-
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（
6
）
English-Chinese Translation
Practice
Course Tutor:
SUN Pinghua
英译汉常用
的方法和技巧（
6
）
一、习语的译法
翻译习语时，
应当尽能保持原文习语的形象比喻、
丰富联想、
修辞效果以及其民
族、
地方特色等。
习语不仅大量出现在文艺作品中，
在政治和科学论文中也同样
经
常遇到。
习语
（
idioms
）
一般包括俗语
（
co
lloquialisms
）
、
谚语<
/p>
（
proverbs
）
< br>、
俚语（
slang
expr
essions
）等。习语的英译汉有三种主要方法：（一）直译法；
< br>（二）汉语同义习语的套用法；（三）意译法。
（一）直译法
所谓直译法即指在不违
背译文语言规范以及不因其错误的联想的条件下，
在译文
中保留
英语习语的比喻、形象和民族、地方特色的方法。
To
fight to the last man
To break the
record
Under one’s nose
Armed to the teeth
Packed
like sardines
Sour grapes
A
die-hard
A gentleman’s
agreement
An olive branch
The Trojan horse
The heel of
Achilles
The open-door policy
The most-favored-nation clause
The position-of-strength policy
Shuttle diplomacy
The cold
war
A cat has nine lives
Blood is thicker than water
Barking dogs do not bite
A
rolling stone gathers no moss
战斗到最后一个人
打破记录
在某人鼻子底下
武装到牙齿
挤得象罐头沙丁鱼
酸葡萄
死硬派
君子协定
橄榄树枝
特洛伊木马
阿基里斯的脚踵
悬挂在达摩克里斯头顶上的剑
门户开放政策
最惠国条款
实力地位政策
穿梭外交
冷战
热战
猫有九命
血浓于水
吠犬不咬人
滚石不生苔
（二）汉语同义习语的套用法
有的英
语习语和汉语同义习语在内容和形式上都相符合，
双方不但有相同的意义
和修辞色彩，
并且有相同的或大体相同的形象比喻。
在
这种情况下，
汉译时可以
直截了当地套用汉语同义习语。例如：
1
．双方有完全相同的形象比喻：
To
praise
to
the
skies
To
fish
in
troubled
waters
To
add
fuel
to
the
fire
捧上天去
浑水摸鱼
火上加油
To be on
thin ice Walls have ears Strike while the iron
is hot
如履薄冰
隔墙有耳
趁热打铁
2
．
双方有大体相同的形象比喻：
A
drop in he ocean
To laugh off one’s
head
To shed crocodile tears
To be out at elbows
To spend money like
water At sixes and sevens
Six of one
and half a dozen of the other
One boy
is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy
沧海一粟
笑掉牙齿
猫哭耗子
促襟见肘
挥金如土
七颠八倒；乱七八糟
半斤八两
一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃
（三）意译法
Many kiss
the baby
for the nurse’s sake.
醉翁之意不在酒。
Love me, love my
dog.
爱屋及乌。
Give
me liberty or give me death.
不自由，毋宁死。
To pay
Chinese compliments
阳奉阴违
To hold a candle to the devil
助纣为虐
Let speak
frankly./ to put all the cards on the table
打开天窗说亮话
It’s
unnecessary anxiety
.
杞人忧天
We’ve been
driven to it. 逼上梁山。
It is
better for the doer to undo what he has done.
解铃还待系铃人。
To pick
on something to find fault with
吹毛求疵
To cast off
one’s old self and take on new self
脱胎换骨
Who
chooses
well
chooses
sons-in-law;
who
chooses
badly
chooses
land.
会
选的选儿郎，不会选的选田庄。
A fall into the pit, a gain in your
wit.
吃一堑，长一智。
To
be in the same boat
同舟共济
Like a drowned rat
像个落汤鸡
Strike
while the iron’s hot. 趁热打铁。
I have been a stranger in a strange
land.
独在异地为异客。
Castle in the air
空中楼阁
Give him an
inch
and he’ll take an ell.
得寸进尺。
Time flies like an
arrow.
光阴似箭。
Nothing comes wrong to the hungry.
饥不择食。
Birds of a
feather flock together.
物以类聚。
There is no
smoke without fire.
无火不起烟。
To know like the palm of one’s hand
了如指掌
To throw cold water on
浇冷水
Facts speak
louder than words.
事实胜于雄辩。
The burnt child dreads the fire.
一朝遭蛇咬，三年怕井绳。
Even
an honest official can’t judge domestic cases.
清官难断家务事。
A
long
road
tests
a
horse’s
strength
and
a
long
task
proves
a
man’s
heart.
路遥知马力，事久见人心。
The teenagers don’t invite
Bob to their parties because he is
a
wet
blanket
.
Among
so
many
well-dressed
and
cultured
people,
the
country
girl
felt
like
a fish
out of water
.
All right, I
blame
myself. But
it’s
the last time. We were
cat’s
-paws
,
that’s all.
To
break
the
ice
,
Ted
spoke
of
his
interest
in
mountain
climbing,
and
they
soon had
a conversation going.
She
was
born
with
a
silver
spoon
in
her
mouth
;
she
thinks
she
can
do
what
she
likes.
Two heads are
better than one.
（三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。）一人不及两人
智。
If you run after
two hares, you will catch neither.
脚踏两头船，必定落
空。
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.
When the cat’s away, the
mice will play. 猫儿不在，鼠儿成精。
A
stitch in time saves nine.
及时缝一针，可以省九针。
注意：有
时可以把英语原文中的非习语译为汉语习语，是译文生动有力：
But against
the vast
expanse
of the sky, the chute looked
very small
.
Over
the past several weeks, she had grown increasingly
restless
.
It
is
clear
that
he
was
one
of
the
outstanding
pilots
in
the
whole
program.
It
was nervous before
crowds
.
The mere thought of appearing before
a crowd frightened
me.
The guest was pleased by the
distinction but not
overwhelmed
.
但是，习语的使用不能违背忠实、通顺的翻译标准。如：
The aircraft is
small,
cheap,
pilotless.
It was a
chilly
day in
early spring
.
Earthy and gracious, he finds the city
dwellers too
cold
and
sophisticated
.
练习题
一、试用汉语同义习语翻译下列各习语：
1. To take French leave 2.
A stony heart
3.
At
one’s fingertips
4. To have a
hand like a foot
5. As mute as a
fish 6. To return good for evil
7.
To shut one’s eyes
against
8. To talk black into
white
9. To turn a deaf ear to
10. Practice makes perfect.
11. To
face the music 12. Plain sailing
13.
To be dead drunk 14. Laugh and grow fat
15. Tweedledee and tweedledum 16.
To fly into a rage
17. To look for a
needle in a haystack 18. A leap in the dark
19.
To show one’s
colours
20. To make a noise in the
world
21. More
haste,
less
speed 22. Neither
fish
nor
flesh
23. To
pick
holes in 24.
To mind
one’s P’s and Q’s
25.
To be at the end of one’s
rope
26. To flog a dead horse
27. To turn over a new leaf 28.
To put all one’s eg
gs in one
basket
二、
试译下列各句：
1.
He
just
had
forty
winks.
2. His
wife
held
the
purse
string.
3.
You should keep your nose out of here.
4.
Don’t you see the
writing on the wall?
5.
that
night
he
slept
like
a
top,
and
woke
with
his
knee
of
almost
normal
size.
6.
I’m
not
talking
about
castles
in
the
air—the
donkey’s
carrot.
No, I mean something
we’ve all shared.
7.
Mother said, “John, you’re talking
through your hat. You’re
crazy!”
8.
His accent gave him away.
9.
Large
police
forces
were
encamped
near
the
meeting,
out
of
sight
but hardly out of mind.
10.
The Nazis in Berlin became desperate and tried to
make hell while
the sun was shining.
三、
试译下列各句，注意运用汉语习语翻译斜体部分：
1. By comparison, the Great Wall
in China is a
mammoth
presence
.
2. After
that the special missions became
frequent occurrences
.
3. Yet there was no hint as to
who had irresponsibly started this
fiction
in the first place.
Or why?
4. On careful analysis it
appears that the information was
erroneous
or was susceptible
of varying interpretations.
5. In
a
dangerous
and
uncertain
world, the
strengthening of
national defence is
the best guarantee of a nati
on’s vital
interests.
6. He wads
confronted by the wild
irrationality
, the
deviousness
,
the
maliciousness
and
venality
of the Manchu
officials.
7. His
body
was
perfect,
alive
with
easy
suppleness
and
health
and
strength.
8. A vision
of countless
colorful
flowers
blinded
his eyes.
9. And then I ell asleep and only
woke at
broad day
.
10. But far from recovering, that
country remained
overwhelmed
by
corruption, a tottering bureaucracy,
surging prices and natural
disasters.
二、拟声词的译法
凡是以摹仿事物或动作的声音而构成的词称为拟声词。
世界各族语言都有大量
的
拟声词。
如汉语中的“轰隆、
啪啪、
呜”等。
拟声词有时兼顾动词和声音的特点。
< br>拟声词的英译汉可归纳为三类：
（一）
英语原文有拟声词，汉译时也运用拟声词
Two heavy guns went off in the
woods
—
BRUMP!
BRUMP!
Whee-ee-ee! Whee-ee-
ee!
The police whistles shrilled
suddenly.
Thump!
A table was
overturned!
But as the
door
banged
, she seemed to
come to life again.
All was quiet and
still except for the distant
tinkling
of a piano.
“What’s happening?” he
muttered
.
“What’s
that?”
he
suddenly
exclaimed,
hearing
a
rustle
;
and
they
both
looked
up.
“Hold him by the nose, dearie, then
he’ll
splutter
and wake up.”
They heard the
twitter
of birds among the
bushes.
Thunder
rumbled
in the distance.
The cart
rumbled
past.
His stomach
rumbled
emptily.
（二）
英语原文有拟声词，汉译时不用拟声词
I
clanked
the
kettle.
The cop carried a stick, ready
to
thwack
anybody who
offended his ear or
eye.
The
train
puffed
towards Tokyo
from Sendai.
He
slammed
his tea cup down on
the table.
We heard the
machines
whirr
.
They heard the muffled
booming
of artillery from
afar.
The
squeaking
of the radio was
disturbing everybody.
The
screeching
of the brakes got
on my nerves.
The train whistle
tooted
.
The
underground train was
humming
.
The frogs in the fields outside the
town were
croaking
cheerfully.
The cock in the yard
crowed
its first round.
The moment he rushed in, the hens
chucked
and the dogs
barked
.
（三）
英语原文没有拟声词，汉译时加用拟声词
The stone
fell
on
his head.
The child
fell
into the water.
Zigurd
fell
asleep
almost immediately.
Phyl expected them to start brawling,
but Mrs. Cooper merely
laughed
good-
naturedly.
The kids
are
crying
loudly.
There were no
sounds but that of the
tread
of the men and the
footsteps
of the two shaggy ponies which drew the
van.
练习题
一、
试译下列各句，
把作独立成分用的英语拟声词译
成作独立成分用的汉语拟声
词：
1.
Crack!
The stick broke in
two.
2.
Plop,
plop
? there was water
dripping from the ceiling on to
the
earth floor.
3.
Crash
! The door was broken.
4.
Thwack! Thwack!
Thwack!
This was the first humiliation
of his
life.
5.
Splish! Splish!
The water
bubbled round his legs.
二、
试译下列各句，
将英语拟声动词、
名词
或动词派生词转化为汉语动词拟声词
附加语或名词拟声词附加语：
1. He let the beer
gurgle
down his throat.
2. All the time there were
clucks
of admiration from
the crowd.
3. A crystal tear-drop
plopped
down on to the
letter.
4. The young man
slapped
three silver dollars
on the counter.
5. The low
whirr
of the spinning wheel
spoke to him of the warmth
of home and
his mother’s love.
6.
She
wore
a
pair
of
black
leather
shoes
that
clicked
against
the
asphalt as she walked
along.
三、试译下列各句，将英语拟声词或动词派
生词译成汉语拟声动词：
1. All you
can do is keep on
clack-clack-
clacking
.
2. Those
standing behind
whispered
and
chattered
all the time.
四、试译下列各句，将英语拟声词译成汉语非拟声词：
1. The old man
banged
the boy’s
head against the wall.
2.
She
thumps
her chest as if
she feels pain there.
3. They
splashed
through the mire to
the village.
4. Already some
horse-drawn carts were
creaking
along the street.
五、试译下列各短语，将英语拟声词译成汉语拟声词：
1. The
rataplan
of the drum
2. the
changour
of the gong
3. The
changing
of the tram
4. The
bumping
of the van
5.
The
rumbling
of the truck
6. The
jangling
of the bicycle
7. The
tick-
tack
of the watch
六、试译下列各短语，将英语拟声词译成汉语非拟声词：
1. The neighing of he horse
2. The quacking of the duck
3. The crowing of the cock
4. The bleating of the sheep
5. The heehawing of the donkey
6. The baaing of the calf
七、试译下列各句，在译文中加用汉语拟声词：
1. The tears she could not hold
back fell on his face.
2.
Noisily, the crowd swarmed out of the door.
3. He sat there gnawing the
biscuit.
4. The logs were burning
briskly in the fire.
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（
5
）
一、
定语从句的译法
定语从句可以分为：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1
．限制性定语从句
1
）
前置法
把英语限制性定语从句译成带
“的”的定语词组，
放在被修饰词之前，
从而将复
合句译成汉语单句。
I was, to
borrow from John Le Carre, the spy
who
was to stay out in the
cold
.
It is a consolation to know that they
will surely carry on the cause
for
which Edgar Snow strove so faithfully
all his life
.
The people
who worked for him
lived in
mortal fear of him.
There will come a
day
when people the world over will
live a happy life
under the sun of
socialism
.
2
）
后置法
(1)
译成并列分句，重复英语先行词。
He
unselfishly
contributed
his
uncommon
talents
and
indefatigable
spirit
to the struggle
which today brings them (those aims)
within the reach of
a majority of the
human race
.
They
are
striving
for
the
ideal
which
is
close
to
the
heart
of
every
Chinese
and
for which, in the past,
many Chinese have laid down their
lives
.
They
would
have
had
to
live
the
rest
of
their
lives
under
the
stigma
that
he had recklessly
precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit
Conference and conceivably could have
launched a nuclear war
.
(2)
译成并列分句，省略英语先行词。
A
good deal went on in the steppe
which
he
—
her
father
—
did not
know
.
He
managed
to
raise
a
crop
of
200
miracle
tomatoes
that
weighed
up
to
two
pounds
each
.
It is he who received
the letter
that announced the death of
your uncle
.
3
）
溶合法
1
．
溶合法是指把原句中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立巨资的一种
翻译方法。限
制性定语从句往往采用这种方法处理。
There are
many people who want to see the
film
.
There was
another man who seemed to have answers,
and that was Robert
McNamara
.
There
were
men
in
that
crowded
who
had
stood
there
every
day
for
a
month
.
There is
a man
downstairs
who wants to see
you
.
2
．此外，还有些带有定语
从句的英语复合句，译成汉语时可将英语主句压缩成
汉语词组作主语，而把定语从句译成
谓语，溶合成一个句子。
“We
are
a
nation
that
must
beg
to
stay
alive
,”
said
a
foreign
economist.
We
used a plane
of which almost every part
carried some indication of
national
identity
.
These
were
the
meetings
that
engineered
Khrushchev’s
“resignation”
on
ground of “advancing age and
deteriorating health.”
2
．非限制性定语从句
1
）
前置法
The sun,
which had hidden all day, now came out in all its
splendor.
The
emphasis
was
helped
by
t
he
speaker’s
mouth,
which
was
wide,
thin
and
hard set.
He liked his
sister, who was warm and pleasant, but he did not
like his
brother, who was aloof and
arrogant.
But Miggle’s laugh, which was
very infectious, broke the silence.
2
）
后置法
(1)
译成并列分句
A.
在译文中把原文从句后置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。
I told the story to John,
who (=and he) told it to his
brother
.
Kissinger and his
small group of aides toured the Forbidden City,
where
the Chinese emperors
had once lived in lofty splendor
.
The
cook
turned
pale,
and
asked
the
housemaid
to
shut
the
door,
who
asked
Brittles, who asked the tinker, who
pretended not to hear
.
B.
在译文中从句后置，省略关系词所代表的含义。
After dinner, the four key negotiators
resumed their talks,
which
continued well into the
night
.
He
saw
in
front
that
haggard
white-haired
old
man,
whose
eyes
flashed
red
with fury
.
When
she was lost to his view, he pursued his homeward
way, glancing up
sometimes at the sky,
where the clouds were sailing fast and
wildly
.
His wife, Betty, is
a Shanghai-born Chinese
who left China
at the age of
eight,
and
whose
book,
“Eight
Moon”,
tells
of
her
sister
Sansan’s
life
in China
.
C.
在译文中从句前置，重复英语关系词所代表的含义。
World War II was, however, more complex
than World War I,
which was a
collision among the imperialist powers
over the spoils of markets,
resources
and territories
.
The men had
suddenly awakened to the fact that there were
beauty and
significance in these
trifles, (flowers)
which they had so
long trodden
carelessly beneath their
feet
.
It was an old woman,
tall and shapely still, though withered by time,
on
whom his eyes fell when
he stopped and turned
.
(2)
译成独立句
He had
talked to Vice-President Nixon,
who
assured him that everything
that could
be done would be done
.
One
was
a
violent
thunderstorm,
the
worst
I
had
ever
seen,
which
obscured
my
objective
.
If she did not
speak with
Rebecca on the
tender subject,
she
compensated
herself with long and
intimate conversations with Mrs. Blenkinsop, the
house keeper,
who dropped
some hints to the lady’s
-maid, who may
have
cursorily mentioned the matter to
the cook, who carried the news, I have
no doubt, to all the
tradesmen.
练习题
一、试用前置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1
．
This is the
soldier who just returned from the front.
2
．
Those
who
sacrifice
themselves
for
the
people’s
cause
are
the
real
heroes of history.
3
．
Oxygen is a
gas which unites with many substances.
4
．
He was not at
ease with those who made diplomacy their
profession,
particularly ambassadors.
二、
试用后置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
（
1
）翻译时重复先行词：
1. The great inviolate place had
the ancient permanence which the
sea
cannot claim.
2.
He’ll
show
her
the
place
where
they
could
make
her
l
ook
a
proper
dame
—
for next to
nothing.
3. He
made
the
sound
of
sympathy
which
comes
so
readily
from
those
who
have an independent income.
（
2
）翻译时省略先行词：
1.
Occasionally there would be the days when my
depression would
dissipate temporarily.
2. He was the writer who was
moving into operational activities.
3.
A
fuel
is
a
material
which
will
burn
at
a
reasonable
temperature
and produce
heat.
三、
试用溶合法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1. This is the paper mill that
they set up in 1978.
2. There has
never been a man around me who wrote so many
memos.
3. There are some metals
which possess the power to conduct
electricity.
四、
试用前置法翻译下列各限制性定语从句：
1. Last night I saw a very good
film, which was about the French
revolution.
2. The
ambassador, who had long been interested in Asian
affairs,
was flattered.
3.
Even Fulbright (
富布赖特
), who
was an old friend of his, was
showing
signs of independence.
五、
试用后置法翻译下列各非限制性定语从句：
（一）翻译时巴关系词表达出来，从句要后置：
1. I
knew
that
John
would
tell
his
mother,
who
would
probably
tell
Mary.
2. He took the
idea to Admiral King, who liked it and ordered a
secret study made to see if it could be
done.
3. But listen, I met a man,
who said you could hire.
（二）翻译时可不必表达关系词，从句要后置：
1. He said this was a good
suggestion, which he would look into.
2. He gave me a fountain pen,
which I kept to this day.
3.
Surely this was his native village, which he had
left but the
day before.
六、
试将下列各非限制性定语从句译成独立句：
1. Nevertheless
the
problem
was
solved
successfully,
which
showed
that
the computations were accurate.
2.
I had a problem, which became clearly obvious just
as I was to
appear at the meeting.
3. One was Newman himself, who
laughed as he recounted how he had
hidden in that basement for several
days.
二、状语从句的译法
状语从句包括时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等各种从句。
一）表示时间的状语从句
1
．译成相应的表示时间的状语
While she spoke
, the tears
were running down.
When the history of
the Nixon Administration is finally
written
, the
chances are
that his Chinese policy will stand out as a model
of common
sense and good diplomacy.
Please turn off the light
when you leave the room
.
2
．译成“刚（一）??就??”的句式
He had hardly rushed into the room when
he shouted, “Fire! Fire!”
Hardly had we arrived when it began to
rain.
When I reached the beach, I
collapsed.
He had scarcely handed me
the letter
when he asked me to read
it
.
3
．译成并列的分句
He shouted
as he
ran
.
They set him free
when his ransom had not yet been
paid
.
I was about to speak,
when Mr. Smith cut in
.
Mrs Acland gazed at
him, her
eyes
darkening with a
curious expression of
dislike and distrust
as he
silently turned away
.
二）表示原因的状语从句
1
．译成表示“原因”的分句
The crops failed
because the
season was dry
.
Because
we
are
both
prepared
to
proceed
on
the
basis
of
equality
and
mutual
respect
, we meet at a moment
when we can make peaceful cooperation a
reality.
The policies open
to developing countries are more limited than for
industrialized nations
because the poorer economies respond
less to
changing conditions and
administrative control
.
She
could get away with anything,
because
she looked such a baby
.
The
strike
leaders
were
alarmed
when
I
told
them
what
had
happened
as
the
reporter
was unfriendly
.
2
．译成因果偏正复合句中的主句
Because he was convinced of the
accuracy of this fact
, he stuck to his
opinion.
Pure iron is not
used in industry
because it is too
soft
.
The
perspiration
embarrasses
him
slightly
because
the
dampness
on
his
brow
and chin makes him look
more tense than he really is
.
3
．译成不用关联词而因果关系内含的并列分句
“You took me
because I was
useful
. There is no question of
gratitude
between us,” said
Rebecca.
After all, it did
not matter much,
because in 24 hours,
they were going
to be free
.
He was not only surprised but, to start
with, extremely suspicious,
as
he had every reason to be
.
三）表示条件的状语从句
1
．译成表示“条件”的分句
“Sure, there’s jobs. There is even
Egbert’s job if you want it.”
It was better in case they were
captured.
They can’t go through any
city! If they lay over, it’s got to be in a
special garage.
Once
the
men
had
been
accepted
by
the
Comet
organization,
they
were
brought
to
Brussels.
2
．译成表示“假设”的分句
If one of them collapsed, as they often
did
, the guide used to carry him
over the mountains.
If the
government survives the confidence
votes
, its next crucial test
will come in a direct Bundestag vote on
the treaties May 4.
If the negotiations
between the rich northerly nations and the poor
southerly
nations
make
headway
,
it
is
intended
that
a
ministerial
session
in December should be arranged.
3
．译成补充说明情况的分句
“He’s dead on the job, Jesse. Last
night if you want to know.”
“You’ll have some money by then,
--that is, if you last the week out,
you fool.”
You
can drive tonight if you are ready.
四）表示让步的状语从句
1
．译成表示“让步”的分句
Although
he
seems
hearty
and
outgoing
in
public
,
Mr.
Cooks
is
a
withdrawn,
introverted man.
At Paris, they were sheltered by the
French members, because,
although
the Comet Line started in
Belgium
, it was very much a combined
Belgium-French effort.
The
threat of death does not depress him,
even though he has become the
No. I villain to them
.
While this is true of some
,
it is not true of all.
While I grant
his honesty
, I suspect his memory.
I still think that you made a mistake
while I admit what you say
.
2
．译成表示“无条件”的条件分句
Whatever combination of military and
diplomatic action is taken, it is
evident that he is having to tread an
extremely delicate tight-rope.
No
matter
what
misfortune
befell
him,
he
always
squared
his
shoulders
and
said: “Never mind, I’ll work
harder.”
Plugged into the
intercommunication system, the man can now
communicate
with the rest of the crew
no matter what noise is going on about him.
五）表示目的的状语从句
1
．译成表示“目的”的前置分句
They
stepped
into
a
helicopter
and
flew
high
in
the
sky
in
order
that
they
might have a bird’s
-eye view
of the city.
He pushed open the door
gently and stole out of the room for fear that
he should awake her.
We
should start early so that we might get there
before noon.
2
．译成表示“目的”的后置分句
The
murderer
ran
away
as
fast
as
he
could,
so
that
he
might
not
be
caught
red-handed.
Brackett groaned aloud,
“You
came from
Kansas City in two
weeks
so that
I could give
you a job?”
Wouldn’t it be
better if you were somehow to organize an escape
route
so that these men could get back
to Britain into the war again?
练习题
一、试译下列各句，尽可能运
用“刚（一）??就??”的句式：
1. Mary had
scarcely heard the news when she wept aloud.
2. When the war started, she soon got
caught up in some very different
activities.
3. The voices
stopped as she drew near.
4. We had
barely dropped off to sleep when the doorbell
began to ring.
二、试译下列各句，把表示时间的从句译成汉语并列句的分句：
1.
She
took
a
big
bite
of
her
bread-and-
butter
as
she
stared
at
the
little
drawing.
2. She sang as she prepared Matt’s
supper.
were just about
to give up
the question,
when
suddenly they found
the
answer.
三、
试译下列各句，
把表示原因的从句译成不用连词而因果关系内含的汉语句子：
1. As she had lots of time, she decided
to go to the Embankment first.
2. I am
going to bed, as I’m very tired.
3. We had to put the meeting off since
so many people were absent.
四、试译下列各句，原文主句在译文中易位：
1. The earth rotates as it travels
through space.
2. The doctor began to
work as soon as he came to the front.
3. Smith fell down when he ran fast to
meet them.
4. Holmes struck another
match when he approached.
五、试译下列各句，把表示让
步的从句译成汉语“无条件”的条件分句：
1.
No
matter
how
good
it
is
on
paper,
the
bosses
will
try
to
wangle
it all
their own way.
2. They
were
obviously
doing
the
right
thing,
and
she
would
defend
them, whatever anyone said.
3. They
support
the
holding
of
a
summit
conference
no
matter
whether
this sort of conference will make
achievement or not.
4.
I’ll never give in, no matter what
happens.
5. She had
always taken that for granted as correct
behaviour,
however much it went against
the things you were told.
六、试将下列各状语从句译成各种相对应的汉语偏正复句：
（一）译成表示“条件”或“假设”的分句：
1. In case I forget, please
remind me about it.
2. If
one
of
them
dares
to
lay
his
little
finger
on
me
as
we
go
out,
I won’t answer for what I’ll be
doing.
3.
We’ll
let
use
the
room
on
condi
tion
that
you
will
keep
it
clean
and
tidy.
（二）译成表示“让步”的分句：
1.
Even if he did
throw the police off his trail, she’ll go and
give him away.
2.
I
replied
I
hadn’t,
although
I
had
seen
motion
pictures
of
such
happening.
3. Though
the
squatters
refused
to
come
out,
they
were
besieged
from
that moment.
（三）译成表示“原因”的分句：
1. Probably he had stood there
for some time, because the ash of
his
cigar was discovered on the ground near the gate.
2. He gladly accepted his offer,
because he needed a lot of time
for his
studies.
3. She
was
both
pleased
and
displeased
that
her
friend
heard
these
insinuations.
（四）译成表示“目的”的分句：
1. He slammed the door so that
his mother would know he was home.
2.
We do not read history simply for pleasure, but in
order that
we may discover the laws of
political growth and change.
3. In
plucking wild flowers, he always refrained form
taking many
from one locality, lest he
should injure the future growth.
英译汉常用的
方法和技巧（
4
）
一、
分句、合句法
所谓分句法是指把原文
的一个简单句译成两个或两个以上的句子。
所谓合句法是
指把原
文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单据来表达。
1
．分句法
1
）
把原
文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上
的句子。
（
1
）
副词
The Chinese
seemed
justifiably
proud of
their economic achievements.
Incidentally
, I hope to get
better medical treatment in these countries
than I can possibly get here in the
United States.
They,
not
surprisingly
, did not respond at all.
（
2
）
形容词
Chairman Mao
might have spoken with
understandable
pride of his
policy
of
“self
-
reliance”.
That region was the most
identifiable
trouble spot.
He
had
long
been
held
in
cordial
contempt
by
his
peers;
now
that
contempt
was no longer cordial.
（
3
）
名词
A
movie
of
me
leaving
that
foxhole
would
look
like
a
shell
leaving
a
riffle.
As
a
place
to
live,
it
left
much
to
be
desired.
As
a
secret
training
base
for
a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent
site,
its remoteness
effectively masking its activity
?
He shook his head and his
eyes were wide, then narrowed in
indignation
.
2
）
把原
文中的一个短语译成句子，使原文中的句子分译成两个或两个以上的
句子。
（
1
）
分词短语
They were at
home in the home of the people,
moving
confidently without
fear
.
She
sat
with
her
hands
cupping
her
chin,
staring
at
a
corner
of
the
little
kitchen
.
Sunray
filtered
in
wherever
they
could,
driving
out
darkness
and
choking
the
shadows
.
（
2
）
名词短语
I
wrote
four
books
in
the
first
three
years,
a
record
never
touched
before
.
The
military
is
forbidden
to
“kill”
the
vessel,
a
relatively
easy
task
.
The
station
chief
would
have
to
be
close
to
the
director,
a
member
of
the
inner circle
.
Energy
can
neither
be
created
nor
destroyed,
a
universally
accepted
law
.
（
3
）
前置词短语
In August
1946,
on my fifth trip through
China
, bound for my Moscow home
but
not in haste
,
since my husband had died in the war, I came to
Yenan.
Their power increased
with their number
.
He arrived in Washington
at
a ripe moment
internationally.
3
）
把原文中句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
Sometimes
Mrs.
Cross would
be
walking
around
in
the
big
kitchen
watching
him eat.
She had made several attempts to help
them find other rental quarters
without
success.
But another round of war in
the region clearly would put strains on
international relations.
His
failure
to
observe
the
safely
regulations
resulted
in
an
accident
to
the
machinery.
2
．合句法
1
）
把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句
(simple
sentence)
译成一个单句。
It was on the early morning of April 2,
1971. The pilots were briefed in
the
ready room.
He was very clean. His mind
was open.
There are men here from all
over the country. Many of them are from the
South.
His father had a
small business in the city of Pisa. This city is
in the
north of Italy near the sea.
2
）
把原文中的主从复合句
(complex
sentence)
译成一个单句。
When I negotiate, I get nervous. When I
get nervous, I eat.
When we praise the
Chinese leadership and the people, we are not
merely
being polite.
I’m
blest if I know.
3
）
把原文中的并列复合句
(compound
sentence)
译成一个单句。
From Florence the river Arno ran down
to Pisa, and then it reached the
sea.
In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they
became friends.
The time was 10:30, and
traffic on the street was light.
练习题
一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词译成一个汉语句子：
1
．
He
wished
he
were
at
home.
Ordinarily,
he
would
have
been
there
three
hours
ago.
2
．
Illogically
, she had
expected some kind of miracle solution.
3
．
But,
occasionally
,
through
haste
or
carelessness,
mistakes
were
made,
so
that
at
the
end
of
the
business
day
one
teller
would
be
short
on
cash,
the other long.
4
．
Characteristically
,
Mr.
Harold
concealed
uncertainty
in
his
breast.
5
．
The
inside
of
each
tent
depended
on
the
personality
of
its
occupants.
二、试译下列各句，将斜体的短语译成汉语句子：
1
．
He was lying
on his side
watching her
.
2
．
Doctors and
men both talked about a miracle drug constantly
almost
with awe
.
3
．
But they had
become nomads of the desert,
living on
the ground and
under the
sky
, and they loved it.
4
．
The hospital
was already spreading a fame
for its
food
.
5
．
The answer
had been there all of the time
just out
of reach
.
6
．
Mr. Myles
still smiled but
his voice had a little
bit of irritation
in it,
unusual to Rob
.
三、试译下列各句，将斜体的句子分译成两个以上的汉语句子：
1
．
The
ample
yard
in
back
is
dominated
by
heavily
bearing
fruit
trees
.
2
．
David opened
the door,
and Arthur went out into the
rain
.
3
．
He wanted to
tell John how surprised he was at his knowledge
but
embarrassment made him hold his
peace
.
4
．
Strange
enough
they were the same age to the
day
.
5
．
Out of sheer joy she waved
.
四、试译下列各句，将两个（或两个以上的）简单句合并译成一个汉语单句（或
复句）：
1
．
It was half
past ten. Sarie watched the path anxiously.
2
．
That was long
ago. A very long time ago. Almost 30 years ago.
3
．
He would miss
many things and many people. He would miss Celia.
4
．
The four men
huddled there and said nothing. They dared not
smoke.
They would not move.
5
．
Home after
seven years. Home. The word had meant so much to
him.
6
．
And as
she thought, it became more involved. Harder to
understand.
五、试译下列各句，将主从复合句译成一个汉语单句：
1
．
He stood on
the curb till a car shot by.
2
．
While he
washed, he heard the doorbell.
3
．
When I came
to the summit, I became very excited.
4
．
If we do a
thing, we should do it well.
六、试译下列各句，将并列句译成一个汉语单句：
1
．
It was 1953,
and I had just come from Kilkely, Ireland, to seek
my
fortune.
2
．
It
was
an
LST,
and
it
was
already
nearly
loaded
with
trucks
and
armored
cars.
3
．
It
was
in
mid-
August,
and
the
repair
section
operated
under
the
blazing
sun.
二、
被动语态的译法
英语被动语态的句子
，
译成汉语时，
很多情况下都可译成主动句，
< br>但也有一些可
以保持被动语态。
1
．译成汉语主动句
1
）
原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
The whole country
was
armed
in a few days.
The
sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth
has never been
totally
eradicated
.
On their
domestic stations events in the Middle East
were dismissed
briefly
.
2
）
原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
By
the end of the war 800
people had been
saved by the organization
, but
at a cost of over 200 Belgian and
French lives.
It would be astonishing
if
that loss were not keenly
felt
.
Mr. Billings cannot be
deterred from his plan
.
3
）
译成带表语的主动句
The
crew
were trained
at Eglin
Field, Fla.
The decision to attack was
not taken lightly.
He
(Barr
ymore)
then
continued
his
walk
down
the
alley.
His
(Sir
Charles’)
body was found at
the end of it.
4
）
常用被动句型的翻译
有一类以
it
作为形式主语的英语句子，在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时不加
主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”
等。
（
1
）不加主语时
It is hoed that
? 希望??
It is reported that ?
据报道??
It is said
that ? 据说??
It is
supposed that ? 据推测??
It
may
be
said
without
fear
of
exaggeration
that
? 可以毫不夸张地说??
It
must be admitted that ?必须承认??
It must be pointed that ?
必须指出??
It will be seen from
this that ? 由此可见??
（
< br>2
）可加主语时
It is
asserted that ? 有人主张??
It is
bel
ieved that ?
有人相信
(
认为) ??
It is generally considered that ?
大家认为??
It is well known that
? 大家知道
(
众所周知) ??
It will be said that ?
有人会说??
It was told that ?
有人曾经说??
2
．译成汉语被动句
1
）“被??”“给??”
Any minute we
would surely
be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out
of the airfield
.
But
shortly
afterwards
they
heard
that
every
single
member
of
that
first
party
had been captured by Spanish Frontier
police and put into a
concentration
camp
.
I started to explain
that I could not do my best since my spectacles
had
been taken away from
me, but she wouldn’t let me
finish.
I closed my eyes and
said to myself, “I am not a number. My name
will
be
remembered
as an anti-Nazi writer, and
I have done more harm to your
system
than you can ever do me. I am not a
number!”
2
）“（遭）受??”
Our foreign policy
is
supported by the people all over the
world
.
I was seized with
sadness as I thought of how the ancient city had
been
spared during the Second World War
and now
might be destroyed by an
impending riot
.
They
were given
a
hearty welcome.
He was policed by the
bosses’ cops.
Therefore,
when we
are received
with so
much honour and so
much
kindness
in this great
country I believe that the People’s Republic of
China is
doing a very significant
thing.
3
）“为??所”
These views of Marx
and
Engels
have now been adopted by all
proletarians
who are fighting for their
emancipation
.
Once
the
men
had
been
accepted
by
the
Comet
organization
,
they
were
brought
to Brussels.
I
was so impressed by these
words
that I used them later for a
Christmas
card.
3
．译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
By evening the occupation was complete,
and
the people were chased off
the streets by an eight o’clock
curfew
.
Since
the
wingspan
of
the
twin-
engine
bombers
was
too
wide
for
the
ship’s
elevators,
they couldn’t be stored
below
.
The famous hotel had
been practically destroyed by the big
fire.
Organization
leadership
must
be
made
fully
equal
to
the
task
of
ensuring
the realization of the political
slogans and decisions of the Party.
Most
letters
form
his
wife,
are
read
to
him
by
the
nurse
in
the
hospital
.
And the
astonishing thing is that this most dangerous
operation
was
organized by a
young attractive twenty-three-year-old Belgian
girl,
Andree De Jongh by
name
.
练习题
一、试将下列各被动句译成主
动句，原句主语在译句中仍作主语：
1. A
new student is kept on probation for one semester.
2. With the outbreak of the war,
fights were stepped up.
3. Most
of the questions have been settled satisfactorily,
only a
few questions of secondary
importance remain to be discussed.
4.
This liquid became mixed with the salt at room
temperature.
5. It should have
been obvious that the plan would have to be
scrapped.
二、试译下列各被动句译成主动句，原句
主语在译句中仍作宾语：
1. After a
while an agreement was arrived at.
2.
A contingency plan was hastily drawn up.
3. A large sum of money has been
put aside for that purpose.
4. A
plan was needed to strike the enemy right where he
lived.
5. I am afraid I shall be
laughed at.
6. The workers were
seen repairing the machine.
三、试将下列各句译成带表语的主动句：
1. My first thirty years were
spent in Western America.
2.
Eventually, of course, the plan was abandoned.
3. But the march could not be
stopped with bullets now.
4. The
ship was destined for London.
5.
Rainbows
are
formed
when
sunlight
passes
through
small
drops
of
water in the sky.
四、试译下列各句，用“被”或“给”字：
1. Hitler was also washed away by
the storms of history.
2. Robert
Fin was dismissed by the boss of the factory.
3. The general himself was
promoted to Field-Marshal to spur him
on to greater efforts.
4.
Part or all of the light may be reflected,
absorbed or
transmitted by the thing or
object that comes into its way.
5.
Running
water
has
long
been
used
to
turn
the
wheels
of
industry.
五、试译下列各句，用“（遭）受”、“由”或“把”字：
1. She was blamed for everything
her sister did.
2. Last
year
the
region
was
visited
by
the
worst
drought
in
60
years.
3. every country will be
represented by its prime minister.
4.
Natural light or “white” light is
actually made up of many
colours.
5. Rivers are controlled by dams.
6. He
was
regarded
as
a
Republican
by
everybody,
even
though
he
had
always thought of himself as an
“Independent”.
三、
名词从句的译法
英语名词从句包括主
语从句、
宾语从句、
表语从句和同位语从句等。
翻译这类从
句时。大多数可按原文的句序译成对应的汉语，但也还有一些其他处
理方法。
1
．主语从句
1
）以
what,
whatever, whoever
等代词引导的主语从句翻译时一般可按原文顺
序翻译。
What he told
me
was only half-truth.
Whatever he saw and heard on his
trip
gave him a very deep impression.
Whoever has made a voyage up the
Hudson
must remember the Kasstskill
Mountains.
2
）
以
it
做形式主语所引导的主语从句，
翻译时视情况可以提前，
也可以不提前。
（
1
）主语从句提前译，为了强调起见，<
/p>
it
一般可以译出来，如果不需要强调，
it
也可以不以出来。
It
doesn’t make much difference
whether he
attends the meeting or not
.
It
is
a
fact
that
the
U.S.S.R.
has
sent
its
fleet
to
all
parts
of
the
world
.
It seemed inconceivable
that
the pilot could have survived the
crash
.
（
2
< br>）主语从句不提前，
it
一般不需要译出来。
It is strange
that
she should have failed to see her own
shortcomings
.
It
was
obvious
that
I
had
become
the
pawn
in
some
sort
of
top-level
power
pla
y.
It is
rumoured (reported)
that the meeting
will be held in June
.
2
．宾语从句
（
1
）用
that, what,
how
等引起的宾语从句汉译时一般不需要改变它的原句中
的顺
序。
I
told
him
that
because
of
the
last
condition,
I’d
have
to
turn
it
down
.
Can you hear
what I
say?
I also told him
how appealing I found the
offer
.
He would never let
the history books say of him
that he
had been content
to sit on the
sidelines, to be a gentle, leisurely President,
letting
events take their
course
.
有时可加“说”字，在接下去译原文宾语从句的内容。
Smith relied that he was sorry.
He would remind people again
that it was decided not only by himself
but
by lots of others
.
（
2
）
用
it
作形式宾语的句子，
汉译时
that
引起的宾语从句一般可按原文顺序；
it
不译。
I made it
clear to them
that they must hand in
their papers before 10
o’clock in the
morning
.
I take it for
granted
that you will come and talk the
matter over with
him
.
但是在译文中也可将
that
引起的宾语从句提前。
I regard
it as an honour
that I am chosen to
attend the meeting
.
Anyhow,
old chap, I owe it to you
that I’m
here
.
3
．表语从句
英语表语从句跟宾语从句一样，一般可按原文顺序翻译。
That
is
how
the
student
movement
broadened
out
into
a
nationwide
movement
for a war of resistance against foreign
invaders.
The fact, however, remains
that, though seemingly a big military power,
she is far from invulnerable in her air
defence.
What he emphasized over
and over again
was that, no
matter how difficult
it
might be, they should never retreat even for an
inch.
The conclusion, drawn in one of
the concluding paragraphs, is that
American foreign policy goals can be
attained only by “maintaining a
position of strength.”
His
view
of
the
press
was
that
the
reporters
were
either
for
him
or
against
him.
This is what he is eager to do.
That was how a small nation won the
victory over a big power.
This is where
the shoe pinches.
4
．同位语从句
1
）同位语从句汉译时不提前
He expressed the hope
that
he would come over to visit China
again
.
There were also
indications t
hat intelligence, not
politics was Helms’
primary
concern
.
An obedient son, I
had accepted my father’s decision
that
I was to be
a doctor, though the
prospect interested me not at all
.
2
）同位语从句汉译时提前
Yet, from the beginning, the fact
that I was alive was
ignored
.
But I knew I
couldn’t trust him. There was always the
possibility
that
he was a
political swindler
.
It does
not alter the fact
that he is the man
responsible for the delay
.
They were very suspicious of the
assumption
that he would rather kill
himself than surrender
.
3
）增加“即”（或“以为”）或用冒号、破折号分开
< br>
“Influenced
by
these
ethics,
Powers
lived
under
the
delusion
that
money
does not stink
?
”
But it ignores
the fact
that, though pilots, we
potentially were in as
much danger of
capture as any covert agent
.
But
considered
realistically,
we
had
to
face
the
fact
that
our
prospects
were less than good
.
And there was the possibility
that a small electrical spark might
accidentally bypass the most carefully
planned circuit
.
这里我们顺便再简单讲讲用单词、短语作同位语的译法。
1
）
说明身份、
称
号的英语同位语往往放在专门名词后面，
汉译时一般放在前面。
They silently surrounded Lazarev,
a young soldier
, in order to
take him
prisoner.
According
to Snyder,
my cousin
,
Osweald mentioned this matter.
“If
something works out, Joes Alsop will write that it
was Bundy
the
brilliant
Harward Dean
who did it
?”
2
）限制性同位语以及用形容词
、数词等作进一步说明的同位语在英语中往往放
在本同位语后面，汉译时一般不需要改变
位置。
That theory was advanced
by the famous Chinese geologist
Li Shi-
guang
.
I have been to all
the cinemas in this city,
big or
small
.
We
two
like to go there.
3
）原文中有些同位语，汉译时往往需要作适当扩充或加破折号、冒号等。<
/p>
Her son, my
emplo
yer’s nephew, was himself an
assistant in the shop.
The
search narrowed down to one plane, the B-25
Mitchell medium bomber.
But in three
hours we reached our destination, Vladimir Prison.
Instead
of
the
actual
April
date,
they
said
it
had
occurred
on
May
1,
1965,
the fifth anniversary
of my flight.
They
were
particularly
struck
by
Peking’s
allusion
to
the
five
principles
of “peaceful coexistence”, the specific
language of the 1955 Banding
Conference
of
non-allied
countries,
a
moment
of
Chinese
contact
with
the
non-Chinese world.
练习题
一、试译下列各句，原文主语从句的位置在译文中不变：
1
．
What
has
happened
is
no
surprise
to
us.
We
all
know
well
enough
what
he is.
2
．
Whatever he
says is reliable.
3
．
The King declared, “Whoever makes my
daughter laugh shall marry
her.”
4
．
Whether we
did or did not choose to carry them was up to us.
二、试译下列各句，以
it
作形式主语
所引起的真正的主语从句在译文中提前：
1
．
It’s
a
bit
fishy
that
he
should
have
given
away
a
mattress
like
that.
2
．
It was in
vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware
she was
speaking to Miss Pinkerton.
3
．
It
was
natural
that
now
the
conversation
turned
to
the
tragic
events
that had taken place
there a month before.
4
．
It seemed
incredible that thirty
hours
ago he had never set eyes on
any of
those three flaxen heads.
三、
试译下列各句，
以
it
作形式主语所引
起的真正的主语从句在译文中不提前：
1
．
It’s a pity that you live at such a
distance.
2
．
It is clear
that she has some great sorrow.
3
．
It’s possible that he
is
the man
who followed Sir
Henry in London.
4
．
It was clear
that he was going to meet Miss Carr and wanted to
be
alone.
四、试译下列各句，原文宾语从句的位置在译文中不变：
1
．I don’t know what you did
that for.
2
．
A principle of
science tells what usually happens under certain
conditions.
3
．I
don’t think I understand.
5
．
Next day he
found they had arranged to go by train to
Totnes
（陶
特纳斯），
and
picnic at Berry Pomeroy
Castle
（伯里波默罗古堡）
.
五、试译下列各句，形式宾语
it
省略不译：
1
．
I think it
true that he ventured out to sea.
2
．
I wanted to
make it clear whether he was a foreigner or not.
3
．
I took it
for granted that he would sign the document.
六、试译下列各句，可增加“说”字，在译原文宾语从句：
1
．
I
replied
that
they
had
never
brought
up
the
subject
in
conversation.
2
．
She had
explained that interviews were the only way to
keep the case
in public consciousness.
3
．
He commented
wryly that he had heard quite a bit about me.
4
．
He began, “Well, I guess things don’t
look very good at all.”
5
．
I am sorry
I wrote that I might quite school.
6
．
She
kissed
the
necklace
as
she
put
it
on,
and
vowed
she
would
never,
never part with it.
七、试译下列各句，原文表语从句在译文中的位置不变：
１．
The fact is that the old
lady believed Rebecca to be the meekest
creature in the world.
2
．
“If
I have seen farther than other man, it is because
I have stood
on the shoulders of
giants.” (Newton).
3
．
That is why the
machine parts were away during use.
八、试译下列各句，注意同位语的译法
１．
We know the fact that
bodies possess weight.
2
．
They
jumped
to
the
conclusion
that
all
our
flights
out
of
Pakistan
had
been made from
Peshawar
（白沙氏）
.
3
．
The meeting was
to take place at a hotel, the Park Hotel on
Nanjing
Road.
英译汉常用的方法和技巧（
3
）
八、
省略法
省略是指原文中有些词在译文
中不翻译出来。
现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例
探讨省略法。
1
．
从语法角度来看
1
）省略代词
（
1
）省略作主语的人称代词
He was thin and haggard and
he
looked miserable.
But
it’s
the
way
I
am,
and
try
as
I
might,
I
haven’t
been
able
to
change
it.
They
had ground him beneath their heel, they had taken
the best of him,
they
had
murdered
his father,
they
had
broken
and wrecked
his wife,
they
had crushed
his whole family.
We
live and learn.
You
can never tell.
Everywhere
you
can find new types of men and objects in New
China.
Even
as
the
doctor
was
recommending
rest,
he
knew
that
this
in
itself
was
not enough, that
one
could never get real
rest without a peaceful mind.
（
< br>2
）省略作宾语的代词
The
more he tried to hide his warts, the more he
revealed
them
.
She laid her hand lightly on his arm as
if to thank
him
for it.
In fact, Hitler’s “blitz”
carried
him
so far, to the
very gate of
Leningrad by September, a
city he was never to seize.
（
3
）省略物主代词
So
the
train
came,
he
pinched
his
little
sister
lovingly,
and
put
his
great
arms about
his
mother’s neck and then was
away.
She
went,
with
her
neat
figure,
and
her
sober
womanly
step,
down
the
dark
street.
She
felt the flowers were in
her
fingers, on
her
lips,
growing in
her
breast.
He shrugged
his
shoulders, shook
his
head, cast up
his
eyes, but said
nothing.
2
）省略非人称的或强势句中的
it
（
1
）
非人称用
it
Outside
it
was pitch dark and
it
was raining cats and
dogs.
He glanced at his watch;
it
was 7:15.
It
was just growing dark, as
she shut the garden gate.
（
2
）
强势用
it
It
was only then that I
began to have doubts whether my story would ever
be told.
It
was
with some difficulty that he found the way to his
own house.
Peter has always enjoyed
claiming that
it
was he and
not George, who was
the first to reach
the summit of the mountain.
3
）省略连接词
（
1
）
省略并列连词
He looked
gloomy
and
troubled.
Despite
the
privation,
and
the
mounting
toll
of
dead
and
wounded,
however,
morale remained intact,
and
people still smile in
the street.
He
considered
it
(National
Security
Council)
too
large
and
bulky
and
thus
too leaky, too many people who talked
too much.
Your son
or
your father
or
your wife
or
your
cousin
or
your best friend
or
your boss
or
your secretary might be
an informer
for Heydrich’s
organization ?
（
2
）
省略从属连词（表示原因、条件、时间的连接词）
We knew spring was coming
as
(
because
) we had seen a
robin.
He declined to amplify on the
President’s statement,
since
he had not
read the text.
Because
the departure was
not easy, we made it brief.
If
winter comes, can spring be far behind?
If
I had known it, I would
not have joined in it.
If
a spot turned hot, we’d overfly it
frequently.
“You’ve got to
be careful of these Eastern lawyers.
If
you are not
careful, they’ll take you and turn you
inside out.”
John
rose
gloomily
as
the
train
stopped,
for
he
was
thinking
of
his
ailing
mother.
When
at
last he stood upon the bluff, he turned to his
little sister and
looked upon her
sorrowfully.
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