-
英
一、名词解释
第一课
语
语
言
学
共时性
:
S
aid of an approach that
studies language at a theoretical “point” in
time.
A kind of description which takes
a
fixed instant (usually, but not
necessarily, the present), as its point of
observation. Most grammars are of this kind.
语言
:
The abstract
linguistic system shared by all members of a
speech community.
:
Language
is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for
human communication.
任意性
:
One design
feature of human language, which refers to the
face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no
natural relationship to their meaning.
第二课
音位
:
Phonology is
concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish
meaning. The basic unit in phonology is
called phoneme; it is a unit that is of
distinctive value.
音位变体
:
The different phones which can
represent a phoneme in different phonetic
environment are called the
allophones
of that phoneme.
pair
最小对立体
:
When two different forms are identical
in every way except for one sound segment which
occurs
in the same place in the stings,
the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
第三课
形态学
:
Morphology
is a branch of grammar which studies the internal
structure of words and the rules by which words
are
formed
.
morphemes
派生词素
:
Some morphemes which change
the category or grammatical class of words are
ca
lled…
morphemes
曲折词素
:
Some bound morphemes which are for the
most part purely grammatical markers and signify
such concepts as tense, number, case
and so on.
第四课
语法
句法
:
A branch of linguistics that studies
how words are combined to form sentences and the
rules that govern
the formation of
sentences.
categories
句法范畴
:
Words can be grouped together into a
relatively small number of classes, called
syntactic
categories.
structure
深层结构
:
Formed by the XP rule in accordance
with the head’s subcategorization
prope
rties, is called
deep
structure or D- structure.
structure
表层结构
:
Corresponding to the final syntactic
form of the sentence which results from
appropriate
transformations, is called
Surface structure or S- structure.
第五课
指称
:
Reference
means what a linguistic form refers to in the
real, physical world; it deals with the
relationship
between the linguistic
element and the non-linguistic world of
experience.
同音异义
:
Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that
words having different meanings have the same
form, . different
words are identical
in sound or spelling, or in both.
上下义关系
:
Hyponymy
refers to the sense relation between a more
general, more inclusive word and a more
specific word.
第六课
语用学
:
Pragmatics
can be defined as the study of how speakers of a
language use sentences to effect successful
communication.
话语
: a sentence as what
people actually utter in the course of
communication.
meaning
话语意义
:
Utterance is based on sentence meaning;
it is realization of the abstract meaning of a
sentence in
a real situation of
communication, or simply in a context.
act
言外行为
:
An illocutionary act is the act
expressing the speaker’s intention;
it
is the act performed in saying
something.
二、简答题
第一课
1
．
What are the
major branches of linguistics What does each of
them study
Phonetics:
The
study of sounds used in linguistic communication.
It describes individual speech sounds and
indicates their physical or phonetic
properties.
Phonology:
It studies the
ways in which these sounds form patterns and
systems and how they work to convey
meaning in the system of language.
Morphology:
A field of
focused on the study of the
forms and formation of words in a language
Syntax:
A set of
rules that govern how words are combined to form
phrases and sentences.
Pragmatics:
the study of the
use of language in a social context.
2
．
What
characteristics of language do you think should be
included in a good, comprehensive definition of
language
The important
characteristics which should be included in a good
definition of language are separately:
systematic,
arbitrary and
vocal
.
First of
all,
language is a system. It has its
own set of rules for people to abide by, or people
will use the language
in a wrong
way.
Second
, language is
arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic
connection between a linguistic
symbol
and what the symbol stands for. The fact that
different languages have different words for the
same object
is a good illustration of
the arbitrary nature of language.
Third
, language is vocal
because the primary medium for
all
languages is sound.
3
．
What are the
main features of human language that have been
specified by
to show that
it is essentially
different from animal
communication system
1)
Arbitrariness:
no natural/motivated/logical relationship between
the sign and what the sign stands for.
2)
Productivity:
provides opportunities for sending messages that
have never been sent before and for
understanding novel messages.
3)
Duality:
language is a system, which
consists of two sets of stuctures, or two levels.
4)
Displacement:
can be used to refer to things real or
imagined, past, present or future
5)
Cultural transmission
第二课
1.
How do phonetics and phonology differ in their
focus of study Who do you think will be more
interested
in the different between
say[i]and[i],[p] and[ph],a phonetician or a
philologist Why
语音学和音位学的研
究中心
有何不同语音学家和音位学家哪一个更关心清晰音的区别为什么
Phonetics
—
description of all speech
sounds and their find differences.
Phonology
—
description of sound systems of particular
languages and how sounds function to distinguish
meaning.
A
phonetician would be more interested in such
differences cos such differences will not cos
differences in
meaning.
2. What is phone How is it different
from a phoneme how are allophones related to a
phoneme
Phone is a phonetic unit, it
has no meaning.
Phoneme is a
phonological unit with distinctive value .
The phoneme /l/ can be realized as
dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the
phoneme /l/
Allophones---actual
realization of a phoneme in different phonetic
contexts.
第三课
1.
Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their
meaning and specify the types of stem they may be
suffixed to.
Give at least two examples
of each.
Suffix: -ing
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