-
TOEFL
托福
短
语词组
General Explaining
解释
Let
’
s start by
looking at language for general explanations of
complex points.
【解释】
1. In order to
Usage
:
“
In order
to
”
can be used to introduce
an explanation for
the purpose of an
argument.
Example
:
“
In order to understand X,
we need first to understand
Y.
”
2. In other
words
Usage
:
Use
“
in other
words
”
when you want to
express something
in a different way
(more simply), to make it easier to understand, or
to
emphasize or expand on a point.
Example
:
“
Frogs are amphibians. In
other words, they live on the
land and
in the water.
”
3. To put it another
way
Usage
:
This
phrase is another way of saying
“
in other
words
”
, and
can
be used in particularly complex points, when you
feel that an
alternative way of wording
a problem may help the reader achieve a
better understanding of its
significance
.
Example
:
“
Plants rely on
photosynthesis. To put it another way,
they will die without the
sun.
”
4. That is to
say
Usage
:
“
That
is
”
and
“
that is to
say
”
can be used to add
further
detail to your explanation, or
to be more precise.
Example:
“
Whales
are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe
air.
”
5. To that end
Usage
:
Use
“
to that
end
”
or
“
to this
end
”
in a similar way to
“
in
order
to
”
or
“
so
”
.
Example
:
“
Zoologists have long sought
to understand how animals
communicate
with each other. To that end, a new study has been
launched that looks at elephant sounds
and their possible
meanings.
”
Adding
additional information to support a point
并列
Students often make the mistake of
using synonyms of
“
and
”
each
time they want to add further
information in support of a point
they
’
re
making,
or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer
ways of doing
this.
【衔接两个点的时
候，不要总是用
and
】
6.
Moreover
Usage
:
Employ
“
moreover
”
at the start of a sentence to add extra
information in support of a point
you
’
re making.
Example
:
“
Moreover, the results of a
recent piece of research
provide
compelling evidence in support
of
…”
7. Furthermore
Usage
:
This is also generally used at the
start of a sentence, to add
extra
information.
Example
:
“
Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest
that
…”
8.
What
’
s more
Usage
:
This is
used in the same way as
“
mor
eover
”
and
“
furthermore
”
.
Example
:
“
What
’
s more, this is not
the only evidence that
supports this
hypothesis.
”
9. Likewise
Usage
:
Use
“
likewise
”
when you want to talk about something
that agrees with what you have just
mentioned.
Exam
ple
:
“
Scholar A
believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues
compellingly in favor of this point of
view.
”
10. Similarly
Usage
:
Use
“
similarly
”
in the same way as
“
likewise
”
.
<
/p>
Example
:
“
Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven
’
s new work,
because it was very different to what they were
used to.
Similarly, we have a tendency
to react with surprise to the
unfamiliar.
”
11. Another key thing to
remember
Usage
:
Use the
phrase
“
another key point to
remember
”
or
“
another key fact to
remember
”
to introduce
additional facts without
using the word
“
also
”
.
Example
:
“
As a Romantic, Blake
was a proponent of a closer
relationship between humans and nature.
Another key point to
remember is that
Blake was writing during the Industrial
Revolution,
which had a major impact on
the world around him.
”
12. As well
as
Usage
:
Use
“
as well
as
”
instead of
“
also
”
or
“
and
”
.
Example
< br>:
“
Scholar A argued that
this was due to X, as well as
Y.
”
13. Not only
…
but
also
Usage
:
This
wording is used to add an extra piece of
information,
often something
that
’
s in some way more
surprising or unexpected
than the first
piece of information.
Example
:
“
N
ot only did Edmund Hillary have the honor of being
the
first to reach the summit of
Everest, but he was also appointed Knight
Commander of the Order of the British
Empire.
”
14. Coupled with
Usage
:
Used when
considering two or more arguments at a time.
Example
:
“
Coupled with the literary
evidence, the statistics paint a
compelling view
of
…”
15. Firstly, secondly,
thirdly
…
Usage
:
This can be used to structure an
argument, presenting facts
clearly one
after the other.
Example
:
“
There are many points in
support of this view. Firstly, X.
Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.
16. Not to
mention/to say nothing of
Usage
:
“
Not to
mention
”
and
“
to say nothing
of
”
can be used to
add extra information with a bit of
emphasis.
Examp
le
:
“
The war
caused unprecedented suffering to millions of
people, not to mention its impact on
the country
’
s
economy.
”
Words
and phrases for demonstrating contrast
对比
When you
’
re
developing an argument, you will often need to
present contrasting or opposing
opinions or evidence
–
“
it could show
this, but it could also show
this
”
, or
“
X says this, but Y
disagrees
”
. This
section covers words you can use
instead of the
“
but
”
in these
examples, to make your writing
sound more intelligent and
interesting.
【表对比】
17.
However
Usage
:
Use
“
however
”
to
introduce a point that disagrees with
what you have just said.
Example
:
“
Scholar A thinks this.
However, Scholar B reached a
different
conclusion.
”
18. On the other
hand
Usage
:
Usage of
this phrase includes introducing a contrasting
interpretation of the same piece of
evidence, a different piece of
evidence
that suggests something else, or an opposing
opinion.
Example
:
“
The historical evidence
appears to suggest a clear-cut
situation. On the other hand, the
archaeological evidence presents a
somewhat less straightforward picture
of what happened that day.
”
19. Having said
that
Usage
:
Used in a
similar manner to
“
on the
other hand
”
or
“
but
”
.
Example
< br>:
“
The historians are
unanimous in telling us X, an
agreement
that suggests that this version of events must be
an accurate
account. Having said that,
the archaeology tells a different
story.
”
20. By contrast/in
comparison
Usage
:
Use
“
by
contrast
”
or
“
in
comparison
”
when
you
’
re
comparing
and contrasting pieces of evidence.
Example
:
“
Scholar
A
’
s opinion, then, is based
on insufficient
evidence. By contrast,
Scholar B
’
s opinion seems
more plausible.
”
21. Then again
Usage
: Use this to cast
doubt on an assertion
.
Example
:
< br>“
Writer A asserts that this was the
reason for what
happened. Then again,
it
’
s possible that he was
being paid to say this.
”
22. That
said
Usage
:
This is
used in the same way as
“
then
again
”
.
Example
:
“
The evidence ostensibly
appears to point to this
conclusion.
That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at
best.
”
23. Yet
Usage
:
Use this
when you want to introduce a contrasting
idea.
Example
:
“
Much
of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet
not everyone agrees that this is the
most important aspect of the
situation.
”
Adding a proviso or acknowledging
reservations
让步
Sometimes, you may need to
acknowledge a short falling in a piece
of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are
some ways of doing so.
【让步】
24. Despite
this
Usage
:
Use
“
despite
this
”
or
“
in spite of
this
”
when you want to
outline a point that stands regardless
of a short falling in the evidence.
Example
< br>:
“
The sample size was
small, but the results were
important
despite this.
”
25. With this in
mind
Usage
:
Use this
when you want your reader to consider a point in
the knowledge of something else.
Example
< br>:
“
We have seen that the
methods used in the 19th century
study
did not always live up to the rigorous standards
expected in
scientific research today,
which makes it difficult to draw definite
conclusions. With this in mind,
let
’
s look at a more recent
study to see
how the results
compare.
”
26. Provided
that
Usage
:
This means
“
on condition
that
”
. You can also say
“
providing
that
”
or just
“
providing
”
to mean
the same thing
.
Example
:
“
< br>We may use this as evidence to support our argument,
provided that we bear in mind
the limitations of the methods used to
obtain it.
”
27. In view
of/in light of
Usage
:
These
phrases are used when something has shed light on
something else.
Example
:
“
In light of the evidence
from the 2013 study, we have a
better
understanding of
…”
28.
Nonetheless
Usage
:
This is
similar to
“
despite
this
”
.
Example
< br>:
“
The study had its
limitations, but it was nonetheless
groundbreaking for its
day.
”
29. Nevertheless
Usage
:
This is
the same as
“
nonetheless
”
.
Example
:
“
The study was flawed, but
it was important
nevertheless.
”
30.
Notwithstanding
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