-
新版
“
英语国家概况
”
精讲笔记
Chapter 1
第一章
Land and People
英国的国土与人民
I.
Different
Names for Britain and its Parts
英国的不同名称及其各组成部分
1.
Geographical
names: the British Isles, Great Britain and
England.
地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.
Official name:
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland.
官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.
The British
Isles are made up of two large islands-Great
Britain (the larger one) and Ireland,
and hundreds of small ones.
不列颠
群岛由两个大岛
—
大不列颠岛
（较大的
一个）
和爱尔兰岛，
及成千上万个小岛组
成。
4.
Three political divisions on the island
of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of
Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous
section.
英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great
Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands
in the north;
the Central lowlands; the
south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh
苏格兰
位于大不列颠的北部。
它有三大自然区：
北部高地，
中部低地及南部山陵。
首府：
爱丁堡。
(3) Wales is in the west of
Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff
威尔士位于大不列颠的西部。首府：加的夫
(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth
region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.
北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域。首府：贝尔法斯特。
5.
The
Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of
independent countries that were once
colonies of Britain. It was founded in
1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.
英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。
它成立于
1931
年，
至
199
0
年止已有
50
个成员国。
Chapter
2
第二章
The Origins
of a Nation (5000BC-1066)
英国的起源（公元前
5000
年
—
1066
年）
I.
Arrival and
settlement of the Celts
克尔特人的到来和定居
Celts
were
practiced
famers.
The
drained
much
of
marshlands
and
built
houses
of
wood.
They
wre ironworkers, too. Their languages,
the Celts languages, are the basis of the language
which is still used by some people in
Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism
(n.
德鲁伊教
).
克尔特人是有
经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打
造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就
是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。
1
、
The Celts
began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
约公元
前
700
年，克尔特人来到不列颠岛。
2
、
The Celts came
to Britain in three main waves.
克尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮。
The
first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是约公元前
600
年盖尔人的来
临。
The second wave were the
Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次
高潮是约公元前
400
年布列吞人的抵达。
The third wave were the Belgae-came
about 150 BC.
第三次是约公元前
150
年比利其人的到达。
II. The
Anglo-Saxons (446-871)
盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人（公元
446
—
871
年）
1
．
Basis of Modern English race: the
Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁
—
萨
克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）
In the
mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes,
Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.
They were three Teutonic tribes.
①
The Jutes, who fished and
farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish
chief became
the King of
Kent in 449.
②
Then
the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern
Germany,
established
their
kingdom
in
Essex,
Sussex
and
Wessex
from
the
end
of
the
5th
century
to
the
beginning of the 6th century.
③
In the second half of the
6th century, the Angles, who also came
from northern Germany and were to give
their name to the English people, settled in East
Anglia,
Mercia and Northumbria. These
seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex,
Wessex, East
Anglia, Mercia and
Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
五世纪中叶，朱特人、撒克逊人和盎格鲁人不断入侵不列颠。这是三支日耳曼（条顿）
部落。
居住在日德兰半岛
（现丹麦南部）
上从事打渔农耕的朱特人先抵不列颠。
一个朱特人首
领于
449
年当上了国王
。
后来从德国北部来的使用短剑的撒克逊人在埃撒克斯、
苏塞克
斯和
威塞克斯建立了王国，
统治期从五世纪末至六世纪初。
六世纪后半叶，
同样来自德国北部的
盎格鲁
人，
在东盎格利亚、
麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居，
同时把他们的族名加诸在英国人够
上。这七个主要王国（肯特、埃塞克斯、苏
塞克斯、威塞克斯、东英吉利亚、麦西亚和诺森
伯利亚）
，合称
为七王国。
2
．
The early
Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人改信基督教。
The
Anglo-Saxons
brought
their
own
Teutonic
religion
to
Britain.
Christianity
soon
disappeared,
except
among
the
Celts
of
Cornwall,
Wales,
Scotland
and
Ireland.
In
597,
Pope
Gr
egory I sent St.
Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew’s Monastery in
Rome, to England to convert
the heathen
(
异教的
) English to
Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the
first Archbishop of
Canterbury.
He
was
remarkably
successful
in
converting
the
king
and
the
nobility,
but
the
conversion of the common people was
largely due to the missionary activities of the
monks in the
north.
盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国。
除了康瓦尔、
威尔士、
苏格兰和爱尔兰中
的克尔特人还信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元
597
，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安
德鲁修道院的院长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，
其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。
公元
57
9
年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。
在使国王和贵族皈依基督教
方面，
奥古斯丁特别成功。
但是普通人的皈依很大程度上归功于
北方修道们的传教活动。
3
．
The Early
Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English
state.(formation of the English
nation)
早期盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。
The
Anglo-Saxons
laid
the
foundations
of
the
English
state.
Firstly,
they
①
divided
the
country into shires
(which the Normans later called counties), with
shire courts and shire reeves,
or
sheriffs, responsible for administering law.
Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-
field
②
farming
system
which
continued
to
the
18th
century.
Thirdly,
they
also
③
established
the
manorial
system(
庄园制
). Finally, they
④
created the
Witan
（
council or meeting of
the wisemen
）
to
advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council
which still exists today.
盎格鲁
—
撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基础。
首先，
他们把国家划分为郡，
郡法庭和郡法
官、或行政司法长官负责
执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至
18
世纪。此外
，
他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了咨议会
(
贤人会议
)
，向国王提供建议，这就成为
了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。
IV
．
Viking and
Danish invasions
北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1
．
The invaders
were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked
various parts of England from
the end
of the 8th century. They became a serious problem
in the 9th century, especially between
835 and 878. They even managed to
capture York, an important center of Christianity
in 867. By
the middle of 9th century,
the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to
the Saxon kingdom of
Wessex.
入侵者是挪威人和丹麦人，
从
8
世纪末开始，
他们不断袭击英格兰的各个地方。
9
世纪，
尤其是公元
835-878
年间已成为严重问题。
他们甚至占领了约克郡，
公元
867
年时的基督教
中心。到
9
世纪中叶，北欧海盗和丹麦人威胁到撒克逊人的威撒克斯王国
的安全。
2
．
King Alfred
(849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王
（
849-899
）和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He
defeated the Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with
them
in
879.
The
Danes
gained
control
of
the
north
and
east,
while
he
ruled
the
rest.
He
also
converted
some leading Danes into Christians.
He
①
founded
a
strong
fleet
and
is
known
as
“
the
father
of
the
British
navy”.
He
②
reorganized
the
Saxon
army,
making
it
more
efficient.
He
③
translated
a
Latin
book
into
English. He also
④
established schools and
⑤
formulated a legal system.
All this earns him
the title “Alfred
the Great.”
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。<
/p>
他打败了丹麦人，
并于公元
879
年与他们达成了友好协
议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹
麦法区）
，而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一
些丹麦首领成为基督
教徒。
他因为建立了强大舰队，而以
“
英国海军之父
”
闻名于世。他改组了
“
弗立德
”
（撒克逊
军
队）
，使之更为高效。他将一本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时
他还建立了学校，并且阐明了
法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于
“
阿尔弗雷德大王。
”
的称号。<
/p>
V
．
The
Norman Conquest (1066)
诺曼征服（公元
< br>1066
年）
1
．
Reasons for
William’s invasion of England
after Edward’s death.
威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。
It
was
said
that
king
Edward
had
promised
the
English
throne
to
William,
but
the
Witan
chose Harold as king.
So William led his army to invade England. In
October 1066, during the
important
battle
of
Hastings,
William
defeated
Harold
and
killed
him.
One
Christmas
Day,
William was crowned
king of England, thus beginning the Norman
Conquest of England.
据说，
爱
德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，
但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗
德为国王。
公元
1066
年
10
月，
在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋
中，
威廉打败了哈罗德军队，
同
时哈罗
德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征服。
2
．
The Norman
Conquest and its consequences
诺曼征服及其产生的影响。
The
Norman
Conquest
of
1066
is
perhaps
①
the
best-known
event
in
English
history.
William the
Conqueror
②
confiscated
almost all the land and gave it to his Norman
followers. He
replaced
the
weak
Saxon
rule
with
③
a
strong
Norman
government.
So
the
feudal
system
was
completely
established
in
En
gland.
④
Relations
with
the
Continent
were
opened,
and
the
civilization
and
commerce
were
extended.
⑤
Norman-French
culture,
language,
manners
and
architecture were introduced.
⑥
The Church was brought into
closer connection with Rome, and
the
church courts were separated from the civil
courts.
1066
年年的诺曼征服也许是英国
历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土
地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他
用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，
封建制度在英国完全建立。
开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，
文明和商业得到发展，
引进了诺曼
—
法兰西文化、语言、
行为规范和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法
庭分离。
3
．
The
English is a mixture of nationalities of different
origins. The ancestors of many English
people
were
the
ancient
Angles
and
Saxons.
Some
English
people
are
of
the
Norman-French
origin.
英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。
许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁
和撒克逊人。
而还
有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。
Chapter
3
第三章
The Shaping
of the Nation (1066-1381)
英国的形成（公元
1066-1381
）
I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)
诺曼统治（公元
1066-1381
）
1. William's Rule
（
1066-1087
）
威廉一世的统治（公元
1066-1087
）
England's feudalism under
the rule of William the Conqueror
在威廉统治下的英国封建制度
①
Under William, the feudal
system in England was completely established.
②
According
to
this system, the King owned all the land
personally.
③
William gave
his barons large estates in
England
in
return
for
a
promise
of
military
service
and
a
proportion
of
the
land's
produce.
④
These
estates were scattered far and wide over the
country, so that those who held them could
not easily combine to rebel the king.
⑤
The barons, who had become
William's tenants-in-chief,
parceled
out land to the lesser nobles, knights and
freemen, also in return for goods and services.
⑥
At
the
bottom
of
the
feudal
scale
were
the
villeins
or
serfs.
⑦
One
peculiar
feature
of
the
feudal
system of England was that all landowners must
take the oath of
allegiance
，
not only to
their immediate lord, but also to the
king.
①
在威廉统治下，英国的封建制度得
到完全确立。
②
根据此制度，国王拥有全国所有
土地。
③
威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族，条件是换取
对方服役和物品。
④
这些地产分散
于各
处，相距遥远，这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王。
⑤
已
成为国王总佃户的贵
族又把土地分配给小贵族、骑士和自由民，同样换取货物和服役。<
/p>
⑥
处于封建等级最底层
的是农奴。
⑦
英国封建制独有的特色就是，无论是土地承租人还是二佃户，都必须
要宣誓
效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于国王。
II
．
Contents and
the significance of the Great Charter
《大宪章》的内容及意义
Great Charter was signed by King John
in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists
of
sixty-three clauses. Its important
provisions are as follows: (1) no tax should be
made without the
approval of the Grand
Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested,
imprisoned or deprived of their
property;
(3)
the
Church
should
possess
all
its
rights,
together
with
freedom
of
elections;
(4)
London and other towns should retain
their traditional rights and privileges, and (5)
there should
be
the
same
weights
and
measures
throughout
the
country.
(significance)
Although
The
Great
Charter
has
long
been
popularly
regarded
as
the
①
foundation
of
English
liberties,
it
was
a
②
statement
of
the
feudal
and
legal
relationships
between
the
Crown
and
the
barons,
③
a
guarantee of
the freedom of the Church and a
④
limitation of the powers of
the king. The spirit of
the Great
Charter was the limitation of the powers of the
king, keeping them within the bounds of
the feudal law of the land.
《大宪
章》是约翰国王
1215
年在封建贵族压力下签定的。
《大宪章》总共
63
条，其中
< br>最重要的内容是：
(1)
未经大议会同意，不得征税；
(2)
只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、
监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产；
(3)
教会应享受其所有权利且有选举自由；
（
4
）
伦敦和其
它城镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权；
(5)
全国要统一度量衡。尽管人们普遍认为《大宪
章》
为英国的自
由奠定了基础，
但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声
明书，保证了教会的自由，限制了国王权利。
《大宪章》的精神实质就是把国
王的权利限制
在英国封建法律允许的范围之内。
origins of the English Parliament
英国议会的起源
The
Great Council is known to be the prototype
(
原型
) of the current British
Parliament. In
1265, Simon de Montfort
summoned
（召集）
the
Great Council, together with two knights from
each county and two citizens from each
town. It later developed into the House of Lords
and the
House
of
Commons.
Its
main
role
was
to
offer
advice
，
not
to
make
decisions.
There
were
no
elections
or parties. And the most important part of
Parliament was the House of Lords.
大议会
是当今英国议会的原型。
1265
年，西门德孟福尔召开大议会
，各县有两名骑士，
各镇有两名市民参加。
大议会发展到后来演
变成议会，
分为上议院和下议院。
其作用是咨询
而非决定；也没有选举和政党。议会的最重要的部分是上议院。
英语国家概况精讲系列（六）
IV
．
The Hundred
Years' War and its consequences.
百年战争及其结果
The
Hundred
Years’
War
refers
to
the
war
between
England
and
France
that
lasted
intermittently
from
1337
to
1453.
The
causes
of
the
war
were
partly
territorial
and
partly
economic.
①
The territorial causes were
related with the possession by the English kings
of the
large duchy of
Aquitaine in France, as the French
kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted
this
large
slice.
②
The
economic
causes
were
connected
with
cloth
manufacturing
towns
in
Flanders,
which
were
the
importer
of
English
wool,
but
they
were
loyal
to
the
French
king
politically. Besides, England's desire
to
③
stop France from giving
aid to Scots and
④
a growing
sense of nationalism were the other
causes.
The English's being driven
out of France is
①
regarded
as a blessing for both countries. If the
English had remained in France, the
superior size and wealth of France would have
②
hindered the
development of a separate English
national identity,
③
while
France was hindered so long as a
foreign power occupied so much French
territory.
百年战争指
1337
年到
1453
年英法之间一场断断续续的战争，
战争的起因既有领土因素
又有经济因素。
领土
起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地，
这是战争的根
< br>源，随着法国国王势力日增，他们渴望占领这片土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。
弗兰
德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商，但这些城镇在政治上却效忠
法国国王。
其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助，并且压制不断增强的民族
意识。
战争的结果：
把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事：
若英国人继续留在法国，<
/p>
那么法国人在领土和
财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国的发
展；
而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下，
法
< br>国也很难统一。
Three stages of
the war
战争的三个阶段
In the first
two stages, the English won some big victories.
But in the third stage, they were
driven out of Fance.
战争初期，英国取得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国
The battle of Argencourt
阿壤科之战
It took
place in 1415 and the English won a crushing
victory. After the victory, the English
king Henry
Ⅴ
was
recognized as the French King.
1415
年英国大获全胜，亨利
5
世登上法国王位。
Joan of Arc
(1412-1431)
贞德女士
Joan
of Arc
was
a nation
heroine
in
French
history.
She
led
and
encourages
the
French
in
driving
the English out of French in the Hundred Years’
War.
贞德是法国历史上的女英雄，她领导和鼓舞法国人
民将英国军队驱逐处境。
Consequences of
the war
战争的后果影响
①
The
English
lost
the
war.
The
expulsion
of
the
English
from
French
is
regarded
as
a
blessing
for
both
countries.
②
It
helped
English
national
identity
as
well
as
French
national
identity.
③
Two
separate nation were born after the war.
V
. The Black Death
黑死病
The Black Death
is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic
plague,an epidemic disease
spread by
rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It
swept through England in the summer of
1348.
It
reduced
England's
population
from
four
million
to
two
million
by
the
end
of
the
14th
century.
The economic
consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching.
As a result of the plague,
much land
was left untended and there was a terrible
shortage of labour. The surviving peasants
had better bargaining power and were in
a position to change their serfdom into paid
labour. Some
landlords, unable or
unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force
peasants back into serfdom. In
1351 the
government issued a Statute of Labourers which
made it a crime for peasants to ask for
more
wages
or
for
their
employers
to
pay
more
than
the
rates
laid
down
by
the
Justices
of
the
Peace.
黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一种流行疾病，在
14
世纪传播了到
欧洲。
1348
年夏天横扫全英国。英国的人口在
14
世纪
末从
400
万锐减至
200
万。
黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远
。鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏。
地主想把耕地变为人力需求较少的牧
场。
存活的农民处于有利的讨价还价地位，
从农奴变为
雇佣劳动力。
于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付较高工资的地主想方设法迫
使农民重返农奴地
位。
1351
年政府
颁布
“
劳工法令
”
，规定农民们涨工资的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制
订的工资水平要高的工资都
是犯罪。
Chapter
4
第四章
Transition
to the Modern Age (1455-1688)
向现代英国的过渡
I. Transition to the Modern Age
(1455-1485)
向近代英国的过渡
(1455
年
-1485
年
)
The Wars of Rose
玫瑰战争
The nature and consequences of the Wars
of the Roses.
The
name
Wars
of
the
Roses
was
refer
to
the
battles
between
the
House
of
Lancaster,
symbolized by the read rose, and that
of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to
1485. Henry
Tudor,
descendant
of
Duke
of
Lancaster
won
victory
at
Bosworth
Fireld
in
1485
and
put
the
country
under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars,
English feudalism received its death blow.
The great medieval nobility was much
weakened.
玫瑰战争是指，
从
< br>1455
年到
1485
年，
以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为
象征的约克家族之间
战争的普遍接受的名称。
1485
年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利
都铎取得
了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，
建立了都铎王朝。
这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，
贵族
阶
层受到了削弱。
II. Henry VIII and
The English Reformation
亨利八世和英国的宗教改革
Henry VIII was above all responsible
for the religious reform of the church. There were
three
main causes: a desire for change
and reform in the church had been growing for many
years and
now, encouraged by the
success of Martin Luther, many people believed its
time had come; the
privilege and wealth
of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed
money.
亨利八世最重要的改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革。改革原因有三个主要
方面：多年
来，人们改革教会的意愿不断增长，现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认
为时机已到；
教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。
The reform began as a struggle for a
divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy.
Henry
VIII wanted to divorce Catherine
of Aragon but the Pope refused
. Henry’s
reforms was to get rid
of the English
Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an
independent Church of England.
He made
this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and
1534. He dissolved all of England’s
monasteries and nunneries because they
were more loyal to the Pope than to their English
kings.
The
laws
such
as
the
Act
of
succession
of
1534
and
the
Act
of
Supremacy
of
1535
made
his
reform
possible. He established the church of England as
the national church of the country, and
he made himself the supreme head of the
church of England.
改革以争取离婚而开始，
以脱离教皇而告终。
亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，
但是
教皇拒绝了。
亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教
皇的联系，
成立独立的英格兰教会。
1529
< br>年至
1534
年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系。他解散了所
有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者
对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚。
1534
年的《继位法》和
1535
年的《王权法案》使改革具有了
可行性。
1535
年他获
“
英格兰教会最高首脑
”
之称号。
Henry V
III’s reform stressed
the power of the monarch and certainly
strengthened Henry’s
position;
Parliament
had
never
done
such
a
long
and
important
piece
of
work
before,
its
importance grew as a
result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged
many critics of
abuses of
the Catholic Church. England was moving
away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.
改革的三大影响：
亨利的改革强调了君主权力，
自然巩固了亨利的地位；
议会以往从未
做过如此漫长而重要
的工作，
自然其重要性也有所加强；
他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许
多人批
评指责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向新教。
英语国家概况精讲系列（八）
III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
伊莉莎
白一世（
1558
年
-1603
年）
Elizabeth I and
parliament(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of
the Tudor Dynasty. She was
able
to
work
with
avoided
troubling
Parliament
too
often
for
pounds
by
making
strict economies at the relationship
was often turbulent. Because Parliament demanded
that
its
right
of
free
speech
be
confirmed
in
writing
and
it
be
allowed
to
discuss
all
important
questions at will.
Elizabeth I did not agree to their demands.
为了避
免经常向议会索要资金，伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。但是，
她与议会的
关系也经常不稳定。因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，
同时希望
可以随时对重要问题进行讨论。伊不同意他们的要求。
Elizabeth's religious reform and her
foreign policy
伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策
Elizabeth's religious reform was a
compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with
Rome
and
restored
her
father's
independent
Church
of
England,i.e.
keeping
to
Catholic
doctrines
and
practices but to be free
of the Papal control. His religious settlement was
unacceptable to both the
extreme
Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent
Catholics.
For
nearly
30
years
Elizabeth
successfully
played
off
against
each
other
the
two
great
Catholic
powers, France and Spain, and prevented
England from getting involved in any major
European
conflict.
Through
her
marriage
alliances
which
were
never
materialized,
Elizabeth
managed
to
maintain a friendly relationship with
France. So England was able to face the danger
from Spain.
伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点的妥协。
< br>她中断玛丽与罗马的关系，
恢复她父亲在位
时独立的英格
兰教会，
也就是说保持天主教教条及习俗，
但不受教皇控制。<
/p>
她的宗教定论既
不被以清教徒知名的新教极端分子所接受，也不为
虔诚的天主教徒所接受。
近
30
年的时间，伊莉莎白成功挑起了两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀，从而免于英
国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突。
通过她从未具体化的联姻，
伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好
关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险。<
/p>
IV
. The English
Renaissance
英国文艺复兴
Distinctive features of the English
Renaissance
英国文艺复兴的特点
1) English culture was revitalized not
so much directly by the classics as by
contemporary
Europeans under the
influence of the classics;
2) England as
an insular country followed a course of social and
political history which was
to a great
extent independent of the course of history
elsewhere in Europe;
3)
Owing
to
the
great
genius
of
the
14th
century
poet
Chaucer,
the
native
literature
was
sufficiently
vigorous
and
experienced
in
assimilating
for
foreign
influences
without
being
subjected by them;
4)
English Renaissance literature is primarily
artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly;
5)the Renaissance coincided
with the Reformation in England.
英国文艺复兴的五个特点：
1
）英国文化的复兴直接受古典作品影响不大，更大的影响来自于受古典作品熏陶的当
代欧洲人；
2
）由于
英国是一个岛国家，其社会和政治历史进程与欧洲其他国家相去甚远；
3
）
由于
14
世纪伟大的天才诗人乔叟的出现，
英国本国文学得以蓬勃发展，
能够在吸收
外国文学影响的同时，并未处于从属地位；
4
）英国文艺复兴文学主要是文艺方
面而不是哲学的和学术方面；
5
）文艺
复兴和英格兰的宗教改革正好同步。
VI. The
Civil Wars and their consequences
Because
of
the
absolute
rule
of
Charles,
the
confrontation
between
Charles
I
and
the
parliament developed
into the civil war. The war began on August
22,1642 and ended in 1651.
Charles I
was condemned to death.
The
English
Civil
War
is
also
called
the
Puritan
Revolution.
It
has
been
seen
as
a
conflict
between the
parliament and the King, and a conflict between
economic interests of the Crown. The
economic interests of the urban middle
classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan)
ideology
while
the
Crown’s
traditional
economic
interests
correspondingly
allied
with
Anglican
religious
belief.
The
English
Civil
War
not
only
overthrew
feudal
system
in
England
but
also
shook
the
foundation of the feudal
rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the
beginning of modern world
history.
由于查尔斯的
“
君权神授
< br>”
统治权，他与议会的对质发展成了内战。战争开始于
1
642
年
8
月
22
日，结束于
1651
年。最后查尔
斯被处死。
英国内战又称为清教徒革命。
这是议会和国王间的冲突，
也是城市中产阶级的经济利益
与皇室传统经济利益之间的冲突。
城市中产阶级经济利益刚好与他们的宗教
（清教）
思想吻
合，
< br>相应地，
皇室传统的经济利益则与圣公会教的宗教信仰相结合在一起。
英国内战不仅推
翻了英国的封建制度，
而且动摇了
欧洲的封建基础。
英国内战通常被看作是现代世界史的开
端。<
/p>
The Commonwealth under
Oliver Cromwell(p.57)
Cromwell was
leader of the first civil war against charles I.
His famous “Ironside” cavalry
and New
Model Army(
新模范军
) defeated
the king. After the War he was made Lord Protector
of
the Commonwealth of England and he
instituted direct military rule of the country.
After king Charles I’s exection in
1649, Oliver Cromwell and the
“Rump”
（残余国会）
declared
England
a
was
no
king,
no
House
of
Lords
in
England.
The
Commonwealth ended in
1660 when Charles II became king.
克伦威尔领导了第一次对抗查理
1
世内战。
他著名的铁骑军和新模范军击败了国王。
战
后同时他成为英伦之岛共和国的护国公，建立直接军队领导制度。当查里一世
164
9
年被处
决后，克伦威尔和他的残余国会宣布英格兰为共和国。
没有国王和上议院。共和国于
1660
年查里
< br>2
世登基结束。
The
Restoration
王政复
辟
----------------------1660
When
Oliver
Cromwell
died
in
1658
and
was
succeeded
by
his
son,
Richard,
the
regime
began to collapse.
One of Cromwell's generals George Monck, occupied
London and arranged for
new
parliamentary
elections.
The
Parliament
thus
was
elected
in
1660
resolved
the
crisis
by
asking the late King's son to return
from his exile in France as king Charles II. It
was called the
Restoration.
165
8
年奥利弗克伦威尔去世，他的儿子理查德继任护国公，政权立即开始瓦解。克伦
威尔的一位将军乔治蒙克占领伦敦，安排新的议会选举。
1660
年选出的议会要求上一任国
王的儿子长期流亡地法国回国作国王查尔
斯二世，
从而解决了危机。
这就是所谓的王政复辟。
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
1688
年光荣革命
--------
----------1688
In 1685 Charles II died and
was succeeded by his brother James II. James was
brought up in
exile in Europe, was a
Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his
personal religious views.
But England
was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688
than 40 years ago. So the English
politicians rejected James II, and
appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange,
to invade and
take the English throne.
William landed in England in 1688. The takeover
was relatively smooth,
with no
bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was
known as the Glorious Revolution.
1685
年
查尔斯
二世去世，
由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。
詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡
长大，
是个天主
教徒，
他希望不放弃个
人宗教信仰统治国家。
但是
1688
的
英国已不象
40
年前那样能容忍天
主教
徒当国王了。
英国政客反对詹姆斯二世，
他们呼吁信奉新教的国
王，
奥兰治亲王威谦入
侵英国夺取王位。
1688
年
11
月
< br>15
日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相对平静，
既未流血也未处死国王，所以就称为
“
光荣革命
”
。
第五章
The Rise and
Fall of the British Empire (1688-1990)
大英帝国的兴衰
I. Whigs
and Tories
辉格党人和托利党人
These two party names originated with
the Glorious Revolution (1688).
这两个
政党名称皆起源于
1688
年的光荣革命。
The Whig were those who opposed
absolute monarchy and supported the right to
religious
freedom
for
Nonconformists.
The
Whig
were
to
form
a
coalition
with
dissident
Tories
in
the
mid-19th century and become the Liberal
Party.
辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的
人。辉格党人在
19
世纪
中叶与持不同
意见的托利党人组成联盟，建立自由党。
The
Tories
were
those
who
supported
hereditary
monarchy
and
were
reluctant
to
remove
kings. The Tories
were the forerunners of the Conservative Party.
托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。托利党是保守党的前身。
I. Agricultural Changes in the
Late 18th Century
18
世纪末的农业革命
During
the
late
18th
and
early
19th
centuries,
the
“open
-
field”
system
e
nded
when
the
Enclosure Act was passed. The movement
lasted for centuries. Agricultural enclosure had
good as
well as bad results:
18
世纪末、
19
世纪初的农业革命期间，随着《圈地法》的颁布，传统的
“
开放
田地
”
制
结束。圈地运动持续了将近一
个多世纪。农业圈地运动的利弊共存：
（
1
）
Farms became bigger and bigger units as
the great bought up the small;
由于大农场兼并了小农场，规模越来越大；
（
2
）
More vegetables, more milk and more
dairy produce were consumed, and diet became more
varied;
人们消费的蔬菜，牛奶及奶制品越来越多，饮食种类愈加丰富；
（
3
）
Enclosure was a disaster for the
tenants evicted from their lands by the
enclosures. These
peasant
farmers
were
forced
to
look
for
work
in
towns.
Enclosure
led
to
mass
emigration,
particularly to
the New World;
圈地对佃家而言是场灾难，
他们被赶
出土地，
被迫到城镇找工作。
圈地运动导致了大规
模的移民，尤其是移民至新大陆。
（
4
）
A new class hostility was introduced
into rural relationships.
农村关系中产生了新的阶级对立。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十一）
II. The Industrial Revolution (1780-183
0)
工业革命（
1780-1830
）
1
．
The
industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation
of industry and the consequent changes in
social and economic organization in
Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
工业革命指的是
17
世纪末、
18
世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导
致的社会结
构和经济结构的变化。
2
．
Britain was the
first country to industrialize because of the
following factors:
英国成为第一个工业化的国家，原因如下：
(1)
Favourable
geopraphical
location.
Britain
was
well
placed
geographically
to
participate
in
European and world trade;
优越的
地理位置：英国地理位置优越，适合参与欧洲与世界贸易；
(2)
Political
stability.
Britain
had
a
peaceful
society,
which,
after
the
17th
century,
was
increasingly
interested
in
overseas
trade
and
colonies.
International
trade
brought
wealth
to
merchants
and
city
bankers.
They
and
those
who
had
done
well
out
of
new
farming
methods
provided capital in
large quantities for industralization.
政治局
面稳定。
17
世纪后的英国社会宁静，对海外贸易和殖民地兴趣
日增。国际贸易
给商人和城市银行家带来财富，
他们加上由于新
农作法而发家的人们为工业化提供了大笔资
金。
(3) The limited monarchy which resulted
from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 ensured that
the
powerful
economic
interests
in
the
community
could
exert
their
influence
over
Government
policy.
1688
年光荣革命限制了君主的权力，这使得强大的经济利益集团
能对政府政策施加影
响。
(4)
It
was a country
in which
the main towns were never too far from seaports,
or from rivers,
which could distribute
their products.
英国的主要城镇皆靠近海港或河流，货物运送便利。
(5) Britain had many rivers, which were
useful for transport but also for water and steam
power.
Britain also had useful mineral
resources.
英国许多河流不仅用于交通，还提供水力及蒸汽动力。英国还
有可用的矿产资源。
(6) British
engineers had sound training as craftsmen.
英国工程师为训练有素的手工艺人。
(7) The inventors were respected. They
solved practical problems.
发明家受人尊重，他们解决了实际难题。
(8) Probably laissez faire and
“Protestant work ethic” helped.
自由贸易及
“
新教工作伦理
”
可能起到一定作用
(9)
England,
Scotland,
and Wales
formed
a
customs
union
after
1707
and
this
included
Ireland
after 1807. So the
national market was not hindered by internal
customs barriers.
1707
年后，英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士形成海关协会，
1807
年后爱
尔兰加入。因此，全
国市场不再受制于国内海关的约束。
(10) The enclosures and other
improvements in agriculture made their
contributions by providing
food for the
rising population, labour for the factories, and
some of the raw materials needed by
industry.
圈地运动和其它农业改良为增加的
人口提供了粮食，
为工厂提供了劳动力，
为工业提供
了所需的一些原材料。
3
．
Typical
examples of the inventions during the Industrial
Revolution
工业革命中一些重大创新
(1)
John Kay’s flying shuttle in 1733;
1733
年，约翰凯的飞梭；
(2) James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny in
1766;
1766
年詹姆士哈格里夫斯詹妮纺纱机；
(3)
Ri
chard Arkwright’s waterframe in
1769;
1769
年理查
德阿克赖特的水力纺织机；
(4)
Samuel Crompton’s mule in 1779
1779
年塞缪尔克朗普顿的走绽纺纱机；
(5) Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in
1784;
1784
年爱德蒙卡特莱特发明的力织机；
(6) James
Watt’s steam engine in 1765.
1765
年詹姆斯瓦特的高效蒸汽机。
4
．
Consequences of
the industrial Revolution
工业革命的结果
（
1
）
Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of
the world”;
使英国在
1
830
年成为了
“
世界工场
”
；
（
2
）
Towns grew rapidly and became the
source of the nation’s wealth.
城镇迅速兴起，成为国家财富的源泉。
（
3
）
Mechanization destroyed the livelihood
of those who could not invest in it . The working
men worked and lived in a appalling
conditions.
机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们的生活。工人们在极其恶劣
的条件下劳动与生活。
（
4
）
The industrial revolution created the
industrial working class, the proletariat, and it
later led
to trade unionism.
工业革命产生了工人阶级，即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十二）
III. The Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
宪章运
动（
1836-1848
）
1. Reasons for parliamentary reforms.
议会改革的原因
(1) Power
was monopolized by the aristocrats.
权力被贵族垄断。
(2)
Representation of town and country, and North and
South was unfair.
议会中城镇和农村，北方和南方的代表分配极不公平。
(3) There were also various so-called
rotten or pocket boroughs.
还有各种称之为腐败选区或口袋选区。
2
．
Three Reform
Bills(1832-1884)
三个改革法案
Between
1832 and 1884 three Reform Bills were passed.
1832
年至
1884
年间通过了三个改革法案。
a)
The
Reform
Act
of
1832
(also
called
the
“Greater
Charter
of
1832)
abolished
“rotten
boroughs”,
and
redistributed
parliamentary
seats
more
fairly
among
the
growing
towns.
It
also
gave the vote to many householders and
tenants, based on the value of their property.
1832
年的《改革法案》
（也称为
1832
年的大宪章）废除了
“
腐败选区
”
；在新兴城镇中
较为公平地重新分配了议席；以财产价值为基础赋予许多屋主和佃家选举权。
b)
The New Poor
Law
of
1834
forced
the
poor
people
into
work
houses
instead
of
giving
them sufficient money to survive
in their own homes.
1834
年的新济贫法强迫穷人进工厂，而没有给他们足够的钱在自己的家里谋生。
3
．
A People’s
Charter
人民宪章
There was
widespread dissatisfaction with the Reform Act of
1832 and the New Poor Law. In
1836,
a
group
of
skilled
workers
and
small
shopkeepers
formed
the
London
Working
Men’s
Association.
They drew up a
charter of political demands (a People’s Charter)
in 1838, with the
intention of
presenting it to Parliament. It had six points:
(1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting
by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral
districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications
for members of
Parliament; (5)payment
of members of Parliament; (6)annual Parliaments,
with a General Election
every June.
1832
年的《改革法案》和《新济贫法》引起了普遍不满。
1836
年，一群技术工人和小
店主组成伦敦
工人协会。
他们于
1838
年起草了有
关政治要求的宪章
（人民宪章）
，
想把
它呈
送给议会。宪章有六点内容：
（
1
）所有成年男子都有选举权；
（
2
）进行无记名投票；
（
3
< br>）划
分认输相等的选区；
（
4<
/p>
）废除议员的财产资格要求；
（
5
）议员应有报酬；
（
6
）议会每年六月
进行大选。
4
．
Results of the
Chartist Movement
宪章运动的结果。
Chartism failed because of its weak and
divided leadership, and its lack of coordination
with
trade-unionism. The working class
still immature, without the leadership of a
political party armed
with
correct
revolutionary
theory.
The
Chartist
movement
was,
however,
the
first
nationwide
working class movement and drew
attention to serious problems. The 6 points were
achieved very
gradually over the period
of 1858-1918, although the sixth has never been
practical. Lenin said
that
Chartism
was
“the
first
broad,
really
mass,
politically
form
ed,
proletarian
revolutionary
movement.”
由于领
导层的软弱和分歧，
由于缺少与工会的协调，
宪章运动失败了。
当时的工人阶级
还未成熟，
没有正确的
革命理论武装的政党领导。
但是，
宪章运动是第一次全国范围的
工人
阶级运动，
引起了对许多严重问题的关注。在
1858
至
1918
年间，
六项要求逐渐达到，尽管
第六项从未成为现实。列宁说宪章运动是
“
第一个广泛的、真正群众参与的，有政治组织形
式的无产阶
级革命运动。
”
II.
Colonial Expansion
殖民地扩张
1. The
growth of dominions
自治领的兴起
English
colonial
expansion
began
with
the
colonization
of
Newfoundland
in
1583.
Encouraged
by
Britain’s
control
of
the
seas,
especially
by
the
rising
tide
of
emigration,
British
colonialists stepped up their expansion
to Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, in the late
18th
and the early 19th centuries. By
1900, Britain had built up a big empire, “on which
the sun never
set”.
It
consisted
of
a
vast
number
of
protectorates,
Crown
colonies,
spheres
of
influence,
and
self-g
overning dominions. It
included 25% of the world’s population and
area.
英国殖民扩张开始于
1583
年纽芬兰的殖民化。在
18
世纪末、
19
世纪初，英国在海上
的称霸，
尤其是移民浪潮的高涨，
鼓舞了英国殖民者，
加速他们的扩张到加拿大、
澳大利亚、
新西
兰。到
1900
年英国已建立了
“
日不落
”
的大英帝国，包括受保护国、英国
殖民地、势力
范围和自治领，占世界人口与面积的
25%
。
Canada was
ceded to Britain by the 1763 Treaty of Paris.
French rights were guaranteed by
the
Quebec Act of 1774. The Canada Act of 1791 divided
Canada into Upper Canada where the
British had settled, and Lower Canada
populated by the French. The British North America
Act of
1867 established Canada as a
dominion.
1763
年签订的《巴黎条约》将加
拿大割让给英国。
1774
年的《魁北克法》保证了法国
的权益。之后，
1791
年《加拿大法》把加
拿大分为上加拿大和下加拿大，前者是英国人的
定居地，后者是法国人的居住点。
1867
年《英国北美法案》确定加拿大为自治领。
< br>
English began to transport
convicts to Australia in 1788. Free settlement
began in 1816, and
no convicts were
sent to Australia after 1840. The gold rushes
(1851-1892) brought more people
to
Australia,
and
in
1901
the
six
self-governing
were
united
in
one
dominion-the
independent
Commonwealth of Australia.
178
8
年英国人开始把囚犯流放到澳大利亚。
1816
年开始可以自由定居，
1840
年后囚犯
不再流放到澳大利亚。
1851
年至
1892
年的淘金热使更多的人拥到澳洲。
1901
年，
六个自治
领统一为一个自治领
—
澳大利亚独立联邦。
New Zealand became a separate colony of
Britain in 1841, achieved self-government in 1852,
became
a
dominion
under
the
British
crown
in
1907
and
was
made
completely
independent
in
4
1
年新西
兰成为独立殖民地，
1852
年实现自治，
1907
年成为英皇属下的自治领，
1931
年完全独立。
1.
The Conquest of India
征服印度
The
establishment of British East India Company
established in 1600 was a case of economic
penetration. By 1819 the British
conquest of most India was almost complete. After
the muting of
Bengal army in 1857, the
control of India passed to the British Crown and
Queen Victoria became
Empress of India
in 1877.
1600
年英国东印度公司的建立堪
称典型的经济渗透。
到
1819
年英国
对印度的征服已基
本完成。
1857
年
东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后，
1858
年印度
改由英国君主
统治。
1877
年维多利
来女王正式成为印度女皇。
2. The Scramble
for Africa
对非洲的掠夺
At
the
beginning
of
the
19th
century
British
possessions
were
confined
to
forts
and
slave
trading
posts
on
the
west
coast.
Over
the
19th
century
the
interior
of
Africa
was
gradually
discovered and
colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the
race. Apart from the colonies in
the
South and West, Britain was also involved in the
North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19<
/p>
世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。
整个
19
世纪欧洲人逐渐发
现并殖民了非洲内陆
。
在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。
除了不断扩张的南部
和西部
殖民地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和苏丹。
3. Aggression against China
侵略中国
In
1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and
China. Since then, Britain gradually
invaded many coastal areas and imposed
a series of unequal treaties upon China.
1840
年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了
中国的许多沿海城市，
并签定了一系列不平等条约。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十四）
VI. Twentieth Century
二十世纪
1. Britain
and the First World War
英国和第一次世界大战
The
Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily
between two European Power blocs:
“the
Central power”. Germany and
Austria
-
Hungary, and the
“Allies”, Britain, France and Russia.
During
the
war,
the
Britain
lost
much.
Apart
from
the
loss
of
manpower,
there
had
been
considerable
disruption
of
the
economy
and
society.
Out
of
the
war
settlement
came
the
establishment of the
league of Nations.
第一次世界大战是从
1914
年至
1918
年，
战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：
“
同盟国
”
，
包括德国和奥匈帝国，和
“<
/p>
协约国
”
，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一
战中英国损失惨重。除了
劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定阶段国
际联盟成立。
3. Britain and the
Second World War
英国与第二次世界大战
(The Second World War was fought from
1939 to 1945. Britain declared war on Germany in
1939. German bombing raids destroyed
many cities in England. Britain was great
impoverished
by the war)
As
Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their
aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain,
the Prime Minister, found his policy of
appeasement of German aggress
更多的人拥到澳洲。<
/p>
1901
年，六个自治领统一为一个自治领
—
澳大利亚独立联邦。
New
Zealand became a separate colony of Britain in
1841, achieved self-government in 1852,
became a dominion under the British
crown in 1907 and was made completely independent
in
1841
年新西兰成为独立殖民地，
1852
年实现自治，
1907
年成为英皇属下的自治领，
1931
年完全独
立。
1. The Conquest of India
征服印度
The establishment of British East India
Company established in 1600 was a case of economic
penetration. By 1819 the British
conquest of most India was almost complete. After
the muting of
Bengal army in 1857, the
control of India passed to the British Crown and
Queen Victoria became
Empress of India
in 1877.
1600
年英国东印度公司的建立堪
称典型的经济渗透。
到
1819
年英国
对印度的征服已基
本完成。
1857
年
东印度公司孟加拉军队的当地士兵发动兵变后，
1858
年印度
改由英国君主
统治。
1877
年维多利
来女王正式成为印度女皇。
2. The Scramble
for Africa
对非洲的掠夺
At
the
beginning
of
the
19th
century
British
possessions
were
confined
to
forts
and
slave
trading
posts
on
the
west
coast.
Over
the
19th
century
the
interior
of
Africa
was
gradually
discovered and
colonized by Europeans. Britain led the way in the
race. Apart from the colonies in
the
South and West, Britain was also involved in the
North East in Egypt and the Sudan.
19<
/p>
世纪初英国的占领地局限于西海岸的堡垒和奴隶交易点。
整个
19
世纪欧洲人逐渐发
现并殖民了非洲内陆
。
在这场瓜分竞赛中英国占了较大的优势。
除了不断扩张的南部
和西部
殖民地后，英国又凯觎东北的埃及和苏丹。
3. Aggression against China
侵略中国
In
1840, the Opium War broke out between Britain and
China. Since then, Britain gradually
invaded many coastal areas and imposed
a series of unequal treaties upon China.
1840
年英国对中国发动了鸦片战争。从那时起，英国逐渐侵略了
中国的许多沿海城市，
并签定了一系列不平等条约。
英语国家概况精讲系列（十四）
VI. Twentieth Century
二十世纪
1. Britain and the First World War
英国和第一次世界大战
The
Word War I was fought from 1914 to 1918 primarily
between two European Power blocs:
“the
Central power”. Germany and
Austria
-
Hungary, and the
“Allies”, Britain, France and R
ussia.
During
the
war,
the
Britain
lost
much.
Apart
from
the
loss
of
manpower,
there
had
been
considerable
disruption
of
the
economy
and
society.
Out
of
the
war
settlement
came
the
establishment of the
league of Nations.
第一次世界大战是从
1914
年至
1918
年，
战争主要在两大欧洲集团间进行：
“
同盟国
”
，
包括德国和奥匈帝国，和
“<
/p>
协约国
”
，包括英国、法国和俄罗斯。一
战中英国损失惨重。除了
劳动力损失，还有巨大的经济与社会瓦解。在战后的安定阶段国
际联盟成立。
3. Britain and the
Second World War
英国与第二次世界大战
(The Second World War was fought from
1939 to 1945. Britain declared war on Germany in
1939. German bombing raids destroyed
many cities in England. Britain was great
impoverished
by the war)
As
Adolf Hitler and Nazism showed off their
aggressive momentum in Europe, Chamberlain, the
Prime Minister, found his policy of
appeasement of German aggression was no longer
tenable, and
was forced to declare war
on Germany on September 3,1939.
第二次
世界大战是从
1939
年至
1945<
/p>
年，
当阿道夫希特勒及纳粹主义显示他们对欧洲的
侵略意图时，首相张伯伦发现他对德国倾略所采取的绥靖政策已站不住脚，被迫于
1939
年
9
月
3
日对德宣战。
4.
Postwar Britian
战后的英国
At
the
general
eiection
of
1945
Winston
Churchill
was
heavily
electorate
returned a Labour
government. The war hastened
(
加快
) the end of Britain’s
empire and its former
colonies won
independence one after another. Brtain joined in
several wars against other countries.
The 1960s were the Swinging Sixties(
摇摆的
60
年代
)<
/p>
，
the permissive age
(
宽容的时代
). The
foundations of the welfare state
(
福利国家
) was laid in these
years. In the 1980s, Mrs Thatcher
started the privatization policy.
Britain joined the European Economic Community
in1973.)
温斯顿。邱吉尔在
1945
年的大选中惨败。全体选民选举了工党政府。战争加快了大英
帝国的灭亡，她的殖民地相继独立。英国参与了与其他国家的几个站长。
196
0
年是摇摆的
60
年代，性解放的年代
。
在这些年中已发展成为一个福利国家。
20
< br>世纪
80
年代，撒切尔开
始了她
的私有化政策。
1973
年，英国加入欧共体。
(1) One of the most
far-
reaching consequences of the War
was that it hastened the end of Britain’s
empire.
二战最为深远的结果之一是加速了大英帝国的瓦解。
(2) In 1952 Princess Elizabeth was
crowned Queen Elizabeth II. Many people through
television
saw the ceremony.
1952
年伊莉莎白公主加冕成为伊莉莎白女王二世。新发明的电视
使许多人看到了加冕
仪式的过程。
(4) In January 1973, Britain became a
full member of the European Economic Community
which
was still called the Common
Market in 1973. Britain witnessed the first oil
embargo in 1973.
1973
年
1
月，英国终于成为欧洲经济共同体的正式成员国。
1973
年仍称为共同市场。
1973
年英国经历了第一次石油禁运。
(5)
Thatcherism
撒切尔主义
Thatcherism referred to the policies
put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman
prime
minister in England in 1979. The
main contents of her policies included the
①
return to private
ownership of state-owned industries,
②
the use of monetarist
policies to control inflation,
③
the
weakening of
trade unions the strengthening of the role of
market forces in the economy, and
③
an
emphasis on
law and order. To some extent her program was
successful and she led one of the
most
remarkable periods in the British economy. She
resigned (
辞职
) in 1990.
1979
年玛格丽特
.
撒切尔成为英国第一任女首相。她提出的政策被为
“
撒切尔
主义
”
。其
内容包括国有工业私有化，
采用货币主义政策以控制通货膨胀，
削弱工会的影响，
加强市场
因素在经济中的作用，强调法律和秩序。
在一定程度上讲，她的计划是成功的。她领导英国
经济度过了一段最繁华的时期之一。
1990
年她辞职。
第七章
Government and Administration
英国政府机构
The
United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the
head of state is a king or a queen. The
United Kingdom is governed, in the name
of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s
G
overnment.
The
System
of
parliamentary
government
is
not
based
on
a
written
constitution,
the
British
constitution is not
set out in any single document. It is made up of
statute law, common law and
conventions. The Judiciary determines
common law and interprets statutes.
联合王
国是君主立宪制国家
,
国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君
的名义
,
由国王或
女王陛下政府治理。
英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪
法
,
英国宪法不由单一文件构成
,
而由成
文法
,
习惯法和惯例组成。
司法部门裁
定习惯法或解释
成文法。
Constitutional monarchy
君主立宪制
The British
monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It
means the monarchy’s power
are
limited
by
law
and
Parliament.
The
monarchy
actually
has
no
ral
power.
Constitutional
monarchy
began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.
英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律
和议会。君主立宪制是从
1688
年的光荣革命后开始
。
<
br>下院议员由成人普选产生，共有
．
The
Monarchy
君主制
eth
II, her title in the United Kingdom is
“Eliz
abeth the Second, by the Grace of
God of
the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms
and Territories,
Queen, Head of the
Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.
伊莉莎
白二世，她的全称是
“
伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联
合王国以及她的
其他领土和领地的上帝之恩典，女王，英联邦元首，共同信仰的保护者。
”
Queen is the
symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of
the executive, an integral
part of the
legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-
in-chief of all the armed forces and
the
“supreme
governor”
of
the
Church
of
England.
She
gives
Royal
Assent
to
Bills
passed
by
parliament.
女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲，
她是行政首脑，立法机构的组成部分，司法首脑，全
国武装部队总司令，
英国国教
“
至高无上
”
的领袖。
她任命首相和重要的政府官员。
对议
会通
过的法案给予御准。
III
．
Parliament
议会
United
Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state.
Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the
House of Lords and the House of
Commons.
英国是中央集权国家，而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主，上议
院和下议院组成。
main functions of
Parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide,
by voting for taxation, the
means
of
carrying
on
the
work
of
government;
(3)
to
examine
government
Policy
and
administrations,
including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to
debate the major issues of the day.
议会的
主要作用是：
（
1
）通过立法；
（
2
）投票批准税为政府工作提供资金；
（
3
）检查政
府政
策和行政管理，包括拨款提议；
（
4
）
当天的议题辩论。
The House of Lords
上院
The House
of
Lords
is
made
up of
the
Lords
Spiritual and
the
Lords
Lords
Spiritual
are
the
Archbishops
of
Canterbury
and
Yord
and
24
senior
bishops
of
the
Church
of
Lords
Temporal
consist
of
1)
all
hereditary
peers
and
peeresses
of
England,Scotland,Great
Britain
and
the
United
Kingdom(but
not
peers
of
Ireland);2)life
peers
created
to
assist
the
House
in
its
judicial
duties;3)all
other
life
main
function
of
the
House of Lords is to bring the wide
experience of its members into the process of law-
making.
上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。神职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及<
/p>
24
名高级主教。
世俗议员包括
1
）
所有英，
苏，
大不列颠及联合王国的世袭贵族，
女贵族
（
但不包括爱尔兰）
；
2
）协助议院司法
工作的终身贵族；
3
）
其他终身贵族。
上院的主要作用就是集中议员集体经
验智慧制定法律。
The House of Commons
下院
The House of
Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and
consists of 651 Members
of
Parliament
(MPs).It
is
in
the
House
of Commons
that
the
ultimate
authority
for
law-making
resides.
651
名议员。最高立法
权掌握在下院手中。
1
）
Parliamentary Electoral
System
议会选举制
A
General
Election
must
be
held
every
five
years
and
is
often
held
at
more
frequent
h citizens,together
with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and
citizens of
the Irish Republic resident
in Britain,may vote provided they are 1)aged 18 or
over,2)included in
the
annual
register
of
electors
for
the
constituency,and
3)not
subject
to
any
disqualification.A
candidate must deposit 500 pound.
大选每
5
年一次，且经常不足
5
年就举行。英国公民包括其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔
兰共
和国在英国的居民都有选举权。
选举条件
1
）
18
或
18
以上，
2
）
选区全体选民的每年选
民登记册上登记注册者
3
）有资格参选者。候选人必须交纳
500
英镑保证
金。
2
）
The Political
Party System
政党体制
Since 1945 either the Conservative
Party or the Labour Parth has held power.
< br>自
1945
年以来，一直由保守党或工党轮流执政。
Chapter 9
第九章
Social Affairs
英国社会
III.
Religion
宗教
1.
Everyone in Britain has the right to religious
freedom with out interference from the community
or the State. (He may believe in any
church or none at all.) He may change his religion
at will may
manifest his faith in
teaching, worship and observance. Except that the
Lord Chancellor may be a
Roman
Catholic, public offices are open without
distinction to members of all churches or none.
在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。他可以随意改变宗教信仰，
可以在布道，
礼拜和仪式中表明他的信仰。
除
了大法官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，
公共职务
对各种信仰或没有
信仰的人一律公开。
2. Established
churches
国教
There
are two established church in Britain: in England
the church of England and in Scotland the
(Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.
英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会（长老教）
< br>。
3. Church of England is
uniquely related to the Crown in that the
Sovereign must be a member of
that
Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church
is also linked with the State through the
House of loads. The church of England
is not free to change its form of worship, as laid
down in
the Book of Common Prayer
without the consent of Parliament.
英格兰
国教与君主有独特的联系。因为君主作为
“
国教的捍卫者
”
必须是此教会的一员，
他在登基时必须承诺
维持国教。
国教还通过上议院与国家联系起来。
没有议会同意，
英格兰
教会不可随意改变
“
国教祈祷书
”
中规定的礼拜仪式。
4. The government of the Church of
Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by
ministers and
elders,
all
of
whom
are
ordained
to office.
The
Monarch
is
normally
represented
at
the
general
assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.
苏格兰教的管理时长老制，
也就是由教士和长老治理。
他们被授予圣职，
王室高级代表
通常代表君主光临会
议。
5. Unestablished churches
非国教教会
There
are
include:
the
Anglican
Churches(
圣公会
)
，
the
Free
Churches(
自由教
会
)
；
(the
largest of the Free Churches
–
the Methodist Church
最大的自由教会
—
卫理公会
)
，
the Roman
Catholic
Church
（罗马天主教）
。
IV
. Festival and Public
Holidays
节假日
ian festivals
基督教节日
The
Christian festival of the year and Christmas,
Easter, and Whit Sunday.
其主要的节日有圣诞节，复活节，圣灵降临节
Christmas
day,
December
25th,
celebrates
the
birth
of
Christ,
and
it
is
the
greatest
of
Christian
festivals.
Easter
celebrates
the
Resurrection
(
复活
)
of
Christ.
Easter
is
traditionally
associated with the eating Easter
Sunday (
圣灵节
) celebrates the
coming of the Holy
Spirit to Christ’s
apostles seven days after his death, and it is on
the seventh Sunday after Easter.
圣
诞节，
12.25
，纪念耶稣的诞生，是最
盛大的基督教节日。复活节是庆祝基督的复活。
复活节有吃复活节彩蛋的习惯。
圣灵节是庆祝基督去世
7
周后，
重新降临到他的使徒们中间，
在复活节后第
7
个周日。
festivals
其他节日
Br
itain’s other festivals
include New Year’s Day, Gy Fawkes Day
(
篝火节
), April Fools
Day
（愚人节）
, Mother’s Day and
the Remembrance Day (Armistice Day)
英语国家概况精讲系列（二十七）
Chapter 10
第十章
The education
system in Britain
1.
primary education
初等教育，小学教育
Primary
education is
compulsory(
义务教育
) in Britain.
It begins at five in Great Britain and
four in Northern Ireland. All children
have to attend primary school and they finish
their primary
education at the age of
11. In addition to the many state primary
schools(
公立小学
) which do not
ask their pupils to pay fees, there are
also some fee-paying independent primary schools
(
收费的
私立小学
). The
most famous fee-paying primary schools are the
preparatory schools which admit
children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13
years old.
初等教育在英国是义务教育，大不列颠是从
5
岁开始，北爱尔兰是
4
岁。所有
的孩子
必须参加初等教育，并在
11
岁
完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外，也有一些收
费的私立小学。预备学校学生
的年龄通常为
7
岁以上到
11 12
13
岁。
ary
education
中等教育，中学教育
Secondary education in Britain is also
compulsory. All the children must receive
secondary
education
after
finishing
their
primary
education
at
the
age
of
eleven.
The
secondary
school
age-
range(
中学生的年龄段
)
is
from
11-18.
About
90
per
cent
of
the
state
secondary
school
population
in
Great
Britain
attend
comprehensive
ary
schools
include
comprehensive
schools
(
综合中学
),
secondary
modern
schools
(
现代中学
)
and
grammar
schools(
文法学校
).
They are state
schools
（公立学校）
。
中等教育在英国也是必须的，所有孩子必须在
11
< br>岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中
学生的年龄段从
11
-18
。大不列颠
90%
左右的国属中
等学校学生就读于综合中学。
education
高等教育，大学教育
There
are some 90 universities,including the Open
University. Most famous ones are Oxford
and
Cambridge.
There
is
also
the
Open
University
which
is
“open”
to
all
to
become
students,
mainly adult
students.
包括开放大学在内，英国共有
90
所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学，
即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。
2.
The Media
paper
报纸
British newspapers can be divided into
three kinds:quality newspapers(
高质量严肃报纸<
/p>
)
，
popular newspaper(
通俗报纸
)
，
and mid-
market newspapers(
中间市场报
)
。
y newspapers are
directed at readers who want full information on a
wide range of public
matters.
There
are
5
quality
dailies
(Financial
Times,
The
Daily
Telegraph,
The
Guardian,
The
Independent,
and
The
Times)
and
4
quality
Sundays
(Sunday
Telegraph,
The
Independent
on
Sunday, The Observer, and
The Sunday Times).
严肃报
纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。
共有
5
家严肃日报
（
《金融
时报》
、
《每日电讯报》
、
《卫报》
、
《独立报》
、
《泰晤士报》
）和
4
家严肃周日报（
《星期日电讯
报》
、
《星期日独立报》
、
《观察家》
、
《星期日泰晤士报》
）
ry newspapers appeal to people
wanting news of a more entertaining character,
presented
more concisely. There are 3
popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The
Sun) and 3 popular
Sundays(News of the
world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).
通俗报
纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。
共有
3
家通俗日报
（
《每
日镜报》
、
《晨星报》
、
《太阳报》
）和
3
家通
俗周日报（
《世界新闻报》
、
《星期日
镜报》
、
《人民
报》
< br>）
The BBC(the British
Broadcasting
Corporation
英国广播公司
) and its
programs
BBC
is
the
largest
and
dominant
broadcasting
corporation
in
Britain.
BBC
World
Service
broadcasts international news worldwide
in 38 other languages. The BBC is state-
run
（国营）
and
it is
financed from the sales of television
licences(
出售电视收视证
).
BBC
是英国最大的和独立的广播公司。
BBC
国际广播电台用英语和其他
38
种语言播
放全球范围的国际新闻。国营的
BBC
的资金来
源于收视许可证的销售。
BBC
Network
Radio
serves
（广播网）
an
audience
of
30
million
a
week
in
Britain,
broadcasting around 38,000 hours of
programmes each year on its 5 networks.
BBC
广播网在英国每周就有
3
千万
听众，每年在
5
个广播网上播送节目约
38000
个小
时。
.
Sports
体育运动
1.
Many
international
sports
were
introduced
by
the
British
who
take
their
leisure
time
very
seriously. There is widespread
participation in sport in Britain.
英国人
很重视休闲时光，
许多国际体育项目是由他们推广开来的，
在英
国，
人们广泛参
与体育活动。
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