英语语言学名词解释(2)

英语语言学名词解释

(2)

现代语言学

绪论

Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of

guage

Phonetics:

The

study

of

sounds

which

are

used

in

linguistics

mmunication is called phonetics. For example, vowels and consonants.

Phonology:

The

study

of

how

sounds

are

put

together

and

used

in

mmunication

is

called

example,phone,phoneme,and

ophone.

form

words

is

called

example,boy

and

Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged

h”

---boyish,teach---teacher.

yntax

:

The

study

of

how

morphemes

and

words

are

combined

to

m sentences is called esample,”John like linguistics.”

emantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics. For

mple,:The seal

could not be zoo keeper became worried.”

e seal could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word

l means different things.

Pragmatics:

The

study

of

meaning

in

context

of

use

is

called

example, “I do” The word do m

eans different context.

Sociolinguistics:

The

study

of

language

with

reference

to

society

is

ed

example,regional

dialects,social

variation

in

guage.

ycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of

nd is called psycholinguistics.

音系学

Phonetics:

The

study

of

sounds

that

are

used

in

linguistic

mmunication is called phonetics.

Phonology:

The

study

of

how

sounds

are

put

together

and

used

in

mmunication is called phonology.

hone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when

aking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segement. It does not

essarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.

Phoneme:

Phonology

is

concerned

with

the

speech

sounds

which

tinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is

nit that is of distinctive value.

llophone:

The

different

phones

which

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

erent

phonetic

environment

are

called

the

allophones

of

that

oneme.

Complementary

distribution:

These

two

allophones

of

the

same

oneme are said to be in complementary distribution.

Minimal

pair:

When

two

different

forms

are

identical

in

every

way

ept

for

one

sound

segement

which

occurs

in

the

same

place

in

the

ngs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

tress: When a certain syllable of a word is stressed, it means that the

able is prounced with great force than the other or others.

ones:

Tones

are

pitch

variation,

which

are

caused

by

the

different

es

of

vibration

of

the

vocal

cords.

Pitch

variations

can

distinguish

aning

just

like

phoneme;

therefore,

the

tone

is

a

suprasegemental

intonation:

When

pitch,

stress

and

sound

length

are

tied

to

the

ture.

tence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as

onation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in

most every language,especially in a language like English{$$isbest}

形态学

morphology:

Morphology

is

a

branch

of

grammer

which

studies

the

ernal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

inflectional

morphology:

Inflectional

morphology

studies

the

ections of word- formation.

derivational

morphology:

Derivational

morphology

is

the

study

of

rd- formation.

morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.

ree

morpheme:

Free

morpheme

are

the

morphemes

which

are

ependent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselces

n combination with other morphemes.

bound

morpheme:

Bound

morphemes

are

the

morphemes

which

not

be

used

independently

but

have

to

be

combined

with

other

rphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

oot: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself

hough

it

bears

clear,definite

meaning;

it

must

be

combined

with

other root or an affix to form a word.

ffix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.

refix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.

suffix:

Suffixes

are

added

to

the

end

of

the

stems;

they

modify

the

aning

of

the

original

word

and

in

many

cases

change

its

part

of

ech.

derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a

tion can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form

words.

compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and

portant way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be

wed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to

at new words.

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句法学

nguistic competence: Chomsky defines co

mpetence as the ideal user’s

owledge

of

the

rules

of

his

language,

and

performance

the

actual

lization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.

entence

:

A

sentence

is

a

structurally

independent

unit

that

usually

mprises a number of words to form a complete statement question or

transformation

rules:

Syntactic

movement

is

governed

by

mmand.

nsformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may

nge the syntactic representation of a sentence.

D-structure

:

A

sentence

may

have

two

levels

of

syntactic

resentation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs

er

movement

take

place.

In

formal

linguistic

exploration,

these

two

tactic representation are commonly termed as D-structure.

Move

а

: Just as there is a general rule for all phrase structure rules,i,e.

X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the

tactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is

ed Move

а

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语义学

emantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in

guage.

ense : Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic

m.

It

is

the

collection

of

all

the

features

of

the

linguistic

form;

it

is

tract and decontextualized.

eference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,

ysical

world;

it

deals

with

the

relationship

between

the

linguistic

ment and the non- linguistic world of experience.

ynonymy

:

Synonymy

refers

to

the

sameness

or

close

similarity

of

aning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonymy.

olysemy

:

Polysemy

refers

to

the

fact

that

the

same

one

word

may

ve more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is

ed a polysemic word.

ntonymy :

Antonymy

refers

to

the oppositeness

of

meaning.

Words

t are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.

omonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having

erent meanings have the same form,i.e. different words are identical

ound or spelling, or in both.

yponymy

:

Hyponymy

refers

to

the

sense

relation

between

a

more

eral, more inclusive word and a more specific word.

omponential

analysis

:

Componential

analysis

is

a

way

to

analyze

grammatical

meaning

:

The

grammatical

meaning

of

a

sentence

rd meaning. It was proposed by structural semanticists.

ers

to

its

grammaticality,i.e.

its

grammatical

well-formedness.

The

mmaticality of asentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the

guage.

semantic meaning : The semantic meaning of a sentence is governed

rules called selectional restrictions.

predication

:

In

semantic

analysis

of

a

sentence,

the

basic

unit

is

ed predication. The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a

tence.

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语用学

ragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of

anguage use sentences to effect successful communication.

ontext:

The

notion

of

context

is

essential

to

the

pragmatic

study

of

guage. Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared

the speaker and the hearer.

utterance

meaning:

Utterance

is

based

on

sentence

meaning;

it

is

lization

of

the

abstract

meaning

of

a

sentence

in

a

real

situation

of

mmunication, or simply in a context.

locutionary

act:

A

locutionary

act

is

the

act

of

utterance

rds,phrases,clauses.

It

is

the

act

of

conveying

literal

meaning

by

ans of syntax, lexion and phonology.