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语义学复习佛脚大全
---
鱼太郎
一、
填空
1.
西方主流语言学派：
Traditional
philology(lexical meaning),historical comparative
L(lexical
meaning),structural
L(little
attention
to
meaning),functional
L(meaning
centre
theory),TG
grammar(standard
theory),cognitive L(meaning centre theory)
2.
语
言<
/p>
学
不
同
的
研
究
方
式
与
观
点
：
specific
vs
general,
synchronic
vs
diachronic,
macrolinguistics
vs microlinguistics, thoeritical vs applied,
descriptive vs prescriptive
3.
结构主义学派代表人物：
Saussure,
bloomfield
系统功能派代表人物：
Firth,a
y(Ideational meaning, interpersonal
meaning&textual
meaning)
转换生
成语法代表人物：
Chomsky(6
大阶段：
nativism, universal grammar
,autonomy,modularity,
formalism,deducti
on
；
6
变：
TG
grammar,
standard
theory,
extended
standard
theory,
revised
extended
standard
theory,
government&blinding
theory,
minimalist
program
),
Katz(
在
standard
theory
阶段引入语义成分，使
pho
nology,
semantics&syntax
成为三大分支
)
认知语言学代表人物：
Lakoff,Jackendoff
4.
语言学三大革命：
Structualist
L(Saussure:
study
language
itself)
→
TG
grammar(Chomsky:
study
mind)
→
Cognitive L(Lakoff:
study embodiment)
5.
Saussure
的革命
--
两分法：
19
世纪语言学主流：
speech,
external,
diachronic,
entity.
< br>（
Chomsky
弃之）
6.
认知语言学对
< br>TG
的六大批判基础：
embodiment,spec
ific
side
of
L,
cognitive
strategies,
form and meaning, non-formalism,
induction and deduction.
7.
Analytic
philosophy
包括
logical
empiricism
和
ordinary
language
philosophy.
前者代表有
Frege
,
Russel,
Wittgenstein(
前期
),Schlick,Carnap,
Ta
rski,Davidson,Morris
等，后者代表有
M
oore,Wisdom, Wittgenstein
（后期）
,Austin,Grice,Searle.
8.
西方哲学简史的三大转向：
Onotological
turn
→
epistemology
turn
→
linguistic <
/p>
turn
。从
perceptualis
m
来说是
nominalism,
重<
/p>
perception
和
individ
ualism
，从
rationalism
来说是
realism,
重
rea
soning,universals,scholasticism
9.
语义学分支：
philosophical vs
linguistic S/formal vs cognitive S/ extensional
vs. intensional/
synchronic vs
diachronic/structualist S/TG/Radical S./Fuzzy
S/cognitive S
10.
structuralist
semantics
的词义是由
paradigmatic
relations
和
syntagmatic relati
ons
组成，两
大
steps
是
semantic
field
和
componential analysis.
11.
TG
产
生
的
语
义<
/p>
学
派
：
Inte
rpretative(Chomsky,
Katz:
sentence
priority)
，
generative(Lakoff:semantics
priority)
，
Case
grammar(Fillmore
：
de
ep
case
frame)
，
Chafe
semantics theory(Chafe)
，
decompositional semantics(Katz&Fodor
：
lexicon&projection rule)
12.
著名理论对应人名：
提出分析句和综合句的是：
Hume
Behaviorism
的倡导者：
Bloomfield <
/p>
系统意义（
Sense
）的提出，现代语
义学开创者：
Frege
外延论
(d
enotational)
与表征论
(representat
ional)
的划分：
Saade
语义场：
J. Trier
语义成分分析法：
Lounsbury,Goodenough
词义关系
&
句义关系：
Kempson
语义公设（
meaning pos
tulate
）
：
Carnap(19
57)
语义标示（
semantic
marker
）
:Katz
真值条件论：
Tarski
语义三角：
Ogden&Richards
< br>符号学（
semiotics
）的
trilogy
：
Morris&Peirce(synta
x,semantics&pragmatics)
行为语义论：
Watson
建构论：
Piaget
Speech
act
是最小的语言交流单位：
Searle
礼貌原则，面子保全原则：
Brown&Levinson
关联理论：
Sperber&wilson
< br>新格莱斯理论：
Levinson
（
Quality
＞
Manner
＞
Information
）
动态语用学：
Jenny Thomas
13.
按时间顺序分，
语义学包括
philology period, traditional
s,modern s.(logical
s
→
structualist
s
→
TG
s
→
Cognitive S)
14.
语义产生之前对它的评价：
dirty word,
Cinderella, dustman, no-
man
’
s land etc.
15.
意
义
有
哪
些
理
论
？
reference
theory(Russel:
nominalism,realism),ideational
theory(Frege),verification
theory(schlick,
carnap:priniciple
of
confirmability),
truth
value
theory(Tarski,
Frege),Use
theory(Peirce),Behaviorist
theory(bloomfiled,
Watson:
stimulus-response),
the
theory
of
situation(Firth,
Halliday,
Austin:
speech
act:locutionary,illocutionary,
perlocutionary,
felicity
conditions),
the
theory
of
Intention(Grice:Conversational
Implicature,
CP,
Levinson,Searle),
theory
of
componential
analysis,theory
of
substitution,
theory
of
relation(Saussure),phenomenological
theory(Husserl),existentialist
theory(Heidegger),deconstructional
theory(Derrida:trace
theory)
等
16.
Leech
< br>对语义学的七分法
(hepta-
division)
：
conceptual
meaning(=sense),connocative m, social
m, affective m, reflected m,
collocative m, thematic m.
17.
Sense
=
sense
relations(word:hyponymy,
syn
onymy,autonymy,ambiguity/sentence:entailment,parap
hrase,contraction,aubiguious)+sens
e
properties(words:predication
features/sentence:analytic
s
entence
永真
&synthetic
sentence
可真
)
18.
语义三角：
Concept
Symbol(signifier)
Object(signifee)
19.
TG
句法的生成之道？基础部分是
phrase
structure&lexicon
，经过
deep str
ucture
，到一系
列的转换规则，包括
compositionality,projection
rule&collocative
rules
，最后到达
surface
structure
，由
meanin
g&phonology
来表征
(
其中
lexicon
的内容是
part
of
speech,
semantic
features, semantic
restriction)(Projection rule
包括
embedding,attachment,conversion)
20.
UG
包括
principle+parameter
21.
TG
中语义是解释句法的，语义是为句法服务的，所以才有
intrepretative
semantics.
而
decomp
ositional S
是巧妙地运用
CA
到
TG
的
frame
来解释语义。
22.
TG
的哲学本质是
blending
philosophy.
23.
Case Grammar
处理的是深层格框的问题，
S=modality+proposition
24.
Wittgenstein<
/p>
提出了
game theory, meaning-in-
use,picture
theory(
属于
reference
thory
的一部
分
).
25.
Speech
act
包括：
assertive, directive,
commissive, expressive, declarative.
26.
Felicity
condiction
包
括
：
propositional
content
rules,
preparatory
rule,
sincerity
rule,
essenetial rule
27.
语言三要素：
phonetics,
grammar&meaning
28.
中国古代意义理论最高成就是：王夫之
29.
第一部训诂学工具书：
《尔雅》
30.
Behaviorist s
chool
说“圣人立象以尽其意
…
故
曰鼓之舞以尽神也。
”
31.
逻辑语义学研究语言形式化<
/p>
(formalization)
问题，借用数理逻辑学来描写意
义，代表人有
Frege,
Russell,Tarski,Carnap
等。
32.
模糊语义学中的
gray theory
由邓聚龙提出。
33.
从研究内涵语义学的
carnap
到可能语义学的
Kripke
，
Montague
都是属于意义范畴
.
34.
述元
结构中，五大基本语义成分：
figure,ground,motion,path,
manner
35.
逻辑包括
formal logic&dialectical
logic,
其中前者包括
induction&deduct
ion
36.
符号
(notations)
与代表：
V=for
all
.E=there
exist,
~=negation,
&=conjuction,
V=disjunction,
→
=implication,
=
=
equivalence.
30
命题演算中，必然
p
反对
必然非
p
差等
差等
可能
p
下反对
可能非
p
P&q
全真才为真，
pVq
单真都为真，
p
→
q p
真
q
假才假
，
p=q
同值才真
31
语
义<
/p>
公
设
包
括
hyponymy:Vx(A(x)
→
B(x
))
，
synonymy:Vx(A(x)
→
B(x))&Vx(B(x)
→
A(x)),autonymy:Vx(A(x)
→
~B(x)
).
32
Predication=argument+predicate=semantic
components(
这是
TG
S
的基础
)
，注意判断几
元谓词
33
二元谓词的关系：
symmetry,
transitivity, reflexivity.
34
归纳法的组成：
inductive
reasoningand others
35
形式逻辑的基本规律：同一：<
/p>
a=a,
矛盾：
a
≠
a,
排中
(excluded
middle)
：
a=a or
a
≠
a
36
Montague
语义学包括：
tru
th
conditional
s,
model
theoretic
s,
possible
world
s
，以及
PTQ(
解决
qualifier, verb tense, subjective
mood)
37
语义对立词举例：
fireman,overlook,overlie
38
认知语言学主要观点：
embodied
view,
conceptualization,
encyclopedia
view,
prototype
theory,
Imgage
schema,
metaphor(structural
metaphor,
orientational
m,
ontological
m),iconicity view CM
view.(model&frame),parable view
39
体验哲学的三原则：
embodiment of the
mind, unconsciousness of cognition, metaphorical
nature of thinking
40
Circular
model(Saussure)
concept
→
linguistic sounds
→
transmission
→
thought formation
41
Linear
Model(Shannon&Weaver):information
source
→
signal
transmission
→
channel
→
receiver
→
destination
42
Triangular Model(Newcomb)
强调作
用在
A,B
间的
X
是
social environment
43
Trapezoid
Model(Leech):6
steps
包括
texual,
ideational,interpersonal
的交流
44
Conic Model(
王寅
):
媒介是
f
orm,
核心是
meaning.
模式是
P
V/W
R
GS
这是以
context
为基础，以
expression
为方式，以
encodi
ng&decoding
和
deduction
为机制的
过程。
45
字典定义的方法：
genus+differentia.
46
情
感<
/p>
意
义
中
的
举
例
：
propag
anda
：
derogatory
meaning/empiricism:
commendatory
meaning/liberalism: commendatory
meaning/ sophisticated: neutral meaning
47
意义
扩展的方式：
radiation&concatenation
48
主动义与被动义：同源形容词含
active&passive
meaning, eg. Desirous vs. disirable
NB:
物为主语，则被动意义，人为主语，则主动意义
49
主观义与客观义：
-ed
，
+to
主观；
-ing,+for
客观，
eg.
Suspicious
好猜忌、可疑的。
50
主题义与次要义：
topic
sentence
→
supporting sentence
s
（
induction
）
,supporting sentences
→
topic
sentence(reduction)
51
在
discourse meaning
中特别注意
connectives
的重要性，把握篇章的<
/p>
frame.
52
非常规搭配有哪些？
rhetoric,
zeugma&syllepsis, new application of idioms, from
illogical
to normal
53
Heavy
的搭配决定哪些语义？如
heavy blow, heavy crop,
heavy news
等
54
搭配在教学中的应用：
WPS program, word
association exercises.
55
两种动词：
durative v(= linear
meaning) , terminative v.(=dotted meaning)
充分必要性的研究：
sufficient conditio
n
中，有甲必有乙，无甲可能无乙，
necessary co
ndition
中，无甲必无乙，有甲可能有乙，
necess
ary+sufficient
condition
：有甲有乙，无甲无乙。
所以得出
durative
condition I
→
（
necessary
）
←
< br>（
sufficient
）
terminative verb
necessary
sufficient
durative
condition II
56.
点
性
动
词
有
：
die,stop,finish,leave,lose,
marry,arrive,reach,knock,hit
；
线
性
动
词
有
live,work,study,sleep,wait,eat,play,rai
n,run,study,speak,go,watch
；点性其他有：
at,since,when,if
only, till(until)
；线性其他有：
during,for,while,as
long as,till(until),for 5 days, since 1978
< br>；点性
的体是
perfective aspect,
general
aspect
，线性的体是
progressive
aspect,general aspect.(
点点相
连，
线线相接
)
57
点性动词
+
进行体的三种例外情况：
< br>duration, repeated action, upcoming action
58
终延体与动静体的关系：
Action
Process
Feeling
Transition
Transient
Emotion
Relationship
Durative
√
√
√
√
√
Terminative
√
√
√
Example
Ask,call,help,listen,look
Change,grow,widen,mature
Ache,feel,hurt,itch
Arrive,die,leave,lose
Hit,jump,kick,knock
Hate,love,believe,desire
Be,belong,cost,deserve
59
“
bl
ack
”
的石化：
sun-
tanned
≠
black skin, black
tea, ferrous metal
…
60
选择
文章标题应该用
superordinate,
但不可太大，正
确的上下义关系是从
concrete
到
abstract.
61
Pei
rce
关于
sign
的三分法：
Icon(image, diagram, metaphor), index,
symbol
62
Lakoff&
Johnson
提出
metaphorical
cognitive
theory:
通过人类的认知和推理将一个
概念域（
conceptual
domain
）系统对应地映合（
map
）到另一个概念域。
63
Microsystem:
At:
Dot(
能
量
聚
集
，
如
point
at)-
On:surfece(
论
，
关
于
：
on
practice)-In:aspect(
穿衣：
in red, in silks)
64
象
似<
/p>
性
发
展
的
时
期
：
stalem
ate
period
→
saussurian
period
(arbitrariness)
→
post-saussurian period(iconicity)
65
句法
&
现实具有
Isomorphy(
同构性
)
66
哪些象似性？
iconic
sequ
encing
（
SVO
）
,
iconic
proximity(
如
help
的例子
),
iconic
quantity,marked
iconicity
67
Vend
ler
四大时间图解：
state, activity,
accomplishment, achievement
68
1997
年在苏黎世召开语言与文学中的象似性的会议
(
最近的一次<
/p>
)
补充：
69. This
ruler and this pen are long: L(a)&L(b)
70. In RGS Plane, one factor based on
which R could defer the meaning of P is a common
generalized meaning and similar
situations shared by P and R.
71
Cognitive school
与
Chomsky
’
s Formalist Semantics
school
相抗衡。
72
Taboo
属于
numeral Iconicity
73 Generic sentence
类指句
: a sentence in which
same statement is made about a whole of
individuals.(
有
the
或
a
引导
)
74 structural linguistics
的基本
哲学理论是
analytical philosophy,
而
TG
的是
formalism.
75 referring expression
指称语：
is any expression used
in an utterance to refer to sth or sb.(it
cannot be exchanged with predicates,
cuz there is no continuum running from them.)
76 Leech
对语言有多种定义，其中他相信
meaning=observable situation.
77
necessary condition on the sense of a predicate is
a condition which thing must meet in
order to qualify as being correctly
described by that predicate.
78
反义词的种类：
gradable, relational,
complementary
79
白马非马理论是：
Gongsun
Long
提出的。
80
Sememe is the smallest semantic unit which is
indivisible.
81
Leech
的
connotative
meaning
是与
additional
subjective meaning
有关的
82 composite expression(
合成原则
)
是为了解释
Frege
’
s Principle.
83 Snow
is white is true if and only if snow is white
是
Tarski
说的。
84 Extensional
s
与
intensional
s
的区别是
Extensional S regards
the reference as the centre
of their
study.
85
Semantics
最早是谁使用的？
Michael
Breal(Essay de Semantique)
86 The
theory of integration can be described as the
whole is more than he composition of its
parts.
87.
equative
sentence
is
one
which
is
used
to
assert
the
identity
of
the
referents
of
two
referring expressions.
88. d
ictionary
的
property
有？
interconnectedness, completeness of
coverage, precision.
89
analyticity
是
a sense property
of sentences.
90
stereotype<
/p>
与
prototype
有什么区别？
stereotype
指的是具体特征，
p
rototype
指的是
entity.
91
cognitive
ling
uitics
的
哲
学
< br>与
心
理
基
础
是
：
embodiment
philosophy,embodiment
mentalism
92
美国三大
pragmatist
philosophers
是
William James,
Peirce& John Dewey
93 idioms are naming
units
94
Donald,Davison
提出：
to give
truth condition a way of giving the meaning of the
sentence.
95. XXX is a man.
是
one-place
predicate.
96
Synonymy
是
a relation between
two predicates that have the same sense.
97 sentence is a grammatically complete
string of words expressing a complete though.
98
Lyons
按功能把意义分为：
descriptive,
social & expressive.
99
语义学作为独立学科发行的书籍是：
Semantics:
studies in the science of meaning.
100
不是
deictic word
的是<
/p>
place,
而易误判不是的是
toda
y.
101
常判断哪个不是
predicate? you
102 Logical
semantics
的代表人物是
Montague.
103 Sapir-Whorf
Hypothesis
两大要旨是
linguistic
determinism & linguistic relativity.
104
现代句意理论创始者是
Katz.
105
既有唯名论又有唯实论的是荀子（正名篇）
106
core
of
linguitic
logic
是：
by
analyzing
logical
problems,
people
can
solve
linguitic
problems
107
Leech
的梯形图的缺点是：没有考虑进
meaning
in communication.
108 Logical
positivism
是谁提出的：
Schlick.
二、简单
/
论述题
1.
什么是语义学：
ics
is
a
branch
of
linguistics
dealing
with
the
meaning
of
words,
phrases
and
sentences,
however,
contrary
to
pragmatics
it
does
not
analyze
the
intended
speaker meaning, or what words denote
on a given occasion, but the objective,
conventional
meaning in a narrow sense.
b. synonym of sense or content
c. a reciprocal and reverisble
relationship between name and sense.
2.
Se
nse
与
Reference
的区别：
(
先给出定义，再做区别
)
Sense is the congnitive content
associated wit ha sign and reference is the object
to which the sign
refers to
Reference is concerned with the
relation between a linguistic and non-linguistic
unit.
a.
words
with meaning have sense but not always have
reference.
b.
The
same sense may have the different references.
c.
The same
reference may derive from the different senses.
d.
In the
dictionary, only the sense can be recorded as
entry.
e.
Sense,
which
is
radical,
is
the
core
of
the
meaning
while
reference,
as
the
peripherized
member, is not
that important.
f.
Sense
is
characterized
by
stability
and
explicitness,
whereas
reference
is
featured
by
changeablity and fuzziness.
g.
Sense is
limited while reference is endless.
h.
Sense is
abstract form of the world whilst reference is
concrete.
i.
Proposition and sentence meaning are
all sense while utterance meaning belong to
reference.
3.
propositition, sentence
和
utterance
的区别？（先定义，再区分）
proposition is that part of the
meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence
which describes
some state of affairs.
Sentence is a grammatically complete
string od words expressing a complete thought.
Utterance is any stretch of talk, by
one person, before and after which there is
silence on the part
of that person.
a.
In terms of
category, proposition belongs to logics, sentence
belongs to syntax and utterance
belongs
to pragmatics.
b.
With regard to properties, proposition
is abstract, sentence is somewhat concrete and
utterance
is more concrete.