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外文翻译：机器人的组成
(1)hobby
engineering
Its
easier to learn about building robots if you take
it one step at a time. This menu breaks a
fairly
complex
robot
into
bite-
sized
pieces
(or
byte-sized
for
you
programmers)
to
make
the
information easier to digest. We think
that this is a good way to both learn about robots
and to plan
your actual construction.
If you try to do everything at once you are likely
to end up with a mess.
If you plan and
build in small steps, you are almost guaranteed
success.
(2)Controllers
The
controller
is
the
brains
of
your
computer.
The
controller
receives
information
from
sensors and the input
part of the human interface. It then decides what
to do and sends instructions
to the
motion systems, actuators and the output part of
the human interface. There are many types
of
controllers
with
different
amounts
of
processing
power
and
varying
numbers
and
types
of
In
order for your controller or your robot to do
anything, you must write a program and load that
program into the controller's memory.
Depending on your choice of controller, this can
be fairly
simple or extremely
complicated. We recommend controllers using the
Parallax Basic Stamp as
the
starting
point
for
almost
everyone.
These
controllers
are
programmed
in
an
easy-to-learn
language and
have an integrated program loading system that is
nearly 100% reliable. The Basic
Stamp
almost
guarantees
a
fast
start
in
programming
whereas
most
alternatives
require
overcoming a significant level of
difficulty just to get started. Even if you intend
to
more
complex
programming
systems
you
will
probably
find
the
Basic
Stamp
a
useful
tool
for
investigating new ideas before
developing your production code.
(3)Sensors
Sensors
provide
your
robot
with
information
about
its
environment.
Different
sensors
tell
your
robot
about
sights,
sounds,
pressures,
temperatures
and
many
other
characteristics
of
the
world around it.
In many cases sensor components provide
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instance, a
sonar component may report that an echo came back
in .05ms when what you really
want to
know is that a robot is charging you from two feet
away. In some cases the volume of data
from sensor components is more than can
be handled by a robot controller -- too much data
can be
as
useless
as
no
data
at
all.
Because
of
this,
many
of
sensor
products
are
actually
subsystems
with
specialized
logic
to
evaluate
the
data
stream
and
simplify
programming
your
robot's main
controller.
When considering sensors,
your first step is to identify what you want
your robot to sense
and
how
quickly
and
reliably
you
want
to
acquire
that
information.
While
want
to
know
everything, right now,
without error
and
it
definitely
wouldn't
be
affordable.
All
practical
sensors
have
definite
limits
of
accuracy,
range, resolution and repeatability.
Each little increase in performance requires a
large increase in
cost so you will
often accept what you can afford rather than
insist on what you would like.
While
sensors are warranted to meet their
specifications, they aren't guaranteed to do what
you want in the way you want. While an
IR distance sensor may be 99% accurate in the
testing lab,
your
results
may
be
less
perfect
in
a
competitive
environment
when
your
sensors
may
get
confused
by random reflections, your opponents sensors or
even intentional interference. In order
to be fully effective, you may need to
compare the results from multiple sensors and/or
filter the
data
to
ignore
results
that
seem
inconsistent.
As
with
every
part
of
your
robot,
maximum
effectiveness
requires
careful
evaluation
of
real-world
results
and
fine-tuning
of
your
robot's
circuits and program. This is not a
When evaluating sensors,
you want to know the following:
1
What is actually being
measured? For example, most distance sensors don't
really measure
○
distance.
They measure how long it takes to receive an echo
after they send a signal. You have to
consider the possibility that the
echo
those
false
readings.
Reliable
distance
tracking
systems
usually
look
for
patterns
of
consistent
readings
2
How
many connections of what kind are required to
connect the sensor to your controller?
○
Do you have enough of those
kinds of pins available on your controller? Does
the signal need to
be processed though
an ADC or other hardware device to be usable by
your program?
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3
How
much
power
does
the
sensor
require
and
at
what
voltage(s)?
Will
you
have
to
○
increase your robots
battery and power regulation capacity?
A thorough technical evaluation of a
sensor may require more knowledge than you
possess.
Fortunately, you can generally
get good results by relying on common sense and
the helpful nature
of most other
builders. The sensors we offer have all been used
successful by builders of varying
levels, so you can feel confident that
you aren't attempting the impossible when you
select one of
the
sensors
we
offer.
We
have
tried
to
write
product
descriptions
that
translate
the
technical
specifications
into common English (common American to our off-
shore friends) -- but keep in
mind
that
something
can
get
lost
in
any
translation.
Finally
a
search
of
the WEB will
find
you
many examples of
circuits and programs. (In the near future we will
have our own samples posted
with each
product description.)
(4)Robot
Base
Kits
The base is
your robots skelton and it main functions are to
hold all the other parts together
and
to protect delicate parts from harm. A base can be
as simple as a scrap piece of wood or as
complicated as a space ship.
In
many
cases
the
design
of
the
base
is
completely
intertwined
with
the
design
of
the
motion
systems. Sometimes the mechanical
components for a robot can be
hobby.
Radio controlled planes, cars and boats (including
submarines) have been used to provide
the base and motion system of robots.
(5)Human
Communications
Systems
Your
robot can
It
can
to
your
instructions
sent
by
keyboard,
switches
or
wireless
remote
control.
Computer people
prefer to use the word
but you know
what they mean.
(6)Actuators
An
actuator
is
any
device
that
makes
your
robot
do
something.
Motion
Systems
and
the
output
part
of
the
Human
Communications
Systems
are
just
specialized
actuators
which
are
important enough that we though they
deserved their own sections.
Actuators
can move things or control other devices. Almost
any device operated with electricity
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can become
an actuator. Depending on the device it may be
connected directly to the controller or
indirectly
by
an
H-Bridge
or
relay.
Your
robot
can
also
control
things
remotely
using
radio
frequency
or
infrared
transmission
or
even
over
the
internet.
The
X-10
home
control
system
allows your robot to
control household lights and appliances.
(7)Motion
Systems
Robots
are
usually
moved
by
a
combination
of
wheels,
gears,
motors
and
associated
electronics.
Sometimes motor systems are assembled piece-by-
piece but the most common form
of
robot
motion
these
days
comes
from
servos
similar
to
the
kind
used
with
radio
controlled
airplanes. While most robots roll, it
is possible to build robots that walk, jump or
even swim or fly.
A continuous rotation
servo is a modified hobby servo that can rotate
360 degrees in either
direction. These
servos are economical and provide a neat system of
motors, gears and electronics
that can
be directly connected to most robot controllers. A
number of different types of wheels are
available which attach directly to the
servo axle. Most
simple robots use two
servos to provide
both motion and
direction control. Direction is controlled by what
is called
-- steering by varying the
speed and direction of each wheel. If your robot
needs to turn left, just
slow or stop
the left wheel servo while maintaining or
increasing the speed of the right wheel. The
bigger the difference in speed, the
sharper the turn.
Motion
systems can become as complicated as you choose
and often require custom design and
building
of
the
mechanical
and
electronic
components.
Sometimes
the
mechanical
components
can be
submarines) have been
used to provide the base and motion system of
robots.
An H-Bridge is an
electronic circuit which translates and boosts
controller output signals to
the
level
required
to
drive
a
standard
electric
motor
with
variable
speed
and
direction.
An
H-Bridge
is
built
into
hobby
servos,
so
they
can
be
connected
directly
to
the
controller.
When
using other types of motors you need to
provide your own H-Bridge. These can be purchased
as
completed assemblies or assembled
from components.
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