-
Chapter 1
The Basic
Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1
、
The Definition
of a Word
Lexicology focuses on the
study of meanings and origins of words.
According to
semanticists
（语义学家）
, a word
is a unit of meaning.
A word is a
minimal
（最小的）
free
form of a language that has a given sound, meaning
and syntactic
function
（句法功能）
.
2
、
Vocabulary
All the words in a language make up
what is generally known as its vocabulary.
3
、
Sound and
Meaning
The relationship between sound
and meaning is no logic
4
、
Sound and Form
There was more agreement between sound
and form in Old English than in Modern English.
With the development of the language,
more and more differences arose between sound and
form.
5
、
Classification
of Words
No.
1
Classification
Exam
ple
Notes
By
Basic
Word Stock
The basic word stock forms
the common core
（共合）
of the
use frequency
（基本词汇）
language.
Pronouns
（
代
词
）
and
numerals
are
semantically
monosemous
（单一的）
and fairly limited in the respect of
productivity
（多产性）
an
d collocability
（搭配性）
.
The
most
important
feature
of
the
basic
word
stock
is
all
national character.
Nonbasic
Vocabulary
Archaisms
< br>（古词语）：
thou
Neologisms
（新词）：
AIDS
Argot
（黑话）：
persuader( means dagger)
Technical Terms
2
By notion
Content
Words
（实义词）
（有无实义）
Functional
Words
3
B
y Origin
Native Words
B
orrowed Words
Denizens
（同代词）：
port
、
s
hirt
Aliens
（非同代词）：
dé
cor
Translation
Loans
（译借词）
:
lama
（喇嘛）
4
By Morphology
Simple Words
（形态）
Compounds and Derived Words
6
、简答
（
1
）、
What
is
the
relationship
between
sound
and
meaning?
Give
examples
to
illustrate
it.
The
relationship between sound and meaning is
arbitrary and conventional. In different
languages, the same concept
can be shown by different sounds.
“
Woman
”
, for example,
becomes
“
Frau
”
in German,
“
Femme
”
in French and
“
fu
nv
”
in Chinese. On the other
hand,
the
same
sound
[mi:t]
is
used
to
mean
“
meet,
meat,
mete
”
,
denoting
different
things.
（
2
）、
What are the four
major reasons for the differences between sound
and form?
The first reason (he internal reason)
is that there are more phonemes
（音素）
than letters
in
English.
Another
reason
is
that
the
pronunciation
has
changed
more
rapidly
than
spelling over the years. The third
reasons that some of the differences more created
by
the early scribes. The
fourth reason is the borrowing.
（
3
）、
How are
words classified in the course book?
Words can be
classified by different criteria and for different
purposes. Words may fall
into: the basic word stock and nonbasic
vocabulary by use frequency; content words and
functional words by notion;
native words and borrowed words by origin; simple
words,
compounds and
derived words by morphology.
（
4
）、<
/p>
What is the difference between denizens
and aliens?
Denizens are words borrowed early in
the past and now are well
assimilated
（完全同化）
into
the
English
language.
But
aliens
are
borrowed
words
which
have
retained
their
original pronunciation and spelling.
These words are immediately recognizable as
foreign
in origin.
Chapter 2
The Development of the English
Vocabulary
1
、
The Indo-
European Language Family
The
prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought
to be a highly inflected
（内部曲折
语）
language.
Group
Easter Set
(
东支
)
Western Set
（西支）
Classification
Including
Balto-Slavic
Prussian
、
Lithuanina
（立陶宛语）、
Czech
（捷克语）
Indo-Iranian
Persia
n
、
Bengali
（孟加拉）、
Hindi
、
Romany
Celtic
Hellenic
Italic
Germanic
S
cottish
、
Irish
、
Welsh
Greek
Five Romance languages:
Por
tuguese
、
Spanish
、<
/p>
French
、
Italian
、
Romanian
Four Northern European Languages
(Scandinavian languages):
Norwegian
（挪威语）、
Icelandic
（冰岛语）、
Danish
、
Swedish
German
、
D
utch
（荷兰语）、
Flemish
（佛兰芒语）、
English
2
、
Three Phases
of the Historical Development
The first
peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.
The second language known in English
was Latin of the Roman Legions.
（
1
）、
Old English
（
450-1150
）
In the
9
th
century England was
invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.
（
2
）、
Middle Engl
ish
（
1150-1500
）
The
French
influence
on
English
vocabulary
was
one
of
the
significant
points
of
the
Middle English period.
The
most
important
fact
of
the
Middle
English
period
was
the
steady
erosion
of
the
inflectional systems of Old
English.
（
3
）、
Modern English
（
1500-p
resent
）
In
the
early
period
of
Modern
English,
Europe
saw
a
new
upsurge
of
learning
ancient
Greek and Roman classics.
It is estimated that about one fourth
of modern English vocabulary has come from French.
3
、
Foreign
Elements in the English Vocabulary
In
earlier
stages
of
English,
Latin,
Greek,
French
and
Scandinavian
were
the
four
major
contributors.
The simultaneous existence of French,
Latin and English lasted for a century.
4
、
Modes of
Vocabulary Development
Modern English
vocabulary develops through three channels:
creation, semantic change
（旧
词新义）
and borrowing.
Creation is the most important way of
vocabulary expansion.
5
、简答
What are the characteristics of Old
English?
Old English
also
known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a
vocabulary
of about 50000 to
60000 words, which are almost
monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a
few
borrowings
from
Latin
and
Scandinavian.
Old
English
was
a
highly
inflected
language.
It
was
a
synthetic <
/p>
language
（综合性语言）
.
（
Modern
English
is
an
analytic
language
）
Chapter
3 Morphological Structure of English
Words
1
、
Morphemes
The minimal meaningful units in English
are known as morphemes
（词素）
.
2
、
Classifying
Morphemes
No.
1
Classification
Free
morpheme
Bound
morpheme
（粘着词素）
2
Inflectional
morpheme
（曲折词素）
3
On
a
semantic
and
syntactic
basis,
morphemes
can
fall
into
content/lexical and grammatical morphemes.
Grammatical
morpheme
Morphemes
are
abstract
units,
which
are
realized
in
speech
by
discrete
units
known
as
morphs.
Content
morpheme
（实义词素）
include two types: bound root and affix
are chiefly found in derived words
Notes
Derivational
morpheme
c
onfined to suffixes
function as grammatical markers
3
、
Morphs
（形素）
4
、
Allomorphs
（词素变体）
An allomorph refers to a member of a
set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.
5
、
Affix
No.
1
Classification
I
nflectional
affixes
Notes
according to the function
Derivational affixes
prefix
suffix
in
view of their distribution
（位置）
in the
words
Suffixes embrace both
derivational suffixes and
inflectional
suffixes.
2
6
、
A root is the
basic form of a word which cannot be further
analyzed without total loss of
identity.
7
、
简答
（
1<
/p>
）、
What is the difference
between free morphemes and bound morphemes?
Free morphemes which have complete
meanings in themselves and can be used as free
grammatical
units
in
sentences
are
independent
of
other
morphemes,
but
bound
morphemes
which
cannot
occur
as
separate.
Words
are
bound
to
other
morphemes
to form words or to perform a
particular grammatical function.
（
2
）、
What
is
the
difference
between
derivational
morphemes
and
inflectional
morphemes?
Derivational morphemes are used to
derive new words, but inflectional morphemes are
employed used to indicate
the syntactic
（句法）
relationship between
words and function
as
grammatical markers.
Chapter 4
Word Formatio
The most productive ways of creating
new words are affixation, compounding, and
conversion.
1
、
Affixation
According to the position:
Classification
Prefixation
Including
Negative Prefixes
（表示否定）
Reversative
/Privative
Prefixes
（表示逆反）
Suffixaion
(Noun Suffixes)
Example
Notes
u
ndemocratic,
Generally
speaking,
prefixes
do
disloyal
not
change
the
word-
class
of
the
base
but modify its
meaning
unlock
a
Deverbal
Noun Suffix
dismissal,
（动词变名词）
assistant
a
Denominal Noun Suffix
booklet,
（名词变名词）
hostess
The words created by
adding word forming or derivational affixes to
bases are called
derivatives.
2
、
Compounding
（复
合法）
Example:
workfare(work+welfare)
In
adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective
element cannot take inflectional suffixes.
Verb compounds are created either
though conversion or through back-formation.
3
、
Conversion
（转类法）
The conversion that
takes place between nouns and verbs is the most
productive.
The conversion of two
syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of
stress.
Nouns fully
converted from adjectives have all the
characteristics of nouns.
4
、
Blending
（拼缀法）
The
overwhelming majority of blends are nouns
5
、
Back-
formation
（逆身法）
Back-formation is considered to be the
opposite process of suffixation.
6
、简答
（
1
）、
What is the
main difference between prefixes and suffixes?
Unlike prefixes which primarily effect
a semantic modification of the base, suffixes
have only a small semantic
role, their primary function being to changes the
grammatical function of a
base, i.e. the change of the word class with a
slight
modification of meaning.
（
2
）、
What are
the three main features of compounds?
The
three main features of compounds are phonological
features, semantic features and
grammatical features. The word stress
of a compound usually occurs on the first element.
Each compound should
express a single idea just as one word. A compound
tends to play
a single
grammatical role in a sentence.
（
3
）、
What is
back-formation? What are the characteristics of
back-formation?
Back-formation
is
the
method
of
creating
words
by
removing
the
supposed
suffixes.
Words
created
through
back-formation
are
verbs.
Stylistically,
back-formed
words
are
largely informal and some of them have
not successfully gained currency.
（
4
）、
What is acronymy?
What is the difference between initialisms and
acrnyms?
Acronymy is the process of forming new
words by joining the initial letters of composite
names
of
social
and
political
organizations
or
phrases
used
as
technical
terms.
Words
formed in this way are called
initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are
pronounced letter by
letter, but acronyms are pronounced as
normal words
7
、论述题
Point out the formation of the
following words?
No.
1
Classification
Blending
Including
head+tail
head+head
Example
autocide(
automobile+suicide)
、
broasted
(broiled+roasted)
、
chunnel(ch
annel+tunnel)
comsat(communication+sate
llite)
、
telex(teleprinter+exc
hange)
、
Amerind(American+Indi
an)
、
sitcom(situation+comedy)
medicare(medical+care)
、
Eurasia(Europe+Asia)
、
a
utocamp(automobile+camp)
Bookmobile(boo
k+automobile)
、
workfare(work+
welfare) ,
tourmobile(tour+automobile)
head+word
word+tail
2
Clipping
（截短法）
Front
Clipping
quake(earthquake)
、<
/p>
copter(helicopter)
、
chute(parachute) ,
phone(telephone)
、
scope(telescope)
Back Clipping
memo(memorandu
m)
、
gent(gentleman)
、
fan(fanatic)
、
di
sco(discotheque)
Front and Back
Clipping
flu(influenza)
、
fridge(refrigerator)
Phrase Clipping pub(public
house)
、
zoo(zoological
garden)
、
pop(popular music)
3
Acronymy
Initialisms
VOA
、
BBC (British
Broadcasting Corporation)
、
（首字母拼音法）
（首字母缩略词）
UFO
(unidentified flying
object)
、
TB (tuberculosis)
(Depending on
Acronyms
NATO (the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization)
、
the pronunciation)
AIDS
(acquired immune deficiency
syndrome)
、
CORE
(Congress of Racial
Equality)
、
TEFL
(teaching English as a foreign
language)
、
1
、
“
Medicare
”
and
“
sitcom
”
are blends.
“
Medicare
”
is formed by
combining the head of
“
medic
al
’
and the word
“
car
e
”
, and
“
< br>sitcom
”
is formed by
combining the head of
“
situa
tion
”
and that of
“
comdey
’
.
2
、
”
Memo
”
and
“
flu
”
are clipped words.
“
Memo
”
is formed by clipping the lack of
“
memorandum
”
and
“
flu
”
is formed clipping the front and lack of
“
influenza
”
.
3
、
”
TB
”
and
“
NATO
”
are new words created through acronymy.
“
TB
”
from
“
tuberculosis
”
is an
initialism, while
“
NATO
”
from
“
the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
”
is an
acronym.
Chapter 5 Word Meaning and
Componential Analysis
（成份分析法）
1
、
Reference
Words are but symbols, many of which
have meaning only when they have acquired
reference.
2
、
Concept
（概念）
Meaning and concept are closely
connected but not identical.
Concept,
which is beyond language, is the result of human
cognition, reflecting the objective
world in the human mind.
3
、
Sense
Unlike reference, sense denotes the
relationships inside the language.
4
、
Motivation
（理据）
Motivation refers to the
connection between the linguistic symbol and its
meaning.
No.
Classification
Example
1
Onomatopoeic Motivation
crow by
cocks
、
quack by
ducks
、
trumpet by
elephants
、
（拟声理据）
buzz by
bees or flies
、
croak by
frogs
、
squeak by
mice
、
neigh by
horses
、
bleat by
goats
、
hiss by
snakes
、
roar by
lions and tigers
2
Morphological Motivation
hop
eful
、
useless
、
careful
（形态理据）
3
Semantic Motivation
（语音理据）
4
Etymological Motivation
（词源理据）
Mouth (the
mouth of a river)
pen
5
、
Types of
Meaning
No.
Classification
Notes
1
Grammatical Meaning
Lexical
meaning and grammatical meaning form the word
meaning.
Lexical
meaning
itself
embraces
two
components:
conceptual
meaning
and
associative meaning.
Lexical Meaning
Functional
words,
thought
having
little
lexical
meaning,
possess
strong
（词汇意义）
grammatical
meaning
whereas
content
words have
both
meanings,
and
their
lexical meanings are
prominent.
2
Conceptual
Meaning
There are few words with the
same conceptual meaning and the same stylistic
Associative Meaning
meaning.
（
1
）、
Conceptual Meaning and
Associative Meaning
No.
Classification
Example
Notes
1
、
Opposite to the
denotative meaning,
connotative meaning
refers to the overtones or
associations
suggested by the conceptual
meaning.
2
、
Connotative
meaning varies considerably
according
to culture, historical period, and the
experience of the individual.
1
Connotative Meaning
mother
、
home
（内涵意义）
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