-
2016
年四级
Passage one
Questions 46 to
50 are based on the following passage.
As Artificial
Intelligence(AI) becomes increasingly
sophisticated,
there
are
growing
concerns
that
robots
could
become
a
threat.
This
danger
can
be avoided, according to computer science
professor Stuart Russell,
if we figure
out how to turn human values into a programmable
code.
Russell
argues that as robots take on more complicated
tasks, it
’
s necessary to
translate our morals into AI language.
For example, if a robot
does chores around the house, you
wouldn
’
t want it to put the
pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry
children.
“
You
would
want
that
robot
preloaded
with
a
good
set
of
values,
”
said Russell.
Some robots are already programmed with
basic human values. For
example,
mobile
robots
have
been
programmed
to
keep
a
comfortable
distance
from humans. Obviously there are
cultural differences, but if you were
talking to another person
and they came
up close in
your personal space,
you
wouldn
’
t
think
that
’
s
the
kind
of
thing
a
properly
brought-up
person
would do.
It will be possible to create more
sophisticated moral machines, if
only
we can find a way to set out human values as clear
rules.
Robots
could
also
learn
values
from
drawing
patterns
from
large
sets
of data on human behavior. They are
dangerous only if programmers are
careless.
The biggest concern with robots going
against human values is that
human
beings
fail
to
so
sufficient
testing
and
they
’
ve
produced
a
system
that will break some kind of
taboo
（禁忌）
.
One simple check would be
to program a robot to check the correct
course of action with a human when
presented with an unusual situation.
If
the
robot
is
unsure
whether
an
animal
is
suitable
for
the
microwave,
it
has the opportunity to stop, send out
beeps(
嘟嘟声
), and ask for
directions
from
a
human.
If
we
humans
aren
’
t
quite
sure
about
a
decision,
we go
and ask somebody else.
The
most
difficult
step
in
programming
values
will
be
deciding
exactly
what we believe in
moral, and how to create a set of ethical rules.
But
if we come up with an answer,
robots could be good for humanity.
does the author say about
the threat of robots?
A)It may constitute a challenge to
computer progranmers.
B)It accompanies all machinery
involving high technology.
C)It can be avoided if human values are
translated into their
language.
D)It has become
an inevitable peril as technology gets more
sophisticated.
would we think of a person who invades
our personal space
according to the
author?
A)They
are aggressive.
B)They are outgoing.
C)They are ignorant.
D)They are ill-
bred.
do
robots learn human values?
A)By interacting with humans in
everyday life situations.
B)By following the daily routines of
civilized human beings.
C)By picking up patterns from massive
data on human behavior.
D)By imitating the behavior of property
brought-up human beings.
will a well-programmed robot do when
facing an unusual
situation?
A)keep a
distance from possible dangers.
B)Stop to seek advice from
a human being.
C)Trigger its built-in alarm system at
once.
D)Do
sufficient testing before taking action.
is most
difficult to do when we turn human values into a
programmable code?
A)Determine what is moral
and ethical.
B)Design some large-scale experiments.
C)Set rules for
man-machine interaction.
D)Develop a more sophisticated program.
Passage Two
Questions 51 to
55 are based on the following passage.
Why
do
some
people
live
to
be
older
than
others?
You
know
the
standard
explanations:
keeping
a
moderate
diet,
engaging
in
regular
exercise,
etc.
But what effect does
your personality have on your
longevity
（长寿）
?Do
some kinds of personalities lead to
longer lives? A new study in the
Journal of the American Geriatrics
Society looked at this question by
examining the personality
characteristics of 246 children of people who
had lived to be at least 100.
The
study
shows
that
those
living
the
longest
are
more
outgoing,
more
active
and
less
neurotic
(
神经质的
)
than
other
people.
Long-living
women
are also more likely
to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with
a normal life span. These findings are
in agreement with what you would
expect
from the evolutionary theory: those who like to
make friends and
help others can gather
enough resources to make it through tough times.
Interestingly,
however, other characteristics that you might
consider advantageous had no impact on
whether study participants were
likely
to
live
longer.
Those
who
were
more
self-disciplined,
for
instance,
were
no
more
likely
to
live
to
be
very
old.
Also,
being
open
to
new
ideas
had no relationship to
long life, which might explain all those
bad-tempered old people who are fixed
in their ways.
Whether you can successfully change
your personality as an adult is
the
subject of a longstanding psychological debate.
But the new paper
suggests that if you
want long life, you should strive to be as
outgoing
as possible.
Unfortunately, another
recent study shows that your
mother
’
s
personality
may
also
help
determine
your
longevity.
That
study
looked
at
nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and
found that those moms who were more
anxious,
depressed
and
angry
were
more
likely
to
feed
their
kids
unhealthy
diets.
Patterns
of
childhood
eating
can
be
hard
to
break
when
we
’
re
adults,
which may mean that
kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.
Personality
isn
’
t
destiny(
命运
),
and
everyone
knows
that
individuals
can learn to
change. But both studies show that long life
isn
’
t just a
matter of your physical health but of
your mental health.
51. The aim of the study in the Journal
of the American Geriatrics
Society
is____.
A)to
see whether people
’
s
personality affects their life span
B)to find out if
one
’
s lifestyle has any
effect on their health
C)to investigate the role of exercise
in living a long life
D)to examine all the factors
contributing to longevity
52.
What
does
the
author
imply
about
outgoing
and
sympathetic
people?
A)They have a good understanding of
evolution.
B)They are better at negotiating an
agreement.
C)They generally appear more
resourceful.
D)They are more likely to get over
hardship.
53.
What finding of the study might prove somewhat out
of our
expectation?
A)Easy-going people can
also live a relatively long life.
B)Personality
characteristics
that
prove
advantageous
actually
vary
with times.
C)Such
personality
characteristics
as
self-discipline
have
no
effect
on
longevity.
D)Readiness to accept new ideas helps
one enjoy longevity.
54. What does the recent study of
Norwegian mothers show?
A)Children
’
s
personality
characteristics
are
invariably
determined
by their mothers.
B)People with
unhealthy eating habits are likely to die sooner.
C)Mothers
’
influence on children may last longer than
fathers
’
.
D)Mothers
’
negative personality characteristics may affect
their
children
’
s
life spans.
can we learn from the findings of the two new
studies?
A)Anxiety and depression more often
than not cut short one
’
s
life
span.
B)Longevity
results
from
a
combination
of
mental
and
physical
health.
C)Personality plays a
decisive role in how healthy one is.
D)Health is in large part
related to one
’
s lifestyle.
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