红外-中英文资料

南

京

工

程

学

院

毕业设计文献资料翻译

（原文及译文）

原文名称：

Infrared

课题名称：

基于单片机的防盗报警器的设计与实现

学生姓名：

常小军

学

号：

240082410

指导老师：

沙

爱

军

所在院系：

康尼学院

专业名称：

通信工程

2011

年

3

月

南

京

Infrared

Infrared

(IR)

light

is

electromagnetic

radiation

with

a

wavelength

longer

than

that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74

micrometres

(?m),

and

extending

conventionally

to

300

?m.

These

wavelengths

correspond to a frequency range of approximately 1 to 400 THz,

and include most

of

the

thermal

radiation

emitted

by

objects

near

room

temperature.

Microscopically,

IR light is typically emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their

rotational- vibrational movements.

Infrared light is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications.

Night-vision devices using infrared illumination allow people or animals to be

observed without the observer being detected. In astronomy, imaging at infrared

wavelengths allows observation of objects obscured by interstellar dust. Infrared

imaging

cameras

are

used

to

detect

heat

loss

in

insulated

systems,

observe

changing

blood flow in the skin, and overheating of electrical apparatus.

Much

of

the

energy

from

the

Sun

arrives

on

Earth

in

the

form

of

infrared

radiation.

Sunlight at

zenith provides an irradiance of just over 1

kilowatt

per square meter

at

sea

level.

Of

this

energy,

527

watts

is

infrared

radiation,

445

watts

is

visible

light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet radiation.

The balance between absorbed and

emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on the Earth's climate.

Objects generally emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but

sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors

usually

collect

radiation

only

within

a

specific

bandwidth.

Therefore,

the

infrared

band is often subdivided into smaller sections.

[2]

[1]

Heat/Heating

[5]

Infrared radiation is popularly known as

electromagnetic

waves

of

any

frequency

will

heat

surfaces

that

absorb

them.

Infrared

light from the Sun only accounts for 49%

of the heating of the Earth, with the

rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer

[4]

wavelengths.

Visible

light

or

ultraviolet-emitting

lasers

can

char

paper

and

incandescently

hot

objects

emit

visible

radiation.

Objects

at

room

temperature

will

emit

radiation

mostly

concentrated

in

the

8

to

25

?m

band,

but

this

is

not

distinct

from

the

emission

of

visible

light

by

incandescent

objects

and

ultraviolet

by

even

hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law)

.

Heat is energy in transient form that flows due to temperature difference.

Unlike

heat

transmitted

by

thermal

conduction

or

thermal

convection,

radiation

can

propagate through a vacuum.

The

concept

of

emissivity

is

important

in

understanding

the

infrared

emissions

of

objects.

This

is

a

property

of

a

surface

which

describes

how

its

thermal

emissions

deviate

from

the

ideal

of

a

black

body.

To

further

explain,

two

objects

at

the

same

physical temperature will not

if they have differing emissivities.

Thermography

Infrared

radiation

can

be

used

to

remotely

determine

the

temperature

of

objects

(if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very

hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal

imaging)

is

mainly

used

in

military

and

industrial

applications

but

the

technology

is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to the

massively reduced production costs.

Thermographic

cameras

detect

radiation

in

the

infrared

range

of

the

electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900

–

14,000 nanometers or 0.9

–

14

μ

m) and

produce

images

of

that

radiation.

Since

infrared

radiation

is

emitted

by

all

objects

based

on

their

temperatures,

according

to

the

black

body

radiation

law,

thermography

makes

it

possible

to

one's

environment

with

or

without

visible

illumination.

The

amount

of

radiation

emitted

by

an

object

increases

with

temperature,

therefore

thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).

Infrared

radiation

can

be

used

as

a

deliberate

heating

source.

For

example

it

[8]

[6]

[5]

is used in infrared saunas to heat the occupants, and also to remove ice from the

wings

of

aircraft

(de- icing).

FIR

is

also

gaining

popularity

as

a

safe

heat

therapy

method

of natural health care & physiotherapy. Infrared can

be used in

cooking

and

heating food as it predominantly heats the opaque, absorbent objects, rather than

the air around them.

Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing

processes,

e.g.

curing

of

coatings,

forming

of

plastics,

annealing,

plastic

welding,

print

drying.

In

these

applications,

infrared

heaters

replace

convection

ovens

and

contact

heating.

Efficiency

is

achieved

by

matching

the

wavelength

of

the

infrared

heater to the absorption characteristics of the material.

Climatology

In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to

detect trends in the energy exchange between the earth and the atmosphere. These

trends provide information on long term changes in the Earth's climate. It is one

of

the

primary

parameters

studied

in

research

into

global

warming

together

with

solar

radiation.

A pyrgeometer is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous

outdoor

measurements.

This

is

a

broadband

infrared

radiometer

with

sensitivity

for

infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 ?m and 50 ?m.

Night vision

Infrared

is

used

in

night

vision

equipment

when

there

is

insufficient

visible

light

to

see.

Night

vision

devices

operate

through

a

process

involving

the

conversion

of ambient light

photons into electrons which

are then amplified

by a chemical

and

electrical process and then converted back into visible light.

Infrared light

sources can

be used to

augment

the available

ambient light for conversion by night

vision

devices,

increasing

in-the-dark

visibility

without

actually

using

a

visible

light source.

The

use

of

infrared

light

and

night

vision

devices

should

not

be

confused

with

[5]

[5]

[6]