英语各种主义集合及名词解释

英语各种主义集合及名词解释

2

Abrahami

the monotheistic Abrahamic religions, considered collectively.

sm

？

Agnostic

1.

The view that absolute truth or ultimate certainty is unattainable, especially

regarding knowledge not based on experience or perceivable phenomena.

ism

2.

The view that the existence of God or of all deities is unknown, unknowable,

unproven, or unprovable.

, uncertainty, or scepticism regarding the existence of a god or gods.

4.(by extension) Doubt, uncertainty, or scepticism regarding any subject of dispute.

Atomism

1.(

philosophy

) The ancient Greek theory that all matter is composed of very small

indestructible and indivisible particles.

2.(

philosophy

) The doctrine that society arises from individuals and that larger

structures are unimportant.

Buddhism

The religion and philosophy founded by the Nepalese teacher Gautama Buddha.

Communis

1

m

2

3

The ideology of political parties that use the term

Communist

in their

names, usually Marxist and Leninist.

The socio-economic system based on such parties' ideologies.

(

US

,

informal

) A state of affairs perceived as oppressive, overly arbitrary,

or totalitarian.

Cartesia

Cartesianism is the name given to the philosophical doctrine (or school) of Ren

é

nism

Descartes.

Cartesians view the mind as being wholly separate from the corporeal body.

In general, Cartesian thought divides the world into three areas of existence:

?

that inhabited by the physical body (matter),

?

that inhabited by the mind, and

?

that inhabited by God.

Conserva

Conservatism as a political and social philosophy promotes retaining traditional

social institutions in the context of the culture and civilization. Some

tism

conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and

continuity, while others, called reactionaries, oppose modernism and seek a

return to

”

Cosmopol

Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human ethnic groups belong to a single

itanism

community based on a shared morality. A person who adheres to the idea of

cosmopolitanism in any of its forms is called a cosmopolitan or cosmopolite.

Creation

Creationism is the belief that the Universe and Life originate

of divine creation.

ism

Catholic

Catholicism is used as a broad term for describing specific traditions in the

Christian churches in theology, doctrine, liturgy, ethics, and spirituality.

ism

Darwinis

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and

others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural

m

selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to

compete, survive, and reproduce.

Dialecti

Dialectic (also dialectics and the dialectical method), from Ancient Greek

c

διαλεκτικ?

, is a method of argument for resolving disagreement that has been

central to European and Indian philosophy since antiquity.

3

Dualism

Dualism (from the Latin word

duo

meaning

[1]

denotes the state of two

parts. The term 'dualism' was originally coined to denote co-eternal binary

opposition, a meaning that is preserved in metaphysical and philosophical duality

discourse but has been more generalized in other usages to indicate a system

which contains two essential parts.

Dogmatis

m

？

Deconstr

Deconstruction (French:

d

é

constr uction

) is a form of philosophical and literary

uction

analysis derived principally from Jacques Derrida's 1967 work

Of

Grammatology

.

Existent

Existentialism is a term applied to the work of certain late 19th- and

[2][3][4]

ialism

20th-century philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,

shared the belief that philosophical thinking begins with the human subject

—

not

merely the thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living human individual.

[

Environm

Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement

entalism

regarding concerns for environmental protection and improvement of the health

of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to

incorporate the concerns of non- human elements.

Egoism

Ethical egoism is the normative ethical position that moral agents ought to do

what is in their own self-interest. It differs from psychological egoism, which

claims that people can only act in their self-interest. Ethical egoism also differs

from rational egoism, which holds that it is rational to act in one's self- interest.

Egotism

Egotism is the drive to maintain and enhance favorable views of oneself, and

generally features an inflated opinion of one's personal features and importance.

It often includes intellectual, physical, social and other over estimations.

[

Expressi

Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting,

originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.

onism

Epicurea

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of the ancient

Greek philosopher Epicurus, founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic

nism

materialist, following in the steps of Democritus.

Esoteric

Esotericism (or esoterism) signifies the holding of esoteric opinions or beliefs,

[1]

that is, ideas preserved or understood by a small group of those specially

ism

initiated, or of rare or unusual interest.