chapter3 exercises词汇学练习

Chapter 3

Word Meaning and Semantic

Relations

1. What is semantics?

2. What is to be understood by

meaning?

3. Fill in the blanks with proper terms in the following sentences.

1)

According

to

Swiss

linguist

Ferdinand

de

Saussure,

the

linguistic

sign

consists

of

a

______and

a

______.This is called the ______ theory of de Saussure.

2) According to Ogden and Richards the

symbol

is the linguistic ______, and the

referent

is the______,

while

thought or

reference

is____. This is called the ____triangle.

3) According to Leonard Bloomfield's point of view, a word is a minimum _____form.

4) There are two types of

linguistic forms: one is the ______form, the other is the _____ form.

5) A word is a unity of sound and _____.

6) The relation between the meaning of a word and its sound is____ or conventional.

7) _____is the relationship between the structure of a word and its meaning.

8)

Nouns,

adjectives,

verbs,

numerals,

adverbs

are____

words

or

notional

words,

because

they

are

'_____', meaningful in themselves, even if they appear in isolation.

9) Articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, pronominal adverbs and the like are_____or functional

words. They are

‘

_____

’

, meaningful only when used in conjunction with other words.

10) _____ meaning is the same meaning for all speakers of a given language. In other words, it is the

extensional meaning of a word.

11) _____meaning is the intensional meaning which a word suggests or implies.

12) The word

bread

and

lolly

meaning money used in the USA and UK respectively belong to _____

words.

13)

_____words

or

learned

words

are

usually

used

in

books,

newspapers,

documents

and

serious

speeches.

14) Words like TESL and TOEFL are_____ used in the field of English teaching. It is a kind of language

that is hard to understand because it is full of special words known only to the people of a certain

group.

4. Find synonyms for the following words.

1) change ________________

2) fond

________________

3) relation _______________

4) similarity _______________

5) complete

adj.

_____________

6) begin

_______________

7) unite

_______________

8) produce _______________

9) energy _______________

10) expansion _______________

11) high _______________

12) central

_______________

13) arrive

_______________

14) interpreter _______________

15) inform _______________

16) false

_______________

17) indicate _______________

18) language _______________

19) concise _______________

20) sufficient _______________

21) disease

_______________

22) world

_______________

23) moist

_______________

24) die

_______________

25) touch

v.

_______________

26) silent

_______________

27) loud

_______________

28) black

v

.

_______________

29) neglect

v.

_______________

30) judge _______________

31) misinterpret _______________

32) publish

_______________

33) untrue

_______________

34) reject

_______________

35) habitual

_______________

36) choose

_______________

37) plan

v.

_______________

38) dangerous _______________

39) hasty

_______________

40) difficult _______________

41) purchase

_______________

42) simple

_______________

43) celebrate

_______________

44) friendly

_______________

45) hate

_______________

46) disrespectful

_______________

5. Find antonyms for the following words.

1) ugly

_______________

2) less

_______________

3) swim _______________

4) empty _______________

5) young _______________

6) long _______________

7) difficulty _______________

8) prosperity

_______________

9) smallness

_______________

10) increase

_______________

11) inferiority _______________

12) front

_______________

13) symmetry

_______________

14) arrival

_______________

15) pleasure

_______________

16) silent

_______________

17) disappearance _______________

18) certain

_______________

19) belief

_______________

20) knowledge

_______________

21)good

_______________

22) perfect

_______________

23) danger _______________

24) unskillful

_______________

25)attack

_______________

26) failure ______________

27) possession

_______________

28) wealth

_______________

29)friend

_______________

30) reward _______________

31) sale

_______________

32) change _______________

33) agreement _______________

34) addition

_______________

35) disorder

_______________

36) opulent

_______________

37) divided

_______________

38) prohibition

_______________

39) sufficient _______________

40) inutility

_______________

6.

Why

do

we

say

that

polysemy

is

a

universal

feature

of

all

languages,

including

the

English

language? Give some examples you have learned.

7. There are two main processes in the change of meaning. What are they? Give examples for each

process.

8. What is the difference between homonymy and homonyms?

9.

There

are

two

main

kinds

of

homonyms:

perfect

homonyms

and

partial

homonyms.

Explain

them and give examples.

10. Describe three causes for the formation of homonyms in English.

is hyponymy?

is the relation between

tool

and

hammer

,

axe

,

saw screw

,

screwdriver

, etc. ?

13. Translate the following terms into Chinese.

1) homograph

2) homophone

3) homoform

4) hyponymy

5) the superordinate

6) hyponym

7) synonymy

8) antonymy

9) polysemy

10) contraries

11) complementaries

12) conversives

14. Translate the following terms into English.

1)

相对同义词

2)

绝对同义词

3)

两词一组同义词

4)

三词一组同义词

5)

词根反义词

6)

派生反义词

7)

相对性反义词

8)

换位性反义词

9)

互补性反义词

10)

下义词

11)

上下义关系

13)

外延意义

15)

俚语

17)

黑话

19)

非语言语境

21)

语词所指的涵义

23)

同形异音异义词

25)

同音异义词，同形异义词，同音同形异义词

< br>

12)

理据

14)

内涵意义

16)

行话

18)

话言语境

20)

语词所指的事物

22)

同音异形异义词

24)

同语法形式异义词

答案

Chapter3

Word Meaning and Semantic

Relations

l. Semantics is a major branch of linguistics devoted to the study

of meaning.

sense.

3. 1) signifier, signified, sign

2) element, object, concept, semiotic

3) free

4) bound, free

5) meaning

6) arbitrary

7) Motivation

8) full, autosemantic

9) form-words, synsemantic

10) Denotative

11) Connotative

12) slang

13) Formal

14) jargon

2. Meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and

4. 1) change

alter, vary

2) fond

affectionate

3) relation

Connection

4

）

similarity

resemblance, likeness

5) complete

adj.

entire, whole

6)begin

7) unite

8) produce

9) energy

10) expansion

11) high

12) central

13) arrive

14) interpreter

15) inform

16) false

17) indicate

18) language

19) concise

20) sufficient

21) disease

22) world

start,commence

join, combine

create. perform

force, power

increase,enlargement

tall

middle

get to, come to

translator

tell

untrue, wrong

denote

speech

brief

enough, adequate

illness, sickness

universe, globe

23) moist

damp, humid

24) die

decease, pass away

25) touch v.

feel

26) silent

quiet, noiseless

27) loud

noisy

28) black

v

.

29) neglect

v

.

30) judge

31) misinterpret

32) publish

33) untrue

34) reject

35) habitual

36) choose

37) plan

v

.

38) dangerous

39) hasty

40) difficult

41) purchase

42) simple

43) celebrate

44) friendly

blacken, darken

disregard, ignore

estimate, consider

misapprehend, misunderstand

issue, print

false

refuse

customary

select

arrange

hazardous

speedy, quick, hurried

hard

buy

plain

commemorate

kind, kindly

45) hate

dislike

46) disrespectful

discourteous, impolite

5. 1) ugly

handsome, beautiful

2) less

more

3) swim

sink

4) empty

5) young

6) long

7) difficulty

8) prosperity

9) smallness

10) increase

11) inferiority

12) front

13) symmetry

14) arrival

15) pleasure

16) silent

17) disappearance

18) certain

19) belief

20) knowledge

full

old

short

facility

adversity

greatness

decrease

superiority

rear, back

asymmetry

departure

pain

loud

appearance

uncertain

unbelief

ignorance