-
第一章
英文文法的最基本规则
英文和我们中文最大的不同，是在动词，我们中文的动词很简单，没有所谓的第几人称，也
没有复数和单数之分，更没有过去式或进行式，英文可不同了，凡是用动词的时候，必须注
意很多很多的规则，一旦弄错了，常常是犯了大错。
在这一章，我要将英文最基本的规则一一列下。这些规则都是
我们中国人所常常不注意的。
为了
不要误导读者，凡本书内错误的句子前面都有〝＊〞的符号。
规则（１）：两个动词是不能联在一起用的。
在中文，我们常说
“
我是爱你的
”
，翻成英文，这就变成了
＊
I am love you.
滑
稽的是，这句英文句子犯了大忌，因为〝
am
〞是动词，〝
love
〞也是动词，两个动词是不
能联在
一起用的。这句话的正确说法是：
I love you.
或者
I am in love with you.
我们中国人也会说〝我喜欢看电视〞，翻成英文，这变成
＊
I
love watch television.
这个句子也犯了同样的错。
以下几个句子都是错的，因为这些句子中都有两个动词连在一起的情形：
＊
I hate eat fish.
＊
I love
play basketball.
＊
I love
swim.
如果你一定要讲
“
我爱游泳
”
，怎么办呢？请看以下的规则。
规则（２）：如一定要同时用两个
动词，后者的前面必须加
“to”
或者将后者加入
“ing”
。
“
我爱游泳
”
，因此有
两种正确的译法：
I love
to swim.
I love swimming.
以下的句子都是正确的：
I hate to eat fish.
I hate eating fish.
I love to play basketball.
I love playing basketball
I
keep
going
to
church.
规则（３）：主词
如果是第三人称，现在式及单数，动词必须加
s.
我们中国人最不容易记得的规则，恐怕就是这一条了，以下的句子都是错的。
＊
He write very well.
＊
Jack love
playing the violin.
＊
Mary swim every
day.
正确的句子是：
He writes very well.
Jack loves playing the
violin.
Mary swims every
day.
规则（４）：绝大多数的否定的句子，不能直接加
“not”
。
我们中文对否定语气，规则极为简单，我们可以说
“
我不爱你
”
，但是我们
不能说
＊
I not love you.
我们也不能说：
＊
I not saw that
movie.
＊
I not like swimming.
＊
He not likes
playing violin.
我们必须用一种助动词来
完成否定的句子，以下才是正确的否定句子：
I do not love you.
I did not see that movie.
He does not like playing violin.
请注意，在以上的句子中，
do
和
did
都是助动词，
do
是现在式，
did
是过去式。
关于现在式和过去式，究竟是怎么
一回事，以后我们会解释清楚的。
助动词不限于
“do”
和它的变型，
c
an
、
will
、
would
、
shall
、
may
、
must
等
等都是助动词，因
此，以下的英文句子又都是对的：
He can not swim.
They will not go to church
tomorrow.
Mary should not
go to the party.
I shall
not see you.
He may not go
out tonight.
1
常用英语语法
He must not eat meat any more.
规则（５）：在不定词
“to”
的后面，必须用原形动词
英文中的动词，是会变化的，以
have
为例，第一
人称和第三人就不同：
I
have a dog.
He has a dog.
<
/p>
如果是过去式，动词又要变化。
have
的过去式是
had
，不论第几人称，一概都要用
had
。
几乎每一个英文动词的过去式都有变化，以下是几个例子：
现在式
过去式
go
went
come
came
eat
ate
play
played
swim
swam
不论那一个动词，都有一
个原形动词，一切都是从这个原形动词变出来的，像
go
、
drink
、
have
、
walk
、
love
、
like
等等都是原形动词。
< br>
如果我们有必要要用不定词
to
，就必须用原形动词，例如
to
go
、
to
drink
、
to
have
，都是正
确的，＊
to
went
；＊
to
drank
；＊
to
loved
等等都是错的。
英文中有一个动词最为麻烦，那就是
am
、<
/p>
are
、
is
、
was
、
were
等等，翻译成中文，这都是，
而这些动词的来源都是
be<
/p>
，所以我们说这些动词都是
verb to
be
。
以
下的句子都用上了〝
be
〞
I want to be a teacher.
He wants to be a good
father.
They all love to be
rich.
No one likes to be
poor.
规则（６）：英文中有所谓的助动词。必须注意
英文中有很多动词都是助词动，在规则（４）中，我们说在绝
大多数的否定语句中，必须用
助动词
do
或
did
。
Do
是原形动词，
did
和
does
都是
do
的变形。
除了
do
是助动词以外，
can
、
may<
/p>
、
might
、
will
、
would
、
must
也都是助动词。
以上所提到的助动词，都有一个共同的特色，那就是这些助动词后的动词必须是原形动词
，
以下的句子都是正确的：
He can swim.
He
does not swim.
I do not
speak English.
You must
walk to work every day.
I
did not work yesterday.
You
may leave now.
I will go to
Taipei tomorrow.
以下的句子都是错的：
＊
I did not went.
＊
He
does not goes to work.
＊
You must walked
to work.
除了以上的助动词以外，还有一个非常特
殊的助动词，那就是
have
，在这个助动词的后面，
动词绝对不能用原形动词，以下是用这个助动词的例子：
I have been to England.
I have slept all day.
I have studied English
since I was a child.
been
、
slept
和
studied
都是过去分词（
< br>past participle
），以下的句子也都是现在完成式，我
们后讨论完成式的时候，会将这些解释清楚的。
规则（７）：英文问句要有助动词
我们先看看以下的英文句子，这些都是错的：
＊
How
many books you wrote
？
＊
How
many sons you have
？
正确的句子是：
Why do you drink so much
water
？
How many books did you
write
？
How many sons do you
have
？
绝大多数的英文问句子是一定要有助动词，以下全是正确的英文问句，你可以看出每一句的
助动词吗？
Do you
love me
？
Did you go to school
yesterday
？
2
How many books do you
have
？
How much money does he
have
？
Why don’t you go back
home
？
Do you like to
swim
？
Can you play
violin
？
Will you go home
tomorrow
？
Would you give me a
call
？
当然啦，一旦动词是
verb to
be
，我们又不需要助动词了，以下都是正确的英文问句：
Are you a teacher?
Is he a student?
Is Mr. Chang your father?
Were your mother and father
in England last year?
规则（８）：特殊动词随主词的变化
英文中，有些动词因主词不同而改变，
verb to be<
/p>
是其中之一，因此，我们必须记得以下的
规则：
< br>
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
I
am
You are
（
He
，
She
，
It
）
is
现在式
复数
We
are
You are
They
are
单数
I
was
You were
（
He
，
She<
/p>
，
It
）
was
过去式
复数
We
were
You were
They were
Verb
to have
也有类似的变化：
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
I
have
You have
<
/p>
（
He
，
She
，
It
）
ha
s
现在式
复数
We have
You have
They have
单数
I
had
You had
（
He
，
She
，
It
）
had
过去式
复数
We
had
You had
They had
【练习一】
以下的句子都有错，请将正确的句子写出来：
1.
＊
I am like my parent.
2.
＊
He
is loves his teacher.
3.
＊
He
keeps swim every day.
4.
＊
He
wants drink a glass of water.
5.
＊
He
likes play violin.
6.
＊
Jack do not love mathematics.
7.
＊
Mary hate singing.
8.
＊
My
mother cook very good food.
9.
＊
He
want me to see him tomorrow.
10.
＊
He not knows my name.
11.
＊
I
not like you.
12.
＊
He not like swimming.
13.
＊
You not went home.
14.
＊
I
not like swimming.
15.
＊
I
wanted to went to my mother’s home.
16.
＊
I
do not like to swimming.
17.
＊
I
did not ate dinner.
18.
＊
I
will not went home.
19.
＊
He did not went home.
20.
＊
You may leaving now.
21.
＊
He can swimming.
22.
＊
He does not goes to work.
第二章
现在式和现在进行式
2§
1
现在式
英文中，现在式（
present tense
）好像是最容易的，其实现在式都是我们常常用错的时式。
首先，
我们不妨举一个例子来说明我
们对现在式惯有的误解，
假设我们要说〝我在吃午饭〞，
这总该
用现在式了吧。很多人将这句话翻成
I eat lunch.
3
这就错了，因为〝
I
eat <
/p>
lunch.
〞的意思并不是〝我在吃午饭〞，而是〝我有吃午饭
的习
惯〞，意思是说，有人中午不吃午饭（可能是在减肥），我可是每天中午都会吃午饭
的。
〝我在吃午饭〞，应该要用现在进行式，这是我们以后会谈的。
现在式不是指任何一个行为，而是一种状况。举例来说，以下
几句话都应该用现在式：
我是一个学生
I am a student.
他是一个老师
He is a teacher.
他每天游泳
He swims every day.
汤姆勤奋工作
Tom works hard
他早起
He gets up early.
玛莉喜欢看电影
Mary loves watching movies.
这里常常下雨
It rains often here.
我每天喝一杯牛奶
I drink a glass of milk every day.
我是中国人
I am a Chinese.
他会讲英文
He speaks English.
他有喝茶的习惯
He drinks tea.
我骑脚踏车上学
I ride a bicycle to school.
他搭乘公车上班
He rides a bus to go to work.
我不喜欢你
I do not like you.
他爱他的太太
He loves his wife.
他守法
He obeys the law.
我不喜欢莎士比亚
I do not like Shakespeare.
他不抽烟
He does not smoke.
他喝酒
He drinks.
他唱歌唱得很好
He sings well.
他跳舞跳得很好
He dances well.
他不会游泳
He can not swim.
他不是一个好学生
He is not a good student.
他们都很懒
They are all very lazy.
凡是真理，自然界的现象，数学里的定理，都要用现在式：
太阳从东方升起
The sun rises in the east.
地球是圆的
The earth is round.
月亮是地球的一个卫星
The moon is a satellite of
the earth.
美国是一个大的国家
America is a large country.
在北极的夏天，太阳永不落下
The sun never sets at the North Pole in
summer.
树叶吸收二氧化碳
Tree leaves absorb CO2 .
计算机的基本原理是布尔代数
The basic principle of computers is
Boolean
algebra
二点决定一线
Two points define a line.
三点决定一平面
Three points define a plane.
三基本颜色是红、黄、蓝
Three of the basic colors
are red,
yellow
and blue.
【练习二】
将以下中文句子翻成英文，都用现在式。
1.
他是一个好学生。
2.
我的哥哥
17
岁。
3.
我弟弟每天游泳。
4.
他们都喜欢音乐。
5.
他们现在在日本。
6.
喜玛拉雅山是全世界最高的山。
7.
亚马孙河是全世界最长的。
8.
他的爸爸是位老师。
9.
我们都喜欢中国菜。
10.
他不喜欢冰淇淋。
11.
我爱你。
12.
每个人都怕蛇。
13.
每个人都喜欢狗。
14.
今天真冷。
2§
2
现在进行式
假如我们正在做一件事，是不能用现在式的，而必须用现在进行式，现在进行式的形态是：
4
verb to be + present
participle
（现在分词）
verb to be
大家都懂，什么叫做现在分词呢？现在分词就是
动词＋
ing
以下是现在分词的例子
动词
现在分词
work
working
go
going
read
reading
run
running
play
playing
swim
swimming
sing
singing
write
writing
eat
eating
walk
walking
come
coming
love
loving
like
liking
watch
watching
smoke
smoking
如果我们说
I am watching a movie.
那是指我现在正在看电影，这和
I watch movies.
意义上截然不同的，
I watch
movies
是说我有看电影的习惯。
因此有些动词是没有现在进行式的，举例来说
I am loving you.
是不通的，因为严格说起来，
lov
e
是一种状态，而不是一个动作。现在进行式，都是指动作，
很
少指状态的。
以下是现在进行式的例子：
I am calling my father.
He is swimming now.
He is playing basketball.
They are all eating now.
He is walking in the woods now.
He is reading a detective
novel.
Mr. Brown is driving
to work.
Mrs. Brown is
cooking.
It is raining now.
【练习三】
将以下句子译成英文，都用现在进行式：
1.
他在看电影。
2.
我在游泳。
3.
她在和她妈妈打电话。
4.
他的哥哥在散步。
5.
我现在正在吃饭。
6.
我们在唱歌。
7.
他在弹钢琴。
8.
他在看一本小说。
9.
我在写一封信。
10.
他在跑步。
【练习四】
将下列句子译成英文，有的用现在式，有的用现在进行式：
1.
我爱你。
2.
我正在吃饭。
3.
他不是一个学生。
4.
我是一个老师。
5.
他正在唱歌。
6.
他在游泳。
5
7.
他喜欢游泳。
8.
他会唱歌。
9.
他正在唱歌。
10.
他的爸爸是一个医生。
11.
他的爸爸在美国。
12.
我正在洗澡。
13.
他正在睡觉。
14.
你的姊姊在骑脚踏车。
15.
你的姊姊每天骑脚踏车上学。
第三章
过去式和过去进行式
3§
1
过去式
过
去式是指过去所发生的事，举例来说，假如我昨天去看了一场电影，我就可以说
I went to see a movie
yesterday.
以下全部是正确的句子：
I saw your father last night.
I met your son last month.
I ate three apples this
morning.
He went to church
to pray last night.
可是，我们必须
非常小心，因为一不小心，我们就可能犯了大错，我们如果要向情侣表示爱
情，当然说<
/p>
I love you.
如果我们说
I loved you.
事情就可能闹大了，
因为这表示我过去曾经爱过你，
可是现在已经不爱了。
〝
I
loved
you
〞
等于是〝
I
loved
you before.
But
I
do
not
love
you
now.
〞
假如我们看过一个小男孩然后我们说
He was a good boy.
< br>那就是说他现在已不是一个好男孩了，变成了一个不乖的孩子，或者他已经死了。
英文里的过去式常常是侦探用来破案的线索。有一次，有一个
母亲，向警察报案，说她的女
儿失踪了，她在记者面前，声泪俱下地说
< br>
She was such a nice
girl.
警察马上觉得这位母亲有问题，因为她不该用过
去式的，用了过去式，表示女儿已经死了，
可是母亲不是说她失踪了吗？为什么她用过去
式，极有可能因为她知道她女儿已经死了，才
脱口而出，用了过去式。警察因此怀疑母亲
本人就是凶手，事实也果真如此：这位母亲打自
己的女儿，出手太重，将女儿打死了，谎
报女儿失踪，她用了过去式，使警察知道她有问题。
整个案子的侦破，就在于过去式。<
/p>
我们因此不能轻易用过去式，但我们
也千万要注意，该用过去式的时候，一定要用过去式，
以下句子都是错的：
＊
I go to
school yesterday.
＊
I see a movie last night.
＊
My mother comes
to see me last month.
＊
I eat three apples this
morning.
＊
He is
happy yesterday.
以上句子的正确写法是：
I went to school yesterday.
I saw a movie last night.
My mother came to see me last month.
I ate three apples this
morning.
He was happy
yesterday.
【练习五】
将以下中文句子翻成英文，全部用过去式：
1.
我昨天参加了一个舞会。
2.
他的哥哥昨天打电话给我。
3.
我去年到美国去。
4.
昨夜我遇到你的姊姊。
5.
我写了一封信给你。
6.
我今晨吃了一个蛋。
7.
他昨夜整夜跳舞。
8.
我们昨天跑了五千公尺。
9.
他昨夜非常疲倦。
6
10.
他昨夜去台北探访他的爸爸。
【练习六】
将下列的句子译成英文句子，有的用现在式，有的用过去式：
1.
他是一个强壮的男孩。
2.
他昨天生病了。
3.
他每天吃一个苹果。
4.
他昨天吃了三个苹果。
5.
我喜欢看电影。
6.
我是个快乐的人。
7.
昨天我看了两场电影。
8.
他昨天寄了一封信给你。
9.
他常常抽烟。
10.
我每天读圣经。
11.
他昨天没有念圣经。
12.
他昨天没有游泳。
【练习七】
将以下句子译成英文，用现在式，现在进行式或过去式：
1.
他在打篮球。
2.
他喜欢打篮球。
3.
他昨天打篮球。
4.
他每天骑脚踏车上学。
5.
他昨天骑脚踏车到乡下去。
6.
我喜欢唱歌。
7.
他正在唱歌。
8.
你的爸爸昨天来看我。
9.
他的哥哥每天步行二公里。
10.
他的弟弟是个好孩子。
11.
他去年非常虚弱。
12.
他正在打电话。
13.
他每天都努力工作（
work
hard
）。
14.
你的弟弟喜欢游泳。
15.
他过去是个好学生。
3§
2
过去进行式
过去进行式和现在进行式有点类似，只是
verb to be
要用过去式的。可是有一点不同，过去
进行式，很少单独用的，
而常和另一句子一齐用。举例来说以下的中文句子：
我昨天去看你的时候，你正在打篮球，如译成中文，就是
You were playing basketball
when I went to see you yesterday.
以下是典型的过去进行式用法
I was taking a bath when you called.
I was watching TV when you
came to see me.
They were
dancing when the teacher came in.
They were singing in the station when
the train arrived.
Mr.
Brown was cleaning his house when his son came
home.
总而言之，过去进行式通常牵涉到几件事，这两
件事同时发生，其中一件事用过去式，另一
件事用过去进行式
【练习八】
将以下句子译成英文，其中一部份使用过去进行式：
1.
他昨天到学校去的时候，天在下
雨。
2.
当火车停下的时候，他在看报（
read
newspaper
）。
3.
当火车进站的时候，他们在唱歌。
4.
我昨天去他家的时候，他在和他
爸爸打电话。
5.
昨天晚上八点钟，我在家看电视。
6.
当我爸爸昨晚打电话给我的时候
，我正在刷牙（
brush my
teeth
）。
< br>7.
当我昨晚打电话给他时，他在游泳。
8.
当这猫走进来的时候，那只狗在
睡觉。
9.
当他弟弟回家的时候，他在拉小提琴。
< br>10.
当我爸爸回家的时候，我妈妈在烧饭。
【练习九】
填充
1. I
（
be
）
a Christian.
7
2. He
3. I
4. I
（
be
）
a Catholic when he was a child.
5. He
（
（
go
like
）
）
to
see my mother yesterday.
6.
It
（
eat
）
to play piano.
now.
7. He
8.
He
（
（
rain
）
now.
9. He
（
walk
walk
）
）
to school every day.
10. He
（
be
）
a good boy.
now.
11. He
12. I
13. I
（
（
（
swim
take
go
）
）
when
I called him.
）
to see his mother
yesterday.
a bath when my mother called
me.
14. I
15. It
（
16. It
（
like
）
to swim.
（
like
rain
）
）
to swim when I was young.
Now, I don’t
because I am too old.
17. It
（
rain
）
now.
when I
drove to work yesterday.
18. It
19. He
（<
/p>
（
rain
rain
）
last night.
20. I
（
read
）
）
ve
ry
often
here.
【练习十】
（
be
）
a student when
I was young. Now I am a teacher.
a book
when I went to see him yesterday.
改正以下句子的错误
1.
2.
＊
3.
＊
They are driving when I
went to see them yesterday.
4.
＊
It rained
here very often in Taipei.
He gives his
book to his brother last month.
5.
＊
6.
＊
He go to work every
morning.
7.
＊
He likes to told stories.
I like to went to church.
8.
＊
The sun sets
now.
9.
＊
10.
＊
They are play the piano
now.
11.
＊
I am love you.
He were a good student before.
12.
＊
He goes to church last
Sunday.
13.
＊
14.
＊
It rains last night.
I am playing when you called.
15.
＊
It is raining when I drove
to work last night.
16.
＊
17.
＊
He do not know me.
I were swimming when my mother came.
18.
＊
They is singing now.
19.
＊
20.
＊
He do not like to swim.
＊
He
always wear a black coat.
He is watch
TV now.
第四章
完成式（
Perfect
Tense
）
4§
完成式的形式是
1
现在完成式（
verb to
have + past participle
Present Perfect
Tense
）
，每一个动词，都有过去式和过去分词，以下
就是一些例子：
原式
过去式
过去分词（
past
participle
）
go
come
went
gone
see
do
came
saw
come
watch
get
have
did
seen
watched
done
got
watched
gotten
（或
got
）
use
buy
had
used
had
listen
draw
bought
used
listened
bought
paint
listened
leave
drew
painted
drawn
left
painted
left
8
arrive
arrived
arrived
dance
danced
danced
kill
killed
killed
write
wrote
written
run
ran
run
swim
swam
swum
snow
snowed
snowed
eat
ate
eaten
love
loved
loved
fly
flew
flown
spread
spread
spread
hit
hit
hit
drink
drank
drunk
take
took
taken
grow
grew
grown
sell
sold
sold
ride
rode
ridden
steal
stole
stolen
break
broke
broken
walk
walked
walked
read
read
read
sing
sang
sung
work
worked
worked
以下的句子都是用了现在完成式：
I have read this book.
I have seen the movie.
I have lived here since
1973.
I have studied
English for a long time.
He
has washed his hands.
He
has left.
He has already
completed the report.
The
storm has arrived.
I have
taken the job.
I have
written the letters.
I have
not seen him since 1975.
I
have never seen this man before.
什么情况之下要用现在完成式呢？
1.
首先假设我们有一件事，发生在过去，而一直延续到现
在，就要用现在完成式，这种句子
后面常有
since
或
for
。以下是这种情形的例子：
（
1
）自从
1963
年，我一直在念英文。
I have studied English since 1963.
（
2
）自从
1975
年以后，我就住在这里。
I have lived here since 1975.
（
3
）自从
我是一个小孩子，我就喜欢摇滚乐。
I have
loved rock and roll music since I was a child.
（
4
）自从
去年，我就从来没有见过他。
Since last
year, I have never seen him.
（
5
）自从
1950
年以后，他就一直在此工作。
He has
worked here since 1950.
（
6
）我认识他已经很久了。
I have known him for a long time.
（
7
）他练
习网球已经四年了。
He has already
practiced tennis for
（
the
past
）
four years.
（
8
）我穿
这件夹克很久了。
I have worn this
jacket for a very long time.
（
9
）我开这辆汽车很久了。
I have driven this car for a long time.
（
10
）好
久没有下雨了。
It has not rained
for a long time.
9
2.
使
用现在完成式的另一情况是强调已经完成的事，比方说，你说〝我已经写了那封信〞，
就
可以用现在完成式，或者，你说〝他已经完成了工作〞。以下是这类的例子：
（
1
）我已
经写了这封信。
I have already
written the letter.
（
2
）他已经完成了工作。
He has already completed the work.
（
3
）我已
经测试了这个程序。
I have already
tested the program.
（
4
）我已经收到了你的信。
I have already received your letter.
（
5
）他已
搬到了一个较大的房子。
He has already
moved to a bigger house.
（<
/p>
6
）虽然他很年轻，但他已写了三本小说。
Although he is young, he has already
written three novels.
（
7
）我打了二次电话给他，他都没有回答。
I called him twice, he has never
answered.
3.
现在完成
式用来表示一种经验，举例来说，〝我曾经到过美国〞、〝我曾见过李总统〞、
〝我有生
以来没有跳过舞〞，这些都应该用现在完成式，例如：
（
1
）
我曾经到过美国。
I have
been to America.
（
2
）
我曾见过李总统。
I have
seen President Lee.
（
3
）
我有生以来没有跳过舞。
I
have never danced in my life.
（
4
）
我看过〝双城记〞。
I have
read The Tale of Two Cities.
（
5
）
他曾吃过这种冰淇淋。
He has
tasted this kind of ice cream.
（
6
）
我未曾见过雪。
I have
never seen snow.
（
7
）
你曾见过雪吗？
Have you
ever seen snow?
（
8
）
你登过玉山吗？
Have you
ever climbed Jade Mountain
？
4.
现在完成式可以用来表示一件过
去常发生的事：
（
1
）
今年我国已有二次台风。
We
have already had two typhoons so far this year.
（
2
）
他今年已发表了三篇论文。
He
has already published three papers this year.
（
3
）
过去一年，我看了三次〝铁达尼号〞。
In the past year, I have seen The
Titanic three times.
对读者而言，
最重要的是〝现在完成式〞和〝过去式〞不同究竟在那里？最重要的不同在于，
一旦在句子中讲一件过去发生的事，而且指定特定的时间，就一定要用〝过去式〞，而不能
用〝现在完成式〞。比方说，〝我曾经看过「铁达尼号」〞，可以用现在完成式，因为这句
话没有指明任何特定的时间，假如说，〝我昨天晚上去看「铁达尼号」〞，就一定用过去式，
读者不妨看看以下的比较：
（
a
）
I
went to America last year.
I have been
to America.
（
b
）
I
saw The Titanic last year.
I have seen
The Titanic twice.
（
c
）
I
finished my homework late last night.
I
have finally finished my homework.
（
d
）
I
studied English when I was a small child.
I have studied English since I was a
child.
（
e
）
I
went to church yesterday.
I have never
been to church.
以下的句子是错的，请特别注意：
＊（
1
）
I
have seen the movie last year.
＊（
2
）
I
have never been to America last year.
＊（
3
）
He
has never finished his work last night.
10
现在完成式常和
since
、
for
、
already
、
never
、
ever
等字一起使用，以下都是这类的例子：
（
1
）
I
have already had dinner.
（<
/p>
2
）
Since this
summer began, we have already had two storms.
（
3
）
It
has not rained for a long time.
（
4
）
I
have never talked to this man before.
（
5
）
I
have never met your father.
（
6
）
Have you ever
been to America?
（
7
）
He
has already won three awards.
（
8
）
I
have stayed here since June.
Never
和
ever
也常是我们弄不清楚如何使用的字，一般说来，
never
有否定的意思，
ever
则只有在问句中才会出现。
【练习十一】
将以下句子译成英文，全部用现在完成式：
1.
自从
1
980
年，我就每天早上游泳。
2.
我已收到了你的信。
3.
我从未去过美国。
4.
从他是一个小孩开始，他就是一
个基督徒（
Christian
）。
5.
我见过你的祖父。
6.
你的弟弟一直住在这里。
7.
他学钢琴已经很久了。
8.
我已写了三封信给他，他都没有
回。
9.
过去三年我都在开这部车。
10.
自从
1975
年以来，他一直是一位老师。
11.
他教英文很久了。
12.
我曾经看过乱世佳人（
Gone
with the Wind
）。
13.
我已吃过饭了。
14.
今年我去过海滩三次。
15.
我终其一生都爱你的。
【练习十二】
将以下句子译成英文，有的用过去式，有的用现在完成式
1.
昨天我去看〝乱世佳人〞（
Gone with the
Wind
）。
2.
我从未看过〝乱世佳人〞。
3.
去年，我住在美国。
4.
自从
1
985
年，我就一直住在美国。
5.
他从未去过英国。
6.
他已经完成了报告。
7.
我昨天晚上完成了报告。
8.
昨夜，我见到了你的父亲。
9.
我已经见过你的父亲好几次了。
10.
我终生都住在台中。
【练习十三】
填充
1. I
（
become
）
a Christian when I was a child.
2. I
（
be
）
a Christian all my life.
3. He
（
live
）
here since 1939.
4. Stop eating now. You
（
eat
）
too much.
5. It
（
rain
）
last night.
6.
John is a writer. He
（
written
）
thirteen novels.
7. Last night, I
（
see
）
your father for the first time in my
life.
8. I
（
talk
）
to my father last night.
9. Since 1961, I
（
be
）
a teacher. Before that, I
（
be
）
a student.
10. I
（
read
）
many novels written by Charles Dickens.
4§
2
现在
完成进行式（
Present Perfect Progressive
Tense
）
在上一节，我们知道，如果有一个行动，从过去发生后，就一直延续到现在，我们可以用现
< br>在完成式。举例来说，以下的例子都应该用现在完成式：
（
1
）
<
/p>
自从
1974
年，我就在学校学英文。<
/p>
Since 1974, I have studied
English at school.
（
2
）
自从我大学毕业以后，我就在这里工作。
Since I graduated from college, I have
worked here.
11
以第一句话为例，假如我们要强调我一直在练习游泳，而且没
有间断，我们可以用现在完成
进行式（
present
perfect progressive
tense
）。所谓现在完成进行式，形式如下：
verb to have + been +
present participle
verb to
have
是为了完成式，
been
和
present
participle
都是为了进行式。
以下是现在完成进行式的例子：
I have been studying
English since 1974.
I have
been working here since I graduated from college.
I have been living here
since I was a child.
He has
been acting like a fool
lately.
（他最近一直在做傻事）
They have been dancing
since seven o’clock.
It has
been snowing since yesterday.
I have been taking music lessons since
last year.
He has been
drinking heavily since last
year.
（他去年起，就一直在酗酒）
【练习十四】
将以下的句子译成英文，全部用现在完成进行式：
1.
自从我们是小孩子起，我们就一直努力工作。
2.
从去年起，他就在念英文。
3.
从昨天起，就一直在下雨。
4.
从五时起，他就在做功课（
do
homework
）。
5.
从三岁起，我就一直住在台中。
4§
3
过去完成进行式（
Past Perfect
Progressive Tense
）
过去完成式的形式如下：
had + past participle
过去完成式是不能单独用的。我们用的时候，必须有另一个事
件。也就是说，假如我们有两
件事
A
和
B
，两件事都发生在过去，但
A
发生在
B
以前，
A
应该用过去完成式，
B
则
用过去式。以下是几个例子：
（
1
）
他到台湾以前，曾学过中文。
He
had studied Chinese before he came to Taiwan.
（
2
）
他念大学以前，曾前工作过。
He
had worked before he decided to go to college.
（
3
）
我写这篇有关爱尔兰的小说以前，曾去过爱尔兰。
I had been to Ireland before I wrote
this book about Ireland's people.
（
4
）
我在上大学以前，已经学过微积分。
I had studied calculus before I got
into college.
（
5
）
周一以前，已经下过雪了。
It
had already snowed before Monday.
如果我们要强调较早发生事件的连续性，我们可以用过去完成进行式。占去完成进行式和现
在进行式惟一不同的地方是
verb to
have
的地方一定要用
had
。以下是一些过去完成进行
式的例子：
1.
I had been
watching TV before you called me.
2.
I had been working hard
in a company for many years before I went to
college.
3.
He
had been studying before he went to class.
4.
He had been
driving all day before he went to sleep.
【练习十五】
将以下中文句子译成英文，每一句都要用过去式和过去完成式：
1.
我十四岁以前，就曾见过你的母
亲。
2.
我
1974
年以前，曾去过美国。
3.
六年前，他曾念过圣经（
the
Bible
）。
< br>4.
我念大学以前，曾经是个工程师（
engineer
）。
5.
你来以前，我曾打电话给你。
6.
在我昨天晚上吃饭以前，曾和李
先生见过面。
7.
在他辞职（
resign
）以前，他是个好校长（
president
）。
8.
在他去世（
die
），他是个好医生。
<
/p>
9.
在他到教堂以前，他一直在练习唱歌。
10.
在今天早上八时以前，天
一直在下雨。
【练习十六】
将以下的中文句子译成英文，选适宜的时态。
1.
他昨天去看你的时候，你在唱歌。
2.
他从前是个好孩子。
3.
他们都喜欢打篮球。
12
4.
我们正在看电视。
5.
你在台湾住了很久了。
6.
我已经看完了这本书。
7.
他们一直都住在这里。
8.
我来以前，曾去过教堂。
9.
他喜欢看日出。
10.
他喜欢游泳。
11.
他自从六岁起，就一直在学钢
琴（
piano
）。
12.
他过去是个强壮的孩子。
13.
在他生病以前，他曾是个非常
健康（
healthy
）的人。
14.
当火车进站时，人们在跳舞。
15.
在战争爆发（
break ou
t
）以前，他曾是个音乐家（
musician
）。
16.
我曾见过你。
17.
我去年见过你。
18.
我已经将信写好了。
19.
自从
1974
年以来，我就是一个军人（
soldier
）。
20.
我读了很多英文书。
【练习十七】
将正确的动词填入以下各句的空白：（有的地方可能有多种答
案）
1. He
(love) his country.
2. He
(love) his country, but now he does not.
3. I
(be) a teacher since 1975.
4. I
(be) a teacher
before I went to college.
5. I
(read)
Shakespeare ever since I was a little girl.
6. When I went to see her
yesterday, she
(watch) TV.
7. I
(see) your father before I saw you.
8. He
(read) many
detective stories.
9. He
(go) to church every Sunday.
10. It
(be) a cold day yesterday.
11. It
(rain) for
the last two days.
12. I
(eat) too much.
I
am full now.
13. You
(be) a nurse before the war
broke out.
14. I
(have) never
(see) you in my life.
15.
He
(be) a teacher since 1980.
16. It
(be) good to eat vegetables every day.
17. It
(be) so nice
to meet you last night.
18.
She
(be) such a nice girl
before she died.
19. Peter
(go) to America many times.
20. He
(work) hard since last year. He
(hope) to succeed in the college entrance
examination this time.
第五章
未来式
5§
1
未来式的基本规则
如果我们在句子中，有需要提到未来的事情，就可以使用未来式，举例来说，以下的句子都
用未来式。
I
will go to America tomorrow.
He will dance tonight.
Peter will finish his work next month.
如果不用〝
will
〞，我们可以用〝
verb to be +going to+ verb<
/p>
〞，如果我们如此做，以上的三
个句子就变成了以下的句子
I am going to go
to America tomorrow.
He is
going to dance tonight.
Peter is going to finish his work next
month.
以下是一些未来式的例子：
1. I will call you tonight.
I am going to call you tonight.
2. He will graduate next
June.
He is going to graduate next
June.
3. Mr. Lee will teach
us English soon.
Mr. Lee is going to
teach us English soon.
13
4. He will
help you.
He is going to help you.
5. The war will break out
soon.
The war is going to break out
soon.
6. It will rain
tonight.
It is going to rain tonight.
有一个规则必须注意，就是
will
是一个助动词，现在式第三人称单数的主词，仍不用在
will
后面加
s
。
不仅如此，
will
后面的动词必须用成原式，如果用
verb to be +going
to+ verb
这里面的
verb
也
必须用原式。
因为这里面的
to
式
infinitive
，
infinitive
里面永远要用原型动词。
以下例子都是错的
1.
＊
He wills go to
school.
2.
＊
He will goes
to school.
3.
＊
They will went
to work tomorrow.
4.
＊
Tom is going
to saw me tonight.
5.
＊
Peter is going
to working next month.
未来式常和别的句子用在一起，以下是典型的例子
1. When you come tomorrow,
I will already be in Taipei.
2. After I graduate, I am going to be a
good doctor in Africa.
3.
Before I leave tomorrow, I will finish my work.
4. After the war is over,
every one will be happy.
5.
I will go to a concert after my classes are over.
6. I will eat lunch as soon
as I have time.
但千万不可写出以下错误的句子：
＊
When you will come
tomorrow, I will already be in Taipei.
＊
After the war will be over,
every one will be happy.
＊
I will eat lunch as soon as
I will have time.
【练习十八】
将以下的中文句子翻成英文句子，用
will
或
to be going to
：
1.
我明天要上教堂（
go to
church
）。
2.
他下周一要和我见面。
3.
他明天要整理这个房间（
clean this
room
）。
4.
我明天吃晚饭后要去台北。
5.
我明天晚上回家以后，就打电话给你。
6.
我毕业以后会去念法律。
7.
明天你走以后，我要看电视
.<
/p>
。
8.
明天我会去台南。
9.
今天晚上我要写一封信给你。
10.
今晚，我要等我的哥哥。
【练习十九】
填充：
1.
I
(be) in America next year, after I
(graduate).
2.
I
(explain) this to
you tonight after I
(read) the
report.
3.
I
(see) you tonight.
4.
As soon as you
(come) to see me, I
(give) you my book.
5.
When you
(arrive) in New York tomorrow,
Tom
(be) in the airport to
meet
you.
6.
I
(go) to church
after the rain stops.
7.
I
(watch) the new
TV program after you
(leave).
8.
When you
(get) here tomorrow, everyone
(wait) for you.
9.
I
(get) a job as soon as I get out of college.
10. He________ (have)
dinner very late tomorrow.
11. I________ (quit) my present job,
after I________ (find) a better one.
5§
2
未来式的变形
未来式可以和进行式合起来用，以下是未来进行式的例子
I will be watching TV
tomorrow at eight.
He will
be eating a big dinner after he gets out of the
hospital.
I will be
studying mathematics at home when you come.
Two days later, I will be
driving a new car.
14
未来式可以和完成式合在一起
用，而成为未来完成式，这种句子都是在于强调未来要完成的
事。举例来说，
”
我明天六点以前，我会完成这工作了
”
，就可以用未来完成式：
I will have finished this work by six
o’clock tomorrow.
以下是一些未来完成式的例子
By the time he arrives at the station,
the train will have left.
We will have had three meetings before
six o’clock tonight.
He
will have written six novels next summer.
【练习二十】
填充：（用未来进行式或未来完成式）
1.
I
(watch) the baseball game
tomorrow night.
2.
He
(finish) the
report when you arrive at his home.
3.
I
(wash) my car tonight when my mother comes.
4.
They
(play) their violins when the
clock strikes twelve.
5.
He
(complete)
writing this program
before ten o’clock
tonight.
6.
He
(be) the president for three
years next May.
7.
I
(wash) my car
when you come tonight.
8.
I
(read)
this report before six o’clock tomorrow evening.
9.
Peter
(dance) in the streets if Mr.
Robertson is elected president.
10. I
(drive) four
hundred miles tomorrow.
【练习二十一】
将以下中文句子译成英文
1.
彼得生于
1965
年，他从小就喜欢音乐，自从
1975
年起，他就一
直在练习小提琴。现在他
是一个很好的小提琴家。
2.
我的哥哥明天会来看我，他来
的时候，我会在家里看电视。我喜欢看有关医院的节目。
3.
在我小的时候我常常喜欢打篮球，
现在我不打篮球了，
因为我曾有一次车祸
（
< br>car accident
）
。
4.
我现在在打电话给我的母亲，
我的母亲现在
88
岁，他在台北已经住了
60
年。
5.
在我去美国以前，我曾经去过英国，当我在英国的时候，
我碰见了一个美丽的女孩子，他
后来成为我的太太。
【练习二十二】
填充
1.
I
(watching) TV now. I
(watch)
TV every day.
2.
He
(have) a big
dinner before we arrived last night. It
(be) a good meal. He
seldom
(eat) so
much.
3.
He
(work) on this novel for a
very long time. By the time he
(finish) it,
he
(written) six novels.
4.
I
(be) to America
several times. I
(go) to
America again next year.
5.
I
(live) in Taipei
when I was a child. When I was six years old, I
(move) to
Taiwan
and
(live) there ever since.
6.
He
(be) an honest person all his
life. That is why so many people
(like) him.
7.
It
(be) my birthday
tomorrow. Yet I
(have) a test
the day after tomorrow. So
I
(study) in the library
tomorrow night.
8.
He
(be) a strong
kid when he was young. Now although he
(be) seventy years
old, he
(be) still quite healthy.
9.
I
(have) this car for nine years. I
(sell) it and
(buy) a new one
next year.
10. He
(take) a bath every morning.
Today, since he
(get) up very
late, he
(go)
to
school directly without taking a bath.
第六章
否定句子
(Negative Sentences)
6§
1
否定句的基本规则
在任何语言，
我们都有必要造出〝否定〞的句子，在中文，写出否定句子并非难
事，在英文，
无论任何否定句子，都必须遵行一些规定，以下是否定句子的例子
肯定句子
否定句子
I like music.
I
don’t like music.
He loves
swimming.
He does not love
swimming.
They have come to
work.
They have not come to
work.
Mary went to see a
movie yesterday.
Mary did
not go to see a movie yesterday.
John is a good boy.
John is not a good boy.
I will go to New York tomorrow.
I will not go to New York
tomorrow.
He can sing.
He can not sing.
You may go now.
You may not go now.
15
He should sleep early.
He should not sleep early.
It is raining now.
It is not raining now.
It rains very often here.
It does not rain very often here.
He has a lot of money.
He does not have a lot of
money.
It is exciting to
see this game.
It is not
exciting to see this game.
He asked me three questions.
He did not ask me three
questions.
从以上的例子来看，我们可以归纳出以下的规则：
to be
后面可以直接加
not
。例如：
He is not a good teacher.
Mary was not very happy when she was
young.
They are not strong
boys.
Peter is not coming.
John is not going to work.
2.
助动词后面可以直接加
not
。例如：
He has not written any letter.
They will not come.
He cannot swim.
They should not cry very often.
Tom had not eaten any thing
before you came.
He may
never eat cakes in the future.
John has not lived here.
3.
一般句子的动词必须加入
do
或他的变形。
He
does not smoke.
He did not
go.
I do not love sports.
You do not like to eat
fish.
They do not swim very
well.
We did not see that
movie.
在英文中，我们可以用
have to
来代替
must
，以下是
have
to
的例子：
He has to go to Chicago
tomorrow.
（他明天应该去芝加哥）
They had to buy three
tickets to go to the
concert.
（他们必须买三张票去听音乐会）
I have to work very
hard.
（我必须努力工作）
含有
have
to
的句子，如要改成否定句子，必须在
have to
前面加
do
或它的变形，请看以下
的例子：
肯定句子
否定句子
He has to
eat a lot of
He does not have to eat a lot of food.
food.
He had to
He did not have to
leave.
leave.
I have to
I do not have to
write that letter.
write
that
letter.
【练习二十三】
将以下的肯定句子改成否定句子：
1.
I saw your brother last
night.
2.
I
like apples.
3.
She is a beautiful girl.
4.
They can play violin
very well.
5.
Mr. Chang must answer the following
questions.
6.
He went to see his brother last night.
7.
He could
sing many songs.
8.
He will buy this car.
9.
It rained heavily last
night.
10. I have lived
here for three years.
11.
He has to see his mother.
12. He had to stay here yesterday.
6§
2 No, Never
和
Any
的用法
要达成否定的意思
,
有时我们也可以用
no
和
ne
ver
这些字，
no
必须跟一个名词，
请看下面的
例子：
16
1.I saw no students here.
are no lakes in this country.
3.I have no money.
4.I had no choice.
has no friends.
以上这些例子也可以用
not
来表示否定的意思，如果用
not
，则以上的
句子应该照下面的方
式写；
1.I did not see any student here.
can not find any lake in
this country.
3.I do not
have any money.
4.I did not
have any choice.
does not
have any friends.
除以上
not
之外，
never
也
可以表达否定的意思，以下都是
never
的例子，请注意
never
常用
在完成式的句子里：
I have never gone
there.
He has never written any song.
They have never washed
their clothes.
【练习二十四】
用
no
，<
/p>
not
和
never
填空在以下的句子里
:
1.
2.
I have
3.
A selfish person does
money.
have any
friends.
4.
man is entirely
alone.
5.
one
is living here. We can
get into this house.
6.
a single person loves me.
7.
one loves me.
8.
The person whom I saw
did
come.
9.
I did
go to work yesterday.
10. I can
I had
11. I have
find any
one in this hall.
work to do
yesterday.
12.
He has
gone to America.
written to me.
第七章
问句
(Questions)
7§
有些问题，答案只有〝
1
答案只是〝
Yes
〞或〝
Yes
〞或〝
No
〞的问题
No
〞，以下是一些例子。
原来句子
问句
I
am a boy.
He has a car.
I gave him three books.
Am I a boy?
He
cannot work.
Does he have a
car?
Did I give him three books?
He has not seen
me.
They like your novel.
Can he work?
The sun sets in the west.
Has he seen me?
Do They like
your novel?
They are good teachers.
He
will not go to a concert tonight.
Does the sunset in the
west?
He is going to swim.
Are they good teachers?
Will he go to a concert tonight?
They must eat
vegetables.
They have to
go.
I walked two kilometers yesterday.
Is he going to
swim?
Must they eat vegetables?
Do they have to go?
It is raining
now.
Did I walk two
kilometers yesterday?
根据以上的例子，我们可以归纳乘以下的规则：
Is it raining now?
(1)
例子：
凡动词是
verb to
be
的，变成问句时，动词移到主词前面去。
原来句子
问句
You are a girl.
He was a
teacher.
Are you a girl?
They were all old.
This song is beautiful.
Was he a teacher?
Peter is a good student.
Were they all old?
Is this song beautiful?
Is Peter a good student?
17
(2)
动词不是
verb to be
，也没
有助动词，
改成问句时，必须加助动词
do
或他的变形，
这个
助动词必须在主词的前面。
例子：
原来句子
问句
I
like music.
Do I like
music?
He likes sports.
Does he like sports?
Peter went to America.
Did Peter go to America?
He ate three apples last
night.
Did he eat three
apples last night?
Her
mother calls her every week.
Does her
mother call her every week?
(3)
句子中间如已有助动词，改成问句时，只要将助
动词移到主动词前面即可。
例子：
原来句子
问句
He
did not eat.
Did he eat?
He has gone to America.
Has he gone to America?
She can dance.
Can she dance?
I
will see you tonight.
Will
I see you tonight?
They are
going to Washington.
Are
they going to Washington?
我
们的问句中，当然也可已有否定的意义，比方说，我们可以问：
你不喜欢音乐吗？
他不是你的弟弟吗？
你从未见过他？
英文句子也可以如此，例如：
Don’t you like music?
Doesn’t he play
piano
?
Aren’t
you his brother?
Isn’t he a
good student?
Didn’t he go
to school?
Hasn’t he lived
here?
Won’t he leave
tomorrow?
注意，这时
n
ot
通常和动词连在一起了。
有一件事，是我们中国人必须注意的，假如有人问你：
你不喜欢音乐吗？
而你本人的确也不喜欢音乐，你会回答说：
是，我不喜欢音乐。
也就是说，我们中国人的回答是顺着问句的。问句说你不喜欢
，我们同意他的说法，所以前
面加一个〝是〞。假设我喜欢音乐，我会回答说：
不，我喜欢音乐。
可是，英文正好相反，英文的
yes
和
no
，与问句的问法无关，而对应了
回答的事实。举例来
说，我们的问句也许是：
Don’t you like music?
你如不喜欢音乐就回答说：
No, I don’t like music.
你如喜欢音乐，就回答说：
Yes, I like music.
再举一例，有人问：
Isn’t he Chinese?
他是中国人就回答：
Yes, he is.
他如不是，就回答：
No, h
e isn’t.
反正，英文的
yes
和
no
，都和答案的事实对应，而与如何问无关。
【练习二十五】
将以下句子翻译成英文问句：
1.
你喜欢他吗？
2.
他是美国人吗？
3.
你昨天有没有去教堂？
4.
他曾经到过日本吗？
5.
你要去台北吗？
6.
他不喜欢体育吗？
7.
你从未去过日本吗？
18
8.
他有一个妹妹吗？
9.
他们都是学生吗？
10.
你的哥哥昨天见过我爸爸吗？
7§
2
回答不只是〝
yes
〞和〝
no
〞的问句<
/p>
问句的答案当然不一定只是
yes
或
no
，以下的
问句都是例子：
Where
did you buy this book?
Where did you see him?
How do you like America?
Whom do you like?
Which cake do you want?
Whose book is this?
What kind of method is this?
Which country were you born
in?
Which do you want, an
apple or an orange?
Whom do
you like most, your brother or your sister?
Where did you go last
night?
When did you meet
your father?
When did you
read this book?
Whom did
you give this book to?
以上的问
句中都有助动词，但以下的问句中，助动词是不存在的：
Who gave you this car?
Who wrote this letter?
Who took my pen away?
Who wants to go with me?
Who can sing this song?
【练习二十六】
将以下的中文问句翻译成英文问句：
1.
你在哪里买这本书的？
2.
他什么时候到美国去的？
3.
他爸爸的名字是什么？
4.
这是谁的书？
5.
你从哪里来的？
6.
你要哪一本书？
7.
这个孩子是谁？
8.
他最喜欢谁？
9.
他叫什么名字？
10.
你昨天到哪里去了？
11.
这是谁的狗？
【练习二十七】
填空
1.
did you go last night?
2.
book do
you like?
3.
is your brother?
4.
is his name?
5.
wrote this
letter?
6.
did you give this book to?
7.
gave you this book?
8.
car is
this?
9.
dog
is this?
10.
movie did you see?
11.
can speak English?
12.
did you
speak to?
13.
kind of car is this?
14.
fruit do you like
most?
15.
does
not swim?
第八章
被动语气
(Passive Voice)
8§
1
及物动词和不及物动词
任何一个英文句子必定有一个动词，请先注意以下例句的动词
1.
He was a
teacher before.
19
2.
He went to school yesterday.
3.
He hit a
dog.
4.
I saw
you yesterday.
5.
He walks to school every day.
6.
He sent
this book to me.
7.
They are good students.
8.
He wrote two novels.
9.
They ate
all of the apples.
10. He
swims every morning.
在以上的例子
中，第
3
、
4
、
6
、
8
及<
/p>
9
句子中的动词都是及物动词（
tran
sitive verbs
）。这些
动词后面都跟着一个名词，
而这个名词是动词的受词（
object
），其它句子的动词，
都是不
及物动词，因为他们都没有任何受词。
我们将以上句子中，主词、及物动词和受词的关系分析如下：
句子
主词
及物动词
受词
He
hit a dog.
He
hit
dog
I saw you yesterday.
I
saw
you
He sent his book to me.
He
sent
his book
He wrote two novels.
He
wrote
two novels
They ate all of the apples.
They
ate
all of the
apples
一旦动词是及物动词，我们就可以将这个句子
由原来的主动语气（
active voice
）改成被动语<
/p>
气（
passive voice
）。但
我们也要警告读者，不要轻易用被动语气，因为有时被动语气的句子
是不自然的。
8§
2
没有助动词的被动语气
在这以前，我们的句子都是主动语气，这种句子的基本形式如下：
主词＋动词＋受词
所谓的被动语气，乃是将原来的受词变成主词。举例来说，主
动语气中，我们说〝我看到一
些狗〞，在被动语气中，
我们说〝
一些狗被我看到〞。在英文中，
将主动语气改成被动语气，
必须
做以下的动作：
（
1
）
原有受词变成名词
（
2
）
动词变成
verb to
be
＋过去分词（
past
participle
）
（
3
）
原有主词变成在动词后面，但前面加
by
。
举例来说，主动语气的句子可以是
I saw a cat.
被动语气就成了
A cat was
seen by me.
最重要的是，
verb to be
的
时式必须和原句子的相同，以上的例子中，动词是过去式，所以
verb to
be
也是过去式。除此以外，
verb to
be
也要配合新的主词。请看以下的例子：
I saw two cats.
改成被动语气以后，句子是：
Two cats were seen by me.
以下是主动改被动的例子，最重要的是注意
verb to
be
的形式：
主动语气（
active
voice
）
被动语气（
passive
voice
）
Mr. Jones hit the dog.
The dog was hit by Mr. Jones.
My brother saw you
yesterday.
You were seen by
my brother yesterday.
He
sent the book to me.
The
book was sent to me by him.
Dickens wrote those two novels.
Those two novels were
written by Dickens.
They
ate all of the apples.
All
of the apples were eaten by them.
Jane wrote that song.
That song was written by Jane.
My mother loves me.
I am loved by my mother.
【练习二十八】
将以下的句子由主动语气改成被动：
1.
He saw that
movie last night.
2.
He wrote that letter to me.
3.
He teaches those English
classes.
4.
God
loves you.
5.
They bought two houses.
6.
I painted this room.
7.
He grows
those roses.
20
8.
He helps his
students.
9.
I
sold the house.
10. My
uncle bought this car.
【练习二十九】
将以下的句子由被动语气改成主动语气：
1.
The
policeman was seen by me.
2.
Those two books were
written by me.
3.
These sentences were corrected by my
teacher.
4.
He
was hit by a car.
5.
His door was locked by me.
6.
His house was built by
my father.
7.
His boat was given to me by my father.
8.
This bird is
rarely seen by people here.
9.
He is liked by every
one.
10. They were given
ten dollars by their friends.
11. This picture was taken by him.
12. Too much wine was drunk
by the young men.
13. I was
taught by Mr. Wang.
14. He
was helped by his father.
15. They were served by that waiter.
16. His food was prepared
by my mother.
17. His toy
was made by my sister.
18.
The book was returned to me by Jim.
19. That song was written by my
brother.
20. I was invited
by him to a party.
8§
3
有助动词肯定句子的被动语气
在上一节，我们所有的例子都只是肯定句子，句子中没有助动词，可是有些肯定句子还是有<
/p>
助动词的，以下是一些例子：
主动语气
被动语气
现在进形式
I am writing this letter.
The letter is being written by me.
现在完程序
I have written the letter.
The letter has been written
by me.
过去进形式
I was writing the letter
when you
The letter was being written
by me
came.
when
you came.
过去完程序
I had written the letter
before you
The letter had been written
by me
came.
before you came.
未来式
I
will write the letter.
The
letter will be written by me.
未来完成式
I will have written this letter.
This letter will have been
written by
me.
未来式
I
am going to see you.
You
are going to be seen by me.
以下是更多的例子：
主动语气
被动语气
I have seen him.
He has been seen by me.
He is going to help you.
You are going to be helped by him.
He will teach English.
English will be taught by
him.
He has helped me all
my life.
I have been helped
by him all my life.
He had
called me before you came.
I had been called by him before you
came.
He was calling his
mother when we went
His mother was
being called by him when
there.
we went there.
助动词不一定和时式有关，
can
、<
/p>
should
、
has to
等等都是助动词，这些助动词在改成被动语
气的时后，都应维持原状，只需
加入
verb to
be
和过去分词即可。以下是一些例子：
主动语气
被动语气
I can play the piano.
The piano can be played by me.
I may use this room.
This room may be used by
me.
He must give the book
to me.
The book must be
given to me by him.
You
should help him.
He should
be helped by you.
You have
to write this letter.
This
letter has to be written by you.
He ought to write this report.
This report ought to be
written by him.
21
【练习三十】
将以下的句子改成被动语气：
1.
He has written three
novels.
2.
He
will write that letter.
3.
They will sing these songs tomorrow.
4.
He will give
the speech.
5.
They are painting the house.
6.
I have given
him three books.
7.
I can do this job.
8.
He had told me that
story before we went there.
9.
Teachers should help the
students.
10. He is writing
the report now.
11. The
students must read this book.
12. I have to give this letter to my
mother tonight.
13. All
citizens ought to obey the law.
14. He has eaten all of the cakes.
15. The reporters were
taking pictures when the storm started.
16. He had finished the
work before five o'clock last night.
17. Peter will write that letter.
18. John has received my
letter.
19. Millions of
people saw the movie “Gone with the wind”.
20. He has proved that
theorem.
【练习三十一】
将以下句子改成主动语气：
1.
Two books
have been written by Joseph.
2.
Football is being played
by John.
3.
He
should be given that lecture by his father.
4.
That report
will be written by him.
5.
The letter has been received by the
King.
6.
This
movie should be seen by every one.
7.
This book ought to be
read by every student.
8.
They are being helped by me.
9.
The movie is
going to be seen by all of us.
10. This cake can be eaten by kids.
8§
4
否定句子的被动语气
将一个否定句子或一个问句改成被动语气，其步骤如下：
（
1
）
将此句子改成肯定句子
（
2
）
将此肯定句子改成被动语气
（
3
）
将此被动语气的句子改成否定句子
现在举一个否定的例子：
I did not take this picture.
对应的肯定句子是：
I took this picture.
改成被动语气：
This picture was taken by
me.
再改成否定句子：
This picture was not taken
by me.
下面的例子都是用来解释如何将一个否定句子改成被动语气：
1.
They did not
like the music.
(a). They
liked the music.
(b). The
music was liked by them.
(c). The music was not liked by them.
2.
I have not
written that letter.
(a). I
have written that letter.
(b). That letter has been written by
me.
(c). That letter has
not been written by me.
22
3.
You can not eat that cake.
(a). You can eat that cake.
(b). That cake can be eaten by you.
(c). That cake can not be
eaten by you.
4.
He does not play music.
(a). He plays that kind of music.
(b). That kind of music is
played by him.
(c). That
kind of music is not played by him.
5.
I am not going to see
you.
(a). I am going to see
you.
(b). You are going
to be seen by me.
(c). You are not going to be seen by
me.
6.
They
will not see that movie.
(a). They will see that movie.
(b). That movie will be
seen by them.
(c). That
movie will not be seen by them.
7.
They did not help me.
(a). They helped me.
(b). I was helped by them.
(c). I was not helped by
them.
8.
I did
not tell that story.
(a). I
told that story.
(b). That
story was told by me.
(c).
That story was not told by me.
在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个否定句子的被动语气，英文好的人应该是不需
要中间步骤的：
主动语气
被动语气
They do not enjoy such music.
Such music is not enjoyed
by them.
He did not tell
that story.
That story was
not told by him.
They have
not written that story.
That story has not been told by them.
Peter is going to see me.
I am not going to be seen
by Peter.
He will not help
me.
I will not be helped by
him.
John will not eat that
cake.
That cake will not be
eaten by John.
I can not
drink that wine.
That wine
can not be drunk by me.
【练习三十二】
将以下的否定句子改成被动语气：
1.
The farmers here do not
grow apples.
2.
He did not meet me last night.
3.
I have not
written that letter.
4.
John is not going to see that movie.
5.
I did not
watch that movie.
6.
He does not speak English.
7.
He will not speak
English.
8.
You
should not eat that cake.
9.
My mother does not eat
that kind of fish.
10. John
has not written that report.
【练习三十三】
将以下句子改成主动语气：
1.
The book was not written
by him.
2.
I am
not going to be helped by you.
3.
That book has not been
received by John.
4.
That song is not liked by college
students.
5.
John is not loved by Mary.
6.
I will not be met by my
student tomorrow.
7.
Meat is not eaten by vegetarians.
23
8.
The door was not opened
by me.
9.
That
ten dollars were not paid by me.
10. The car was not bought by me.
8§
5
问句的被动语气
< br>将问句改成被动语气，步骤类似上一节的步骤，我们先将问句变成肯定句子，然后将这个定
句子变成被动语气，最后在将这个被动语气的句子变回，成为问句。
例如：
Do young kids enjoy classical music?
先改成肯定句子
Young kids enjoy classical
music.
再改成被动语气
Music is enjoyed by young
kids.
最后改成问句
Is music enjoyed by young
kids?
为了使读者熟悉这些步骤，我们在下面举了很多的例子：
1. Did you eat that cake?
(a).
You ate
that cake.
(b).
That cake was eaten by you.
(c).
Was that cake eaten
by you?
2. Do farmers in
Taiwan grow apples?
(a)
Farmers in Taiwan grow apples.
(b)
Apples are
grown by farmers in Taiwan.
(c)
Are apples grown by
farmers in Taiwan?
3. Have
you finished the report?
(a)
You have
finished the report.
(b)
The report has been finished by you.
(c)
Has
the report been finished by you?
4. When did you write that letter?
(a)
You
wrote that letter.
(b)
That letter was written by you.
(c)
When was the letter written by you?
5. Have you seen that
movie?
(a)
You have seen that movie.
(b)
That movie has
been seen by you.
(c)
Has the movie been seen by you?
6. When did Stevenson write
that novel?
(a)
Stevenson wrote that novel.
(b)
That novel was
written by Stevenson.
(c)
When was that novel written by
Stevenson?
8. Is he
painting his room?
(a)
He is painting his room.
(b)
His room is
being painted by him.
(c)
Is his room being painted by him?
在下面，我们将省略中间步骤，直接写出一个问句的被动语气
，英文好的人应该是不需要中
间步骤的：
主动语气
被动语气
Does he help his students?
Are his students helped by him?
Did he tell that story?
Was that story told by him?
Has she written that story?
Has that story been written
by her?
Whom is Peter going
to visit?
Who is going to
be visited by Peter?
When
did you read that book?
When was that book written by you?
Does he enjoy that song?
Is that song enjoyed him?
Why do his friends avoid
him?
Why is he avoided by
his friends?
Whom did you
see?
Who was seen by you?
Has he read that report?
Has that report been read
by him?
Is he writing that
letter?
Is that letter
being written by him?
【练习三十四】
将以下句子改成被动语气：
24
1.
Is he writing a book?
2.
Did he write
that book?
3.
Did you sign that letter?
4.
Where did you see that
movie?
5.
When
did you see that movie?
6.
Has he finished that job?
7.
Did mother give you the
gift?
8.
Did
your mother visit you last night?
9.
Do they grow roses?
10. Do they speak English?
11. Did you play that game
of tennis?
12. Will you
teach English?
【练习三十五】
将以下句子改成主动语气：
1.
Was the cake eaten by
you?
2.
Is he
liked by all of us?
3.
Is that kind of music loved by every
one in Japan?
4.
Is fish eaten by old people?
5.
Are roses
loved by most women?
6.
Was he called by you?
7.
Is soccer played by
John?
8.
When
was this music written by Mozart?
9.
When was he seen by you?
10. Were they seen by you
last night?
【练习三十六】
将适宜的动词填入
1.
I
(send) two letters yesterday.
(do) you
(receive) them? Every
letter
(write) by
me. Please
(write) back to me
soon.
2.
I
(invite) to a dancing party
last week. The music
(be) so
noisy. I
(leave)
the party as early as I
(can).
3.
Did
you
(write) that report? Yes,
it
(write) by me.
4.
He
(not like) music when he was a child. After he
(get) into college,
he
(teach) by a
good music professor. Now, he
(enjoy) music very much
and
(listen) to classical music every morning.
5.
I
(buy) a red car yesterday. It
(make) in Japan. It will
__________ (deliver) to
me tomorrow.
6.
I
(not go) to school yesterday
because my bicycle
(steal).
I
(buy) a new bike
yesterday.
7.
Where
(do) you go
last night? I
(can) not
(find) you. You
(see) by
no one.
8.
A:
(do) he
(smoke)?
B: No, he
(do not).
Smoking has never
(try) by
him.
9.
Was the
book
(write) by him?
10. I
(buy) three books lately. One
(write) by Graham Greene.
I
(finish) reading it. There
(be) many interesting stories in it.
【练习三十七】
改错：
1.
＊
This
is a book which wrote by Dickens.
2.
＊
Are
the music enjoyed by those elderly people?
3.
＊
When are you visited by
your father yesterday?
4.
＊
This book written by John.
5.
＊
He is invited to come to my
home by my father yesterday.
6.
＊
This
house is built in 1913.
25
7.
＊
This letter was wrote by
him.
8.
＊
This letter has never
finished.
9.
＊
Was you given a book?
10.
＊
I have never called by my
father. I always call him first.
第九章
动词如何转换成名词
动名词（
Gerund
）和不定词（
Infiniti
ve
）
9§
1
问题的来源
对我们说中文的人而言，一个字究竟是动词，还是名词，其实是很少人知道的，对一般人而
言，〝唱歌〞是动词，但是如果我们说，〝唱歌是有益的〞，我们又发现〝唱歌〞其实也是
< br>名词。〝我爱唱歌〞，这句话中，〝唱歌〞也是名词。
英文就不同了，英文里很少有一个字，又是动词，又是名词的，
sing
是动词，绝不能当很名
词用。怪不得有很多中国人会说
＊
Sing is good for you.
或者是
＊
I like sing.
既然
sing
是动词，也没有一个〝
sing
〞的名词，怎么办呢？英文解套的办法很有趣，他们用
动名词（
gerund
）和不定词（
infinitive
）来将一个动词改成一个名词。
< br>
9§
2
< br>动名词（
Gerund
）
所谓动名词，乃是将一个动词，字尾加上
ing
，一夜之间，这个动词就可以当作名词用了。
请看以
下的例子：
I like
singing.
Playing basketball
is good for you.
Do you
enjoy listening to classical music?
Is traveling around the world
meaningful to you?
Studying
English is not difficult.
我们不妨将动名词的用法分一下类：
1.
动名词可用作主词，如
Playing tennis is enjoyed
by many people.
Taking
drugs is avoided by most people.
Being kind to others is important for
every one.
Respecting your
parents shows good character.
2.
动名词可以用作动词的受词，如
I enjoy studying English.
He does not mind walking
long distances.
I have
never enjoyed being alone in my life.
He loves swimming.
< br>3.
动名词可以用作介系词（
preposition<
/p>
）的受词，英文里有很多介系词，
at, in, about,
of, on
等等都是介系词，介系词后面必定跟一个名词，也是它的受词，举例来说<
/p>
on the table
in my home
about Hitler
of
my life
on this island
各位一定注意到，每一个介系词后面都有一个名词，作为它的
受词。
动名词是可以作为介系词的受词的，如：
This book is about
traveling.
He is
responsible for cleaning the kitchen.
My brother is capable of writing
programs.
You just keep on
going straight.
在下面，我们要给各位更
多有关
gerund
的例子，各位不妨看看每一个句子中，那个
动名词
是作什么用的。
Instead of swimming, he walks every
morning.
He likes walking
in the woods.
Are you
interested in playing tennis?
Loving is to be kind to others.
Reading is important to
students.
In addition to
traveling, he also likes reading novels.
You will be happy by
helping others.
He is
worried about being late.
I
finished writing the report yesterday.
They thanked me for lending them money.
26
He has never finished writing the
novel.
She is in change of
teaching English in our school.
My father objected to my going to the
summer camp.
Please stop
joking about my brother.
I
look forward to seeing you.
He has never enjoyed traveling.
She was excited about going
abroad.
I consider gambling
a bad thing to do.
I have
never dreamed of flying an airplane.
He suggested talking to our teacher.
I believe in doing some
kind of exercise every day.
Playing the piano is no fun at all.
Nancy is accustomed to
sleeping late.
Are you
tired of driving for so long?
You should forgive others for doing
wrong things.
He insists on
getting up early every morning.
Thank you for participating in my
concert.
He is used to
studying alone.
They are
not used to speaking English.
He is accustomed to being polite to
others.
I object to seeing
dirty movies.
You should
take advantage of studying in such a good place.
【练习三十八】
改正以下的错误
1.
＊
Play tennis is
fun.
2.
＊
I hate swim.
3.
＊
Stop talk
about me.
4.
＊
In addition to
read interesting books, you should also watch TV
from time to time.
5.
＊
I am not
interested in swim.
6.
＊
He talks about
go to America.
7.
＊
I believe in
do exercise every day.
8.
＊
The cost of
transfer a student to another school is very high.
9.
＊
Please forgive
me for make this mistake.
10.
＊
Swim keeps me
from getting cold.
【练习三十九】
< br>填充，每一个句子填入一个介系词和一个动名词，先举一个例子。
1. I am interested
(listen)
to music.
2. Please forgive
me
(be)
so late.
3. In addition
(study)
, you should also have some exercises every day.
4. We talked
(build)
a house next year.
5. Thank you
(help)
me.
6. He is excited
(travel)
to Japan.
7. I am looking forward
(meet)
you.
8. He insists
(talk)
to me personally.
9. I
believe
(exercise)
every day.
10. Did you participate
that (swim)
match.
11. He was not used
(listen)
to classic music.
12. My
mother objected
(visit)
my aunt tomorrow.
13. I am not accustomed
(go)
to bed so late.
14. I am
interested
(swim)
.
15.
Are you responsible
(write)
this report?
16. He is excited
(see) me tomorrow.
17. He
is looking forward
(see)
that movie.
18. I am not
used
(hear)
that kind of noise.
19. You
should take advantage
(have)
such a good family.
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