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with
的用法
with
的用法(
伴随一般被视为累赘)
1.
独立主格,表示伴随
,所以必须修饰主谓宾结构,而非主系表结构。
独立主格三种形式:
1)
一般形式
(独立部分与主句部分无太多关联)
n.
+n.
,
n.+V-ed/v-ing
,
n.+
介词短语
/
< br>形容词短语
2)
with
p>
形
式
(
与
主
句
主
语
有
紧
密
的
< br>逻
辑
关
系
)
:
with+
宾
< br>语
+
宾
补
,
如
:
with+n.+v-ed/
v-ing/
介词短语
/
形容词短语<
/p>
3)
each
形式
(必须前面有复数名词)
:
p>
each+v-ed/v-ing
,
eac
h+
介词短语
/
形容词短
语,
each+n.+
介词短语
*
:
with
< br>型独立主格在
GMAT
中常常被判累赘。
With
引导独立主格结构有修饰歧义
--
放在中间可修饰前者也可修饰后者。
Eg.
关于夹心修饰
(by aeoluseros)
:
所以
歧义修饰,是因为引发了不同的理解,而并不是语法上是否
会有不同的修饰
,
所谓夹心修饰也是这个原则。
很多人对
“夹心修饰”
都有过一个误解,
认为
S, v-ing, V
. +
O.
结构中,
v-ing
既
可以往前修饰
S
,也可以往后修饰
V<
/p>
就是夹心,而实际上夹心
并不是
“可以往
前修饰
S
,也可以往后修饰
V”
。在
S, v-ing, V
. +
O.
这样的表达中,
v-ing
约定<
/p>
俗成只伴随修饰动词
,见下例:
prep 2-104 The yield per acre of coffee
berries varies enormously, because a single
tree,
depending
on its size and on climate and altitude, is able
to produce enough
berries to make
between one and twelve pounds of dried beans a
year
.
这个句子里
depend
ing
不能改为
dependent
,
因为
depending
和
depen
dent
的区别在
于,
前者伴随修饰谓
语动词
is able to
produce
,后者则是修饰名词
single
tree
,会造成
逻辑上不对
——
“一棵树依靠它的
size
”
。
with
独立主格结构:
由“
with
+宾语+宾补”构成的
复合结构,在句中可作状语,表示伴随
。这一结构
中的宾语补足
语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当:
Visitors to the park have
often looked into the leafy canopy and seen
monkeys sleeping
on the branches, with
arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
Q16: PP73.
With no natural predators and expanses
of green suburban neighborhoods that allow no
hunting,
wildlife officials estimate
the New Jersey deer population to have grown to
exceed 175,000
A.
With no
natural predators and expanses of green suburban
neighborhoods that allow no
hunting,
wildlife officials estimate the New Jersey deer
population to have
B.
With no natural predators and with
expanses of green suburban neighborhoods that do
not
allow hunting, wildlife officials'
estimate of the deer population in New Jersey has
C.
With no
natural predators and with expanses of green
suburban neighborhoods where
there is
no hunting, the deer population in New Jersey,
wildlife officials estimate, has
D.
Without
natural predators and no hunting allowed in
expanse of green suburban
neighborhoods, New Jersey has a deer
population that wildlife officials estimate to
have
E.
Without
natural predators and with expanses of green
neighborhoods where there is no
hunting, wildlife officials in New
Jersey estimate a deer population that has
170. (GWD21-Q12)
Birds
known
as
honeyguides
exhibit
a
unique
pattern
of
behavior:
the
bird
leads
another
animal,
such
as
a
honey-
badger
or
a
human,
to
a
bees’
nest
with
their
chattering when they fly ahead; after
the larger animal takes honey, the bird eats the
wax and bee larvae.
A.
with their
chattering when they fly
B.
with chattering and its flying
C.
by chattering
as it flies
D.
by
chattering and its flying
E.
by
chattering as they are flying
题目释义:
the bird leads sth , ,
to a bees’ nest by chattering as it flies
主语是
the
bird
,谓语动词
lead sth to some
place, by+
分词结构为方式状语,
as
引导时
间状语从句。
考点:
指代一致,逻辑表达
1.
with
和
by
的区别:
(1)
做某事时通过什么
方法或手段
用
by
:
do
something by (doing)
something
。
(2)
p>
表示使用有形工具时,
通常用
with
p>
来表示:
write with a pen, see with
naked eyes,
strike with a hammar
(3)
作
”
用
”
讲时,
by
和
with
的区别在于:
with<
/p>
表示行为动作的工具,后面的名词一般
要有冠词;
by
表示动作的手段,后面的名词一律不用冠词。
2.
as
和
when
引导的时间状语含义不同:
(1)
as
表示
当
……
时
一面
……
一面
,
随着
。具体用法如下:
1
)
表示<
/p>
当
……
时
、
和
……
同时
。常指从句的动作未
结束,主句中的动
作就已发生。
从句中多用表示动作的动词,<
/p>
而不用
be
动词或表示感觉、
理解、知道这类动词。
e.g.
As he stood there, he saw
two men enter the bar
.
She
dropped the glass as she stood up.
2
)
用于平
行的动作中,表示
一面
……
一面
……
。常指一个主语同时进行
两个动作。
e.g.
The students took notes as they
listened.
3
)
用于平
行发展的结构中,
表示
随着
……
。
常指一个行为是另一个行为
的结果,或一种状态随另一种状态变化。句中的动词多表示状态的发
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