-
虚
拟
语
气
< br>总
结
和
w
e
r
e
b
e
:
型
型
目录:
学习虚拟语气的三个必知
一、
were
式虚拟
二、
be
式虚拟
三、几个特殊的句式
学习虚拟语气必须明确了解以下三点:
1
、英语的所谓“虚拟语气”,从用途上区别有三种:一种用来表达与实际情况
相反的虚构假设,一种用来表达“祈使愿望”的口气,另一种满足特殊的句式
< br>需要。
虚拟语气并不全是在表达虚构的情况,理解这一点非常重要。
2
、虚拟语气从句式表
现上有三种:表达与实际情况相反的虚构假设
用
were
式虚拟,表达“祈使愿望”的口气
be
式虚拟
,在特殊句式中的照句式
要求而定。
3
、学习虚拟语气,其目的不在于单纯解决语法问题,更不能停留在
应试的层面上。掌握虚拟语气的用法对英语的阅读理解非常重要,尤其是进入
大学以
后,这一点更为重要。
一、
were
式虚拟
< br>
英语中,被叫
做“
were
式虚拟”的这种虚拟语气,通过扭曲时态形
式来表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设,具体的做法是将时态的形式“倒推一个
< br>时态”。这样的表述也许不太准确,但是非常实用,也极容易理解。
具体的做法,就是将现
在时态变成过去时态,将过去时态变成“过去
的过去”。
在这种虚拟语气的用法
中,动词
be
至少要倒退一个时态成为“过去
< br>时态”的
were
(在虚拟语气中一般不用
was
,
is
、
am
、
are
倒推一个时
态以后都
写成
were
)。因此,这种
表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设的虚拟语气就就以动
词
be
p>
的变化为例,叫做了
were
式虚拟。
p>
were
式虚拟主要用在
wish
从句,
as if
从句和非真实条件句。
下面我们结合具体的例子学习
were
式虚拟的用法:
wish
从句的虚拟语气用法:
英语中表达一般性的愿
望(即希望)用
hope
这个词,
wi
sh
这个词往
往表达难以实现或不能实现的愿望,所以要用虚拟
语气,我们可以看看具体的
用法
:
I wish I
had the money to buy the book.
这句话表达的意思是,“我现在没有钱买这本书,但是希望能买这本
书,而因为没有钱,虽然有这种愿望,却也买不了这本书。”
wish
从句中的动词
have
用来表达“现在有与没有”的情况,通过一
个把
have
“倒推一个时态”变成
had
,
had
实际上表达
了一个“现在没有”的概
念,正好与
have
< br>这个词的本义相反。
必须牢记:
wish
不是
hope
,
wish
要表达
的是不能实现或难以实现的
愿望,必须使用
were
式虚拟,必须通过扭曲
wish
从句的时态来体现
这种虚拟
语气。
下面的情况相同:
My little brother wishes he had wings to fly up
into the sky.
Many
people wish they could grow rich over a single
night.
I wish I were
a millionaire to have the money to buy all that
I need.
Poor little Tom, an orphan, wishes he were in a
family full of
love
and care.
My parents
wish I would go to college, but they know I will
not.
I do wish you wouldn't smoke any more.
注意:上面最后一句中你不要再抽烟了,也不是不能实现的愿望,但是借用
wish
p>
来表达,显得相当婉转,没有强加于人的意味,如果说成
I hope you will not
smoke any
more.
口气就过于强硬,颇有些居高临下的意味。请看下面的句子
,
用
法上都差不多:
I wish you would come and help us out.
I wish you would be more respectful to your
father.
I wish you
would stay with me for a while.
I wish I had had the money to buy the book.
这句话表达的意思是,
“我当时没有钱买这本书,但是我现在希望当
时能买下这个本,因为没有钱,虽然现在还
有希望当初能买下这本书的念头,
但是这已是不能实现的愿望了。”
这时候,
wish
从句的正常时态应该是一般过去时态,但
是,因为
wish
要表达一个不能实现的愿望,从句只好倒推一
个时态,把一个一般过去时
的
had
扭
曲成了过去完成时的
had
had
。这时候的
had
had
,没有过去完成时的时态意义,只是通过一种扭曲了的时态形式
< br>表达了一个“虚拟”的情况,一种不能实现了的愿望。
下面的情况相同:
We all wish he had not made that silly mistake.
I really wish I had
not overheard what he said about me.
Mr. Smith wishes that he had not spent off all his
money.
It was late
for the criminal to wish that he had not committed
the crime.
Linda wished that she
had been more patient and careful in the
examination.
I wish I had been in
your place to take the challenge.
(最后这一句中的
had
been
也往往写成
were
,因为这时候的<
/p>
were
也是一种扭曲了的时态形式,也能
表达出这个虚拟的意味。)
再强调一次:
wish
后面从句的动词时态形式非常重要,句中的一般过去时表示的是
与现在相反的情况,过去完成时表示的与过去相反的情况,过去将来时表示的
是
与将来情况相反的愿望—过去将来时是一般将来时倒推一个时态的结果,这
是以汉语为母
语的初学英语者常常注意不够的地方。
下面是人们常常使用的例句:
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
I wish I had known
the answer to the question.
I wish I could go with you.
I wish I could have gone with you yesterday.
请注意上面的最后一句,
yesterday
决定了
could
的过去时态,从形式
上
could
不能倒推一个时态,为了体现“时态的倒推”(或者说时态的扭
曲),
could
后面原本应该是一般
形式的不定式
go
变成了完成式的形式
have
gone
。这也是很有意思的语言现象,在各类的
were
式虚拟中都经
常
出现,非常值得注意。
当
wish
作名词使用的时候,其同位
语从句表达的是
wish
的内容,也
需
要使用
were
式虚拟,例如:
We all have the wish
that all mankind could live peacefully
together.
The wish that all the classmates came back to
another reunion
is
merely lovely dream.
as if
从句的虚拟语气用法:
as
if
的意思是“好像”,从用法上有两种,一种是不知道事实的真相,
< br>说其好像一种特定的情况;另一种是明知道事实的真相,却说其好像与事实不
同的
情况。在后一种情况下,句子应该使用虚拟语气,谓语动词的时态形式向
后倒推一个时态
,而在前一种情况下,句子处于陈述语气,应该使用正常的时
态形式,请比较下面的谓语
形式:
Mr.
Sam Smith, my P.E. teacher, looks like an army
officer.
The stranger
at the school gate looks like an army officer.
在前一个句子里,我非
常清楚我的体育老师不是军官,而我说他看起
来像军官,就用虚拟语气。
在后一个句
子里,我不知道门口陌生人的身份,不知道他是不是军
官,我说他看起来像军官,就不用
虚拟语气。
Tom
looks calm and steady as if he were telling the
truth.
Tom looks calm
and steady as if he is telling the truth.
前一句表明汤姆是在撒谎,后一句说明汤姆可能在撒谎。
理解
as
if
从句的虚拟语气和陈述语气的不同用法很重要,特别是在阅读理解
< br>中更是显得非常重要,一旦有所疏忽,就可能把句子的含义弄混了,甚至弄反
了。
He speaks
as if he knew everything about the
accident.(
虚拟)
He speaks as if he knows everything about the
accident.(
陈述)
My mother is always talking as if she were a
doctor of
medicine.(
虚拟)
The young lady is talking as if she is a doctor of
medicine.
(陈述)
You seem as if you had done all that you should
have.(
虚拟)
再强调一次,如果
as
if
从句中谓语动词的时态形式比正常时态倒退了一个时态,说明这个
< br>从句处于虚拟语气,在表明与事实不同的情况,如果
as
if
从句中的谓语动词
时态正常,说明这个句子属于陈述语气,在表明
与事实可能相同也可能相反的一种猜测。
非真实条件句的虚拟语气
if
(如果)所引导的从句是典型的条件状语从句,分为真实条件句和
< br>非真实条件句两种。
非真实条件句是相对与真实条件句而言的。真实条件句表达了一个可
能实现的条件,在这个条件之上推断出的可能性也是可以实现的;而非真实条
件句表
达了一个不能实现或者很难实现的条件,在这个条件之上推断出的可能
性是不可能实现或
非常难以实现的。
<
/p>
真实与非真实条件句有一个重要的共同点,其主句中均有
will
或
will
的变形
< br>would
,表示建立在从句条件之上的可能性。
注意,这里的
will
或
would
是情态动词,表示可能性,而不是表示将
来时的助动词。
真实与非真实条件句的不同点是:就谓语动词形式来讲,非真实条件
句比相应的时态中的真实条件句向后倒移了一个时态。换句话说,在条件句
中,如果
谓语动词的形式比它的时间状语所表示的时间倒移了一个时态,这个
条件句即是非真实条
件句。这一点与
wish
和
as
if
从句的情况相同。
因此,如果我们使用非真实条件句,只需在相应的真实条件句的基础
上,使主从句的谓语形式同时向后推移一个时态。如果是关于过去的情况,主
句中有
表示可能性的
would
,其本身已经不可能实现时态的倒移,
我们将
would
后面的
do
改写成
have
done
,即通过这个无
to
不定式
的变化,以示其时态倒推
之意。(例句在后面)
这样,不需死记硬背很
多教材和语法书上有关虚拟语气句式变化的三
个公式,只要掌握了时态倒推的变化规律,
便可以掌握课本和语法书中那三个
公式之所以成立的根本,只要在继之以适量的练习,就
能熟练掌握了。
p>
下面看一些情景练习,这些都是教学中常用的练习,包括了非真实条
件句的多种情况。用上述的方法,解决这样的问题并不费力:
1. Last Sunday we all stayed indoors
because it rained the
whole day.
用
if
后,主从句从真实条件句的基础上倒移一个事态。
p>
If it hadn
’
t
rained for a whole day,
we wouldn
’
t have stayed
indoors last Sunday.
2
. John and Joseph weren’t given the
tickets, so they did not
go to the cinema. If John and Joseph had been
given the
tickets,
they would have gone to the cinema.
3. David Smith was required to leave the country
within 24
hours
because he had acted as a spy for a foreign
country.
主句中的过去完成时“倒移”时其谓语动词不再变形,正如直接
引语变成间接
引语时那样:
David Smith
would not have been required to leave the country
if he h
adn’t
acted as a spy for a foreign country.
4. I don’t like the diamond necklace,
so I don’t want to have
it.
If I liked the
diamond necklace, I would want to have it.
5. Johnson was
warned of the danger last night, so now he
does everything very
carefully.
本句和下两句是错综时间条件句,即主句和从句的时态不相同,本来
可以成为非真实条件句教学中的一个难题,但是现在只要按照主从句谓语动词
时态形
式“倒移”的规则,问题就可以迎刃而解。
If Johnson hadn’t been warned of the
danger last night, he
wouldn’t do everything so carefully.
本句和下两句是错综时间条件句,即主句和从句的时态不相同
,本来可以成为
非真实条件句教学中的一个难题,但是现在只要按照主从句谓语动词时态
形式
“倒移”的规则,问题就可以迎刃而解。
If Johnson
hadn
’
t been warned of the
danger last night, he
wouldn
’
t do everything so
carefully.
6. Joan received the invitation yesterday. She
will go to the
party tomorrow evening. If Joan hadn’t
received the invitation
yesterday, she would not go to the party tomorrow
evening.
7. Larry
has heard from quite a few friends in China and
now
he
knows much about this country. Larry wouldn’t know
much
about this country if he hadn’t heard
from quit
e a few friends
in China.
8. Bob
isn
’
t here, so we
can
’
t ask him to help with
the task.
在非真实条件句中
be
的过去时形式
一般用
were
:
If Bob
were here,
we could ask hime
to help with the
task.
9. We will
have a sports meet next Sunday, so all the
students will have to
come to school then.
注意从句的形式:
①
If we
didn
’
t have a sports meet
next Sunday, the students
wouldn
’
t have to come to
school then.
②
If we
weren
’
t to have a sports
meet next Sunday, the
students wouldn
’
t have to
come to school then.
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