语言学基本定义

。

语言

language

Language

is a system of arbitrary

vocal

symbols used

by social group

for

communication.

Arbitrariness

:

the

forms

of

linguistic

signs

bear

no

natural

relationship

to their meaning.

Productivity:

language is resourceful because of its duality and its

reclusiveness. We can use it to create new meanings.

Duality:

the

property

of

having

two

levels

of

structures,

such

that

units

of the primary level are composed of element of the secondary level and

each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

Displacement

:human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,

events and concepts which are not present(in time and spare) at the

movement of communication.

Cultural

transmission:

language

is

not

genetically

inherited.

Passed

from

generation

to

generation,

it

requires

some

learning.

It

is

true

human

are

born with language capacity, but a particular language a person learns

to

speak

is

a

cultural

one,

rather

than

a

genetic

one

like

the

dogs

’

barking

system.

Interchangeability:

any human being can be both a producer and receiver

of messages.

Language function:

informative

:

language

is

the

instrument

of

thought,

record

the

facts.

The

use of language to record the facts is a prerequisite of social

development.

Interpersonal

: by far the most important sociological use of language,

and by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.

Performative

: the performative function of language is primarily to

change the social status of persons

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Emotive:

to change the emotional status of an audience for or against

someone or something.

Phatic communion:

we all use such small, seemingly meaningless

expressions

to

maintain

a

comfortable

relationship

between

people

without

involving any factual contents.

Recreational

:

the

recreational

function

of

a

language

is

often

overlooked

because it seems so restrictive in purpose and supposedly so limited in

usefulness.

Metalingual:

our language can be used to talk about itself.

Socio linguistics

—

the study of language with reference to society.

Psycholinguistics

---the

study of

language

with reference to the

working

of the mind.

Applied linguistics

---the application of linguistic principles and

theories to language teaching and learning.

Important distinctions in linguistics:

规定性

Prescriptive .

描述性

Descriptive /8.

共时语言学

Synchronical linguistics 7.

历时语言学

Diachronic

linguistics

/5.

语言能力

Competence

6.

语言运用

performance

/9.

语言

langue 10.

言语

parole /speech, writing/ traditional grammar and

modern linguistics

第二章音系学

1 Phonology

is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It

aims

to

discover

the principles

that

govern

the

way

sounds

are

organized

in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.

2 international phonetic alphabet

A set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart, designed by

the international phonetic association since 1888. It has been revised

from

time

to

time

to

include

new

discoveries

and

changes

in

phonetic

theory

and practice.

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3 consonants and vowels

Consonant

are

produced

by

a

closure

in

the

vocal

tract,

or

by

a

narrowing,

which is so marked that air can not escape without producing audible

friction.

Vowel is produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a

relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose.

4 cardinal vowel

Are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging,

intended

to

provide

a

frame

of

reference

for

the

description

of

the

actual

vowels of existing language.

5 anticipatory and perseverative co- articulation

when

such

simultaneous

or

overlapping

articulation

are

involved,

we

call

the process co- articulation.

If the sound becomes more like the following sound, it is known as

anticipatory co-articulation. If the sound shows the influence of the

proceeding sound,it is perseverative co-articulation.

6Phoneme

The smallest of sound which can distinguish two words

7Allophones

Different

phones

which

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different

environments

are called the allophones of that phoneme.

8Minimal pair

Are two words in a language which differ from each other by only one

distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning.

9free variation

if two sounds occurring

in the same

environment do not

contrast, that is

the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word

form,

but

merely

a

different

pronunciation

of

the

same

word,

then

the

two

words are in free variation.

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Chapter three

词汇学

The total number of words stored in the brain is called the

lexicon

.

Words

are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with

meaning.

Word :

A unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by

native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.

Lexeme

: the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical

system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts.

Grammatical/Functional words

: express grammatical meanings, such as

conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns.

Lexical/content words

: have lexical meanings, those which refer to

substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and

adverbs.

Open-class

words

:

a

word

group

whose

membership

is

in

principle

in

finite

or unlimited. New members can be added.

Closed-class words

: a word group whose membership is fixed or limited,

new members are not regularly added.

Morphology

;

the

study

of

word

formation,

the

internal

structure

of

words,

and the rules by which words are formed.

Morphemes

: the smallest unit language in terms of relationship between

expression

and

content,

a

unit

that

cannot

be

further

divided

into

smaller

units

without

destroying

or

drastically

altering

the

meaning,

whether

it

is lexical or grammatical.

Free morphemes

: those that may constitute words by themselves.

Bound morphemes

；

those that can not occur alone

Root

:

the

base

form

of

a

word

that

cannot

be

further

analyzed

without

total

loss of identity. It is that part of a word-form that remains when all

the inflectional affixes and derivational affixes have been removed.

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