
1858
至
191
8
年间，六项要求逐渐达到，尽管第
六项从未成为现实。
列宁说宪章运动是“第一个广泛的、
真正群众参与的，
有政治组织形式
的无产阶级革命运动。
”
II.
Colonial Expansion
殖民地扩张
1. The growth of dominions
自治领的兴起
English colonial expansion began with
the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583.
Encouraged by
Britain’s control of the
seas, especially by the rising tide of emigration,
British colonialists stepped
up their
expansion to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand,
in the late
18th and the early 19th
centuries. By 1900, Britain had built
up a big empire, “on which the sun never set”. It
consisted of
a
vast
number
of
protectorates,
Crown
colonies,
spheres
of
influence,
and
self-governing
dominions. It
included 25% of the world’s
population
and area.
英国殖民扩张开始于
< br>1583
年纽芬兰的殖民化。在
18
世纪末、
19
世纪初，英国在海上的称
霸，尤其是移民浪潮的高涨，鼓舞了英国殖民者，加速他们的扩张到加拿大、澳大利亚、新
< br>西兰。到
1900
年英国已建立了“日不落”的大英帝国
，包括受保护国、英国殖民地、势力
范围和自治领，占世界人口与面积的
25%
。
Canada was ceded to Britain by the 1763
Treaty of Paris. French rights were guaranteed by
the
Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act
of 1791 divided Canada into Upper Canada where the
British
had settled, and Lower Canada
populated by the French. The British North America
Act of 1867
established Canada as a
dominion.
1763
年签
订的《巴黎条约》将加拿大割让给英国。
1774
年的《魁北克
法》保证了法国的权
益。之后，
1791
年《加拿大法》把加拿大分为上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英国人的定居
地，后者是法
国人的居住点。
1867
年《英国北美法案》确定加拿大为自治
领。
English began
to transport convicts to Australia in 1788. Free
settlement began in 1816, and no
convicts were sent to Australia after
1840. The gold rushes (1851-1892) brought more
people to
Australia,
and
in
1901
the
six
self-governing
were
united
in
one
dominion-the
independent
Commonwealth of
Australia.
1788
年
英国人开始把囚犯流放到澳大利亚。
1816
年开始可以自由定
居，
1840
年后囚犯不再
流放到澳大
利亚。
1851
年至
1892
年的淘金热使更多的人拥到澳洲。
1901
年，
六个自治领
统一为一个自治领—澳大利亚独立联邦。
New
Zealand
became
a
separate
colony
of
Britain
in
1841,
achieved
self-government
in
1852,
became a dominion
under the British crown in 1907 and was made
completely independent in
1931.
1841
年新西兰成为独立殖民地
，
1852
年实现自治，
1907
年成为英皇属下的自治领，
1931
年完全独立。
1. The Conquest of India
征服印度
The
establishment
of
British
East
India
Company
established
in
1600
was
a
case
of
economic
penetration. By 1819 the British
conquest of most India was almost complete. After
the muting of
Bengal army in 1857, the
control of India passed to the British Crown and
Queen Victoria became
Empress of India
in 1877.
1600
年英国
东印度公司的建立堪称典型的经济渗透。
到
1819
年英国对印度的征服已基本完
成。
1857
年东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后，
1858
年印度改由英国君主统治。
1877
年维多利来女
王正式成为印度女皇。
2.
The Scramble for Africa
对非洲的掠夺
At the beginning of the 19th century
British possessions were confined to forts and
slave trading
posts on the west coast.
Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was
gradually discovered and
colonized by
Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart
from the colonies in the South and
West, Britain was also involved in the
North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19
世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。
整个
19
世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并
殖民了非洲内陆。
在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。
除了不断扩张的南部和西部殖民
地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和苏丹。
3. Aggression against
China
侵略中国
In
1840,
the
Opium
War
broke
out
between
Britain
and
China.
Since
then,
Britain
gradually
invaded many
coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal
treaties upon China.
1840
年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了中国的许多沿海城市，并
签定了一系列不平等条约。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十四）
VI. Twentieth Century
二十世纪
1. Britain and the First World War
英国和第一次世界大战
The Word War I was fought
from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European
Power blocs:
“the Central power”.
Germany and Austria
-
Hungary,
and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia.
During
the
war,
the
Britain
lost
much.
Apart
from
the
loss
of
manpower,
there
had
been
considerable
disruption
of
the
economy
and
society.
Out
of
the
war
settlement
came
the
establishment of the
league of Nations.
第一次世界大战是
从
1914
年至
1918
年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：
“同盟国”
，
包
括德国和奥匈帝国，和“协约国”
，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯
。一战中英国损失惨重。除了
劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定阶
段国际联盟成立。
3.
Britain and the Second World War
英国与第二次世界大战
(The Second World War was fought from
1939 to 1945. Britain declared war on Germany in
1939.
German bombing raids destroyed
many cities in England. Britain was great
impoverished by the
war)
As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off
their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain,
the
Prime Minister, found his policy of
appeasement of German aggress
更多的人拥到澳洲。<
/p>
1901
年，六个自治领统一为一个自治领—澳大利亚独立联邦。
New
Zealand
became
a
separate
colony
of
Britain
in
1841,
achieved
self-government
in
1852,
became a dominion
under the British crown in 1907 and was made
completely independent in
1931.
1841
年新西兰成为独立殖民地
，
1852
年实现自治，
1907
年成为英皇属下的自治领，
1931
年完全独立。
1. The Conquest of India
征服印度
The
establishment
of
British
East
India
Company
established
in
1600
was
a
case
of
economic
penetration. By 1819 the British
conquest of most India was almost complete. After
the muting of
Bengal army in 1857, the
control of India passed to the British Crown and
Queen Victoria became
Empress of India
in 1877.
1600
年英国
东印度公司的建立堪称典型的经济渗透。
到
1819
年英国对印度的征服已基本完
成。
1857
年东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后，
1858
年印度改由英国君主统治。
1877
年维多利来女
王正式成为印度女皇。
2.
The Scramble for Africa
对非洲的掠夺
At the beginning of the 19th century
British possessions were confined to forts and
slave trading
posts on the west coast.
Over the 19th century the interior of Africa was
gradually discovered and
colonized by
Europeans. Britain led the way in the race. Apart
from the colonies in the South and
West, Britain was also involved in the
North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19
世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。
整个
19
世纪欧洲人逐渐发现并
殖民了非洲内陆。
在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。
除了不断扩张的南部和西部殖民
地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和苏丹。
3. Aggression against
China
侵略中国
In
1840,
the
Opium
War
broke
out
between
Britain
and
China.
Since
then,
Britain
gradually
invaded many
coastal areas and imposed a series of unequal
treaties upon China.
1840
年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了中国的许多沿海城市，并
签定了一系列不平等条约。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十四）
VI. Twentieth Century
二十世纪
1. Britain and the First World War
英国和第一次世界大战
The Word War I was fought
from 1914 to 1918 primarily between two European
Power blocs:
“the Central power”.
Germany and Austria
-
Hungary,
and the “Allies”, Britain, France and Russia.
During
the
war,
the
Britain
lost
much.
Apart
from
the
loss
of
manpower,
there
had
been
considerable
disruption
of
the
economy
and
society.
Out
of
the
war
settlement
came
the
establishment of the
league of Nations.
第一次世界大战是
从
1914
年至
1918
年，战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：
“同盟国”
，
包
括德国和奥匈帝国，和“协约国”
，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯
。一战中英国损失惨重。除了
劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定阶
段国际联盟成立。
3.
Britain and the Second World War
英国与第二次世界大战
(The Second World War was fought from
1939 to 1945. Britain declared war on Germany in
1939.
German bombing raids destroyed
many cities in England. Britain was great
impoverished by the
war)
As Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off
their aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain,
the
Prime Minister, found his policy of
appeasement of German aggression was no longer
tenable,
and was forced to declare war
on Germany on September 3,1939.
第二次世界大战是从
1939
年至
< br>1945
年，当阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的侵
略意图时，首相张伯伦发现他对德国倾略所采取的绥靖政策已站不住脚，被迫于
19
39
年
9
月
3
日对德宣战。
4. Postwar Britian
战
后的英国
At the general eiection of 1945 Winston
Churchill was heavily electorate returned a
Labour government. The war hastened
(
加快
) the end of
Britain
’
s empire and its
former colonies
won independence one
after another. Brtain joined in several wars
against other countries. The
1960s
were
the
Swinging
Sixties(
摇摆的
60
年代
)
，
the
permissive
age
(
宽容的时代
).
The
foundations of the
welfare state (
福利国家
) was
laid in these years. In the 1980s, Mrs Thatcher
started the privatization policy.
Britain joined the European Economic Community
in1973.)
温斯
顿。邱吉尔在
1945
年的大选中惨败。全体选民选举了工党政府。战争加快了大英帝国的灭
亡，她的殖民地相继独立。英国参与了与其他国家的几个站长。
1960
年是摇摆的
60
年代，
性解放的年代。在这些年中已发展成为一个福利国家。
20
世纪
80
年代，撒切尔开始了她的
私有化政策。
1973
年，英国加入欧共体。
< br>
(1)
One
of
the
most
far-reaching
consequences
of
the
War
was
that
it
hastened
the
end
of
Britain’s
empire.
二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。
(2) In 1952 Princess
Elizabeth was crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many
people through television
saw the
ceremony.
1952
年伊
莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世。新发明的电视使许多人看到了加冕仪式
的过程。
(4) In January
1973, Britain became a full member of the European
Economic Community which
was still
called the Common Market in 1973. Britain
witnessed the first oil embargo in 1973.
1973
年
1
月，英国终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国。
1973<
/p>
年仍称为共同市场。
1973
年英国经历
了第一次石油禁运。
(5)
Thatcherism
撒切尔主义
Thatcherism referred
to
the
policies
put
forward by
Margaret
Thatcher,
the
first woman
prime
minister in England in 1979. The main
contents of her policies included the
①
return to private
ownership of state-owned industries,
②
the use of monetarist
policies to control inflation,
③
the
weakening of
trade unions the strengthening of the role of
market forces in the economy, and
③
an emphasis on law and
order. To some extent her program was successful
and she led one of the
most remarkable
periods in the British economy. She resigned
(
辞职
) in 1990.
1979
年玛格丽特
.
撒切尔成为英国第一任女首相。
她提出的政策被为
“撒切尔
主义”
。
其内容
包括国有工业私有化，
采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，
削弱工会的影响，
加强市场因素
在经济中的作用，强调法律和秩序。
在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功的。
她领导英国经济
度过了
一段最繁华的时期之一。
1990
年她辞职。
< br>
第七章
Government and
Administration
英国政府机构
The
United
Kingdom
is
a
constitutional
monarchy,
the
head
of
state
is
a
king
or
a
queen.
The
United
Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign
by His or Her Majesty’s Government.
The
System
of
parliamentary
government
is
not
based
on
a
written
constitution,
the
British
constitution is not
set out in any single document. It is made up of
statute law, common law and
conventions. The Judiciary determines
common law and interprets statutes.
联合王国是君主立宪制国家
,
国家的首脑是
国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义
,
由国王或女王
陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪
法
,
英国宪法不由单一文件构成
,
而由成文法
,
习惯
法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁定习惯法或解释
成文法。
Constitutional
monarchy
君主立宪制
The British monarchy is known as
constitutional monarchy. It means the
monarchy
’
s power are
limited by law and Parliament. The
monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutional
monarchy
began after the Glorious
Revolution in 1688.
英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。
君主政体实
际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从
1688
年的光荣革命后开始。
．
The
Monarchy
君主制
eth II, her title in the United Kingdom
is
“Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace
of God of the
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Northern
Ireland
and
Her
Other
Realms
and
Territories,
Queen, Head of
the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
伊莉莎白二世，
她的全称是
“伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他
领土和领
地的上帝之恩典，女王，英联邦元首，共同信仰的保护者。
”
Queen is the symbol of the
whole nation. In law, She is head of the
executive, an integral
part of the
legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-
in-chief of all the armed forces and
the
“supreme
governor”
of
the
Church
of
Engl
and.
She
gives
Royal
Assent
to
Bills
passed
by
parliament.
女王是国
家的象征。从法律上讲，她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全国武
装部队
总司令，英国国教“至高无上”的领袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官员。对议会通过
的法
案给予御准。
III
．
Parliament
议会
United Kingdom is a unitary, not a
federal, state. Parliament consists of the
Sovereign, the
House of Lords and the
House of Commons.
英国是中央集权国家
，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议院和下议院组成。
main functions of Parliament are: (1)
to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for
taxation, the
means
of
carrying
on
the
work
of
government;
(3)
to
examine
government
Policy
and
administrations,
including
proposal
for
expenditure;
and
(4)
to
debate
the
major
issues
of
the
day.
议会的主要作用是：
（
1
）通过立法；
（
2
）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；
（
3
）检查政府政
策和行政管理，包
括拨款提议；
（
4
）当天的议题辩论。
The House of
Lords
上院
The House of Lords is made up of the
Lords Spiritual and the Lords Lords Spiritual
are the Archbishops of Canterbury and
Yord and 24 senior bishops of the Church of
Lords Temporal consist of 1) all
hereditary peers and peeresses of
England,Scotland,Great Britain
and the
United Kingdom(but not peers of Ireland);2)life
peers created to assist the House in its
judicial duties;3)all other life main
function of the House of Lords is to bring the
wide
experience of its members into the
process of law-making.
上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。神<
/p>
职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及
24
名高
级主教。世俗议员包括
1
）所有英，苏，大不列颠
及联合王国的世袭贵族，女贵族（但不包括爱尔兰）
；
2
）协助议院司法工作的终身贵族；
3
）
其他终身贵族。上院的主要作用就是集中议员集体经验智慧制定法律。
The House of Commons
下院
The House of Commons is elected by
universal adult suffrage and consists of 651
Members of
Parliament
(MPs).It
is
in
the
House
of
Commons
that
the
ultimate
authority
for
law-making
resides.
下
院议员由成人普选产生，共有
651
名议员。最高立法权掌握在下院手中。
1
）
Parliamentary Electoral
System
议会选举制
A
General
Election
must
be
held
every
five
years
and
is
often
held
at
more
frequent
h
citizens,together with citizens of other
Commonwealth countries and citizens of
the Irish Republic resident in
Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or
over,2)included in
the
annual
register
of
electors
for
the
constituency,and
3)not
subject
to
any
disqualification.A
candidate must deposit 500 pound.
大选每
5
年一次，且经常不足
5
年就举行。英国公民包括
其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和
国在英国的居民都有选举权。
选举条件
1
）
18
或
18
以上，
2
）选区全体选民的每年选民登记册上登记注册者
3
）有资格参选者。候选人必须交纳
500
英镑保证金。
2
）
The
Political Party System
政党体制
Since 1945 either the
Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held po
wer.
自
1945
年以来，
一
直由保守党或工党轮流执政。
Chapter
9
第九章
Social
Affairs
英国社会
III. Religion
宗教
1.
Everyone
in
Britain
has
the
right
to
religious
freedom
with
out
interference
from
the
community or the State.
(He may believe in any church or none at all.) He
may change his religion
at
will
may
manifest
his
faith
in
teaching,
worship
and
observance.
Except
that
the
Lord
Chancellor may be a
Roman Catholic, public offices are open without
distinction to members of
all churches
or none.
在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，
社会和政府不得干涉。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，
可以
在布道，
礼拜和仪式中表明他的信仰。
除了大法官不
可以是罗马天主教徒外，
公共职务对各
种信仰或没有信仰的人一
律公开。
2.
Established churches
国教
There are two established
church in Britain: in England the church of
England and in Scotland the
(Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.
英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教
会（长老教）
。
3. Church of England is uniquely
related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be
a member of
that Church and as
“Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked
with the State through the
House of
loads. The church of England is not free to change
its form of worship, as laid down in
the Book of Common Prayer without the
consent of Parliament.
英格兰国
教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为“国教的捍卫者”
必须是此教会的一员，他
在登基时必须承诺维持国教。
国教还通过上议院与国家联系起来。
没有议会同意，
英格兰教
会不可随意改变“
国教祈祷书”中规定的礼拜仪式。
4. The government of the Church of
Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by
ministers
and
elders,
all
of
whom
are
ordained
to
office.
The
Monarch
is
normally
represented
at
the
general
assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.
苏格兰教的管理时长老制，
也就是由
教士和长老治理。
他们被授予圣职，
王室高级代表通常
代表君主光临会议。
5. Unestablished churches
非国教教会
There are include: the Anglican Churche
s(
圣公会
)
，
the Free Churches(
自由教会
)
；
(the largest of
the
Free Churches
–
the Methodist Church
最大的自由教会—卫
理公会
)
，
the
Roman Catholic
Church
（罗马天主教）
。
IV. Festival and Public
Holidays
节假日
ian festivals
基督教节日
The Christian festival of the year and
Christmas, Easter, and Whit Sunday.
其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节
Christmas day, December
25th, celebrates the birth
of Christ, and it is the greatest of Christian
festivals. Easter celebrates the
Resurrection (
复活
) of Christ.
Easter is traditionally associated with
the eating Easter Sunday
(
圣灵节
) celebrates the coming
of the Holy Spirit to
Christ
’
s
apostles
seven days after his death, and it is on the
seventh Sunday after Easter.
圣诞节，
12.25
，
纪念耶稣的诞生，
是最盛大的基督教节日。
复活节是庆祝基督的复活。
复活节有
吃复活节彩
蛋的习惯。圣灵节是庆祝基督去世
7
周后，重新降临到他的使徒们中间，在复活节后第
7
个
周日。
festivals
其他节日
Britain
’
s other
festivals include New Year
’
s
Day, Gy Fawkes Day (
篝火节
),
April Fools
Day
（愚
人节）
,
Mother
’
s Day and the
Remembrance Day (Armistice Day)
英语国家概况精讲系列（二十七）
Chapter 10
第十章
The education system in Britain
1.
primary education
初等教育，小学教育
Primary education is
compulsory(
义务教育
) in Britain.
It begins at five in Great Britain and four in
Northern
Ireland.
All
children
have
to
attend
primary
school
and
they
finish
their
primary
education at the age
of 11. In addition to the many state primary
schools(
公立小学
) which do
not ask their pupils to pay fees, there
are also some fee-paying independent primary
schools
(
收
费的私立小学
). The
most famous fee-paying primary schools are the
preparatory schools which
admit
children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.
初等教育在英国是义务教育，
大不列颠
是从
5
岁开始，北爱尔兰是
4
岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育，并在
11
岁
完成。除了许
多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收费的私立小学。预备学校学生
的年龄通常为
7
岁以上到
11 12
13
岁。
ary education
中等教育，中学教育
Secondary
education
in
Britain
is
also
compulsory.
All
the
children
must
receive
secondary
education
after
finishing
their
primary
education
at
the
age
of
eleven.
The
secondary
school
age-
range(
中学生的年龄段
)
is
from
11-18.
About
90
per
cent
of
the
state
secondary
school
population
in
Great
Britain
attend
comprehensive
ary
schools
include
comprehensive
schools
(
综合中学
),
secondary
modern
schools
(
现代中学
)
and
grammar
schools(
文法学校
).
They are state schools
（公立学校）
。中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩
子必须在
11
岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从
11-18
。大不列颠
90%
左
右的
国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。
education
高等教育，大学教育
There are some 90
universities,including the Open University. Most
famous ones are Oxford and
Cambridge.
There is also the Open University which is
“
open
”
to all to become students, mainly
adult students.
包括开放大学在内，英国共有
90
所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑
桥。还有开
放大学，
即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。
2.
The Media
paper
报纸
British
newspapers
can
be
divided
into
three
kinds:quality
newspapers(
高质量严肃报纸
)
，
popular newspaper(
通俗报纸
)
，
and mid-
market newspapers(
中间市场报
)
。
y
newspapers are directed at readers who want full
information on a wide range of public
matters.
There
are
5
quality
dailies
(Financial
Times,
The
Daily
Telegraph,
The
Guardian,
The
Independent,
and
The
Times)
and
4
quality
Sundays
(Sunday
Telegraph,
The
Independent
on
Sunday, The Observer, and
The Sunday Times).
严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面<
/p>
信息的读者。共有
5
家严肃日报（
《金融时报》
、
《每日电讯报》
、
《卫报》
、
《独立报》<
/p>
、
《泰晤
士报》
）和
4
家严肃周日报（
《星期日电讯报
》
、
《星期日独立报》
、
《观察家》
、
《星期日泰晤士
报》
）
ry
newspapers
appeal
to
people
wanting
news
of
a
more
entertaining
character,
presented more concisely. There are 3
popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The
Sun) and 3
popular Sundays(News of the
world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).
通
俗报纸吸引那些需要娱
乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。共有
3
家通俗日报（
《每日镜报》
、
《晨星报》
、
《太阳
报》
）和
3
家通俗周日报（
《世界新闻报》
、
《星期日镜报》
、
《人民报》
）
The BBC(the British
Broadcasting
Corporation
英国广播公司
) and its
programs
BBC
is
the
largest
and
dominant
broadcasting
corporation
in
Britain.
BBC
World
Service
broadcasts international news worldwide
in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-
run
（国营）
and
it is
financed from the sales of television licences(
出售电视收视证
).BBC
是英国最大的和独
立的