-
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Chapter 1 Geography, People and
Language
全名
:
the
United Kingdom of Great
Britain
（大不列颠联合王国）
and
Northern
Ireland
（北爱尔兰）
.
由成千上万的小岛组成（
the British
Isles
）
.
两大岛屿：
Great
Britain
（大不列颠）
and
Ireland
（爱尔兰）
The
River
Thames
(second
longest
and
most
important),
originates
（
起
源
于
< br>）
in
southwestern England -----North Sea.
Scotland
(
Edinburgh
爱丁堡
)
important
river:Clyde River
kilts
（苏克兰小短裙）
Wales
(
Cardiff
加
迪
夫
，
著
名
港
口
).
The
Severn
River
is
the
longest
river
of
Britain------flow through
western England.
Northern
Ireland
(Belfast
贝尔法斯特，首府
)
Lough
Neagh----the
largest
lake
in
the
British Isles.
Climate
: temperate, with
warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipita
tion(
降雨量
)
，
冬
暖夏凉，降雨充沛
Three major features
: winter
fog, rainy day, instability
冬天多雾，常年多雨，天气不定
London
---Buckingham
Palace
（白金汉宫）
, Guildhall
(
市政厅
), St.
Paul
’
s Cathedral
（
圣保
罗大教堂）
, The Tower Bridge of
London
（伦敦塔桥）
The
majority of the population is
descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a
Germanic people
from Europe.
大部分的人口是盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人的后裔，从欧洲来的日耳曼人
Most
people
in Wales and
Scotland
are
descendants
of
the
Celtic
people,
including
the
Irish people
威
尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔，包括爱尔兰人
English belongs to the Indo-European
family of languages. English is in the Germanic
group.
英语属于日耳曼语语系
Germanic group:
East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic.
English evolved from
the West Germanic
group.
日耳曼语系：东日耳曼语，北日耳曼语，西日耳曼语。英语从
西日耳曼语中发展。
1
、
Old
English
: was influenced by Old Norse
spoken by the Vikings and was related to the
German
and
Dutch
languages.
受古代维京人所说的古斯坎德纳威亚语影
像并和德语法语
密切相关
.was
ended
with
the
Norman
Conquest,
when
the
language
was
influence
by
the
French-speaking
Normans.
古英语时代结束于说法语的诺曼人的征服
2
、
Middle
English
:
William
the
Conqueror invaded
and
conquered and
the
Anglo-Saxons
(Numerous French words came into the
English vocabulary)
征服者威廉入侵并征服和盎格
鲁
-
撒克逊人（大量的法语词汇进入英语词汇）
3
、
Modern
English
(15
century):
William
Caxton
brought
standardization
to
English,
and
spelling and grammar became fixed. The
first dictionary published in 1604. Samuel
Johnson:
A Dictionary of the English
Language was influential in a standard form of spe
lling.
卡克斯顿
威廉带来了标准化的英语，
并成为固定的拼写和语法。
第一本字典发表于
160
4
。
约翰逊
塞缪尔：一本英文字典是有
影响的一种标准形式的拼写。
Standard
English
is based on the speech of the
upper class of southeastern England. It is also
called
“
the
Queen
’
s
English
”
or
“
BBC
English
”
. A third of
world
’
s population use Engli
sh.
标
准英语是基于英国东南部的讲话的。
< br>它也被称为
“女王的英语”
或
“
英国广播公司英语”
。
三分之一的世界人口使用英语。
Chapter 2 History
1.
有记录的历史起始于
55BC,
Julius
Caesar
（凯撒大帝）
and
his
Roman
troops
invaded
the
island. 410
年
,
Germanic
（日耳曼人）进攻罗马，结束了罗马的统治
2.
Celtic→Spain
and France
凯尔特人→西班牙和法国
Anglo-
Saxon
→
Germanic Tribes
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊→日耳曼部落
3. Norman
Conquest
（
诺曼征服）
of England marked the establishment of
feudalism
（封建制度）
4.
Henry
II
建立
rule
of
the
House
of
Anjou(
安茹王朝
)
in
England,
亦称为
the
House
of
Plantagenet(
金雀
花王朝
).
He
improved
the
courts
of
justice,
introduce
the
jury
system
and
institutionalized common
law.
他改进了法院的公正，介绍了陪审制度和制度化的普通法。
5. The
Magna
Ca
(
大宪章）：英国宪政的基础
the foundation of the British
constitutionalism
6. Henry III wages
wars. The outraged nobles, led by Simon de
Montfort, drafted the Provision of
Oxford(
牛津条约
)
to
limit
the
King
’
s
power
by
calling
regular
meetings
of
15-member
Privy
Council(
枢密院
).
由
Simon de Montf
ort
率领的贵族
，起草提供牛津（牛津条约）通过调用
15
名枢密
院会议限制国王的权力（枢密院）
Simon de Montfort
facilitated the modern idea of a representative
parliament.
西蒙·德·蒙特福特促进了现代有代表性的
议会。
Wars
of
the
Roses:
the
House
of
York(
white
rose)
and
the
House
of
Lancaster(
red
rose)
→
winner.
Henry Tudor became
King Henry
VII
and started the rule of
the House of Tudor.
约克（白玫瑰）和兰
开斯特家族（红玫瑰）→赢家。亨利都铎国王亨利七世，开始了都铎王朝的统治
8.
In
1584,
King
Henry
VIII
issued
the
Act
of
Supremacy
《至尊法案》
.
In
1651,
Cromwell
destroyed Charles
II
’
s army, which marked the
end of the Civil Wars. In 1660 Parliament decided
to restore Charles II to the throne
which put an end to the Commonwealth.
15
84
，国王亨利八世颁布
《至尊法案》至上的行为。在
1651
，克伦威尔摧毁了查尔斯二世的军队，这标志着内战结束。在<
/p>
1660
届
议会决定恢复查尔斯二世的王
位，这将结束了英联邦。
9.
在<
/p>
1688
，光荣革命（
Glorious
Revolution
）发生。在
1689
年，议会通过了人权法案（
the Bill of
Rights
）。
< br>10.
19
世纪中期，工业革命完成。
< br>
11.
The
British Empire
began
with
the colonization of Newfoundland in 1583. By the
end of 19
th
century, the British Empire included
about
1/4
of the global
population and the world
’
s l
andmass.
大英帝国开始与纽芬兰殖民
1583
。在第十九世纪末，英帝国包括了
1 /
4
的世界人口和世界的陆地。
12.
South
African
is
the
fourth
self-government
dominion
of
the
British
Empire
after
Canada,
Australia and New Zealand.
南非
是继加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰之后的第四个自治领。
Chapter 3 Government and the
Commonwealth
1.
Britain
is
a
parliamentary
democracy
议会制民主
with
a
constitutional
monarchy
君主立宪
制
.
The
British Constitution is made up of
①
Statutory law
成
文法
,
制定法（
the most
important
）
→
passed by parliament
②
Common
law
判例法，普通法
→
customs or legal precedents
③
Conventions
习惯法，衡平法
→
not legally exist, but
still vital
The King or
Queen
’
s role is
ceremonial,
unpolitical and
symbolic
3.
House of
commons
（下议院）
三大职能①
The most important is
drafting new laws.
立法
②
to scrutinize,
criticize and restrain the actions of the
government
约束政府③
to influence
the
future government
policy
影像未来政策
6.
The parliament: a
two-party
system
两党制
7.
Three
main
parties:
The
Conservative
Party
保守党
,
The
Labor
Party
工党
,
The
Liberal
Democrats
自由民主党
.
获得下议院半数以上投票的党派成为执政党
8. The Queen of Britain is considered
the head of the Commonwealth. The headquarters are
all
located in London.
英国女王被认
为是英联邦的元首（然并卵，只是个代言人而已）。总部都设在伦敦。
Chapter 4 Economy
1.
By the
19
th
century, the British
economy had produced 1/3 of the
world
’
s manufactured
goods.
十九世纪，英国独揽世界三分之一成品
2.
In
order
to
separate
politics
and
economic
policy,
Tony
Blair
made
the
Bank
of
England
independent. His government was
successful in limiting government spending,
keeping inflation
under control and
reducing unemployment.
为了独立的政治和经济政策，布莱尔让
英国央行独立。他的
政府是成功的限制政府开支，控制通货膨胀，减少失业率。
3.
Important
crops
are
wheat,
barley,
sugar
beet
and
potatoes.
The
major
fishing
areas
are
the
North Sea, the English Channel, the
waters off the Irish coast and the sea area
between Britain and
Iceland.
重要的农作物有小麦、大麦、甜菜和土豆。主要的捕鱼区是北海，英吉利海峡，爱尔兰海岸和英
< br>国和冰岛之间的海域。
4.
Major source of energy: coal mining,
oil industry (relatively new), nuclear power
能源的主要来
源：煤炭开采，石油工业（相对较新），核电
< br>
5.
Three
principal financial
centers
三大金融中心
: London,
Tokyo, New York
6.
Tourism:
Stonehenge,
Windsor
Castle.
Britain
is
one
of
the
world
’
s
largest
centers
for
international
conference.
最大国际会议中心
7.
Export
出口
partners: Germany, the United Stated,
the Netherland,
France
Import
进口
partner: Germany, the United Stated,
the Netherland,
China
Chapter 5 Education, Media and
Holidays
1.
Before 1870
, education was
voluntary
and schools were
set by the church. 1870
年之前教育是
自愿的，教堂开设学校
20
th
century later on, government take responsibility
for education
二十世纪以后，政府承担
教育
2.
Four
stages
:
①
primary<
/p>
初中
: 5---11
②
secondary
高中
: 11---
16
③
further
education
两年以上高中
---16 two
more years in preparation for higher
education
④
higher
education
高等教育
---18
3.
Two parallel
school system
?
State system
国家制度
93%
→
free to all children between 5---16
years old
?
Independent
system
独立制度→
7%
independent tuition fees and curriculum
4.
Further
Education
?
At 16: National
examination
国考
→
GCSE
(Certificate of Secondary Education)
中等教
育证书
to leave or
continue
?
Sixth form (2 years): 3 or 4 subjects
?
A-level(
General
Certificate
of
Education---
Advanced)
→
for
universities
admittances(
academic
)
普通教育高级证书
?
GNVQ( General National
V
ocational
Qualification)
→
for
vocational training
全国通用职业
资格证
书
5.
Recruitment based on: Grades of
A-levels, school refences, interview
招聘基
于：
普通教育高级
证书，学校推荐和面试
6.
Mostly
funded by central government grants
except
university of
Buckingham
B.A/B.S
3 years
M.A/M.S
1---2years
Doctoral degree
3---5years
Oxford is the oldest
university in the English-speaking world.
7.
For most
British people, a day begins with the morning
newspaper and ends with television.
Format
Topic
Style
Reader
Example
Quality Press
Large-size paper
Political
and social importance, high culture
Serious, in-depth
Well-
educated, middle-class
The Times
Tabloids
Smaller
Scandals and gossip
Short,
easy to read
The common people
The News of the World, The Sun on
Sunday
8.
The Observer
→
the world
’
s
oldest Sunday newspaper
最老
周日报
The Times
→
one of Britain
’
s
oldest and influential newspaper
英国最老最有影响力的报纸
THREE BIG
: The Times, The
guardian, The Daily Telegraph
三巨头：时代，卫报，每日电讯报
:
The British Broadcasting Corporation, excel in
documentaries
英国广播公司
BSkyB:
Britain
’
s top pay-television
provider
英国天空广播公司，顶级付费
10. Three Christmas traditions:
①
Christmas pantomime
②
Queen
’
s
Christmas message
③
Boxing
Day (falls on the day after Christmas)
圣诞三传统：
①圣诞哑剧②女王的圣诞致辞③节礼日（落在圣<
/p>
诞节后一天）
11.
Trooping the Color (in June), known as the
Queen
’
s Birthday Parade
女王生日游行、
Chapter 6
Literature
1.
The old English: the
epic
Beowulf
:
folk legend of Anglo-Saxons
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人的民间传说
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