-
长难句分析
1
．
Our
linguistic
（语言上的）
and cultural
blindness and the casualness
with
which
we
take
notice
of
the
developed
tastes,
gestures,
customs
and
languages
of
other
countries,
are
losing
us
friends,
business
and
respect
in
the world.
【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是
Our
blindness
and
casualness
are losing us.
with which
引导一个定语从句修饰
casualness. take
notice
of
意思是“注意到”
。
【译文】我们对语言、文化的无知，以及那种对其他国家形成的品味、手势、风
俗和语言的漫不经心的态度，
正使我们在世界上失去朋友，
错过商机，
丧失威信。
2
．
A
simple
trip
around
the
yard
in
a
pair
of
those
babies
eliminates
all
need to call for a lawn care
specialist, and provides the perfect-sized
holes
to
give
any
lawn
oxygen
without
all
those
messy
chunks
of
dirt
lying
around.
【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是
A
simple
trip
eliminates
all
need and provides holes. messy chunks
of dirt
：乱七八糟的脏东西。
< br>【译文】
只要穿这种娇小的鞋在院子里走一走，
就完全没
必要请修剪草坪的专家
了，
因为这会形成大小合适的洞为草坪提
供氧气，
周围还不会留下那些乱七八糟
的脏东西。
3
．
But
my own worry today is less that of the
overwhelming problem of
elemental
literacy
than
it
is
of
the
slightly
more
luxurious
problem
of
the
decline
in
the
skill
even
of
the
middle-class
reader,
of
his
unwillingness
to
afford
those
spaces
of
silence,
those
luxuries
of
domesticity and time and concentration,
that surround the image of the
classic
act of reading.
【分析】这是一个带有比较级的句子，主干是：
But
my
own
worry
today
is
less
that than.
【译文
】
但我今天所担心的不是广泛泛滥的文盲问题，
而是更加奢侈一
点的问题，
即：
对中产阶级读者读写技能下降了的担忧，
他们不愿把安静的地方、
难得的家
庭生活的机
会、时间和注意力用来读书，而典型的读书活动正需要这些。
4
．
This
violation
of
concentration,
silence,
solitude
（独处的状态）
goes
to
the
very
heart
of
our
notion
of
literacy;
this
new
form
of
part-reading,
of part-
perception against background distraction, renders
impossible
certain
essential
acts
of
apprehension
and
concentration,
let
alone
that
most important tribute
any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of
prose he or she really loves, which is
to learn it by heart.
【分析】这是一个并列句。第一个分句的主干是：
this
violation goes to the
heart of
literacy.
，第二个分句的主干是
this new
form renders,let alone
【译文】这种对精神集中、安静、
独处状态的妨碍同阅读概念直接冲突；在娱乐
背景下半读书半分散精力的读书新方式不可
能专心致志地理解，
更不要说任何一
个人对真正喜爱的一首诗或
一篇散文所能表示的最大赞赏是将其背诵下来。
5
．
And with
doubtful prospects for a short-term financial
return, with
the cold war a rapidly
fading memory and amid a growing emphasis on
international cooperation in large
space ventures, it is clear that
imperatives other than profits or
nationalism will have to compel human
beings to leave their tracks on the
planet's reddish surface.
【分析】
句子的主干是
it
is
clear
that
imperatives
will
have
to
compel
human
beings to leave tracks
on the planet
’
s reddish surf
ace.
；两个
with
分
别引导两个伴随状语。
【译文】
由于短期经济回报有疑问、
冷战在人们记忆中迅速消失，
< br>以及越来越强
调在大规模空间探险中的国际合作；
很清楚
，
不是经济利益或国家利益，
而是必
须
履行的使命将迫使人类在那个红色行星的表面留下足迹。
6
．
The issue of
whether life ever existed on the planet, and
whether it
persists
to
this
day,
has
been
highlighted
by
mounting
evidence
that
the
Red Planet once had
abundant stable, liquid water and by the
continuing
controversy over suggestions
that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a
meteorite
（陨石）
from
Mars.
【分析】句子的主干是
This issue
has been highlighted.
由两地
whet
her
引
导的从句做
of
的宾语；
两个
that
所引
导的从句分别做
evidence
和
s
uggestions
的同位语。
【译文】由于越来越多的证据表明这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态水，
又因人
们对落到地球上的火星细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论，
所以火星上是否
存在过生命、是否延续至今的问题一直引人注目。
7
．
What he has
demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control
over
an event, not the experience
itself, is what weakens the immune system.
【分析】
that
和
wh
at
分别引导两个表语从句；
he believes
是插入语，应该前
置。
【译文】
他认为，
他所证明的是缺乏控制事件的能力会削弱
免疫系统，
而非经历
本身。
8
．
Jay Weiss, a
psychologist at Duke University School of
Medicine, has
shown that animals who
are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't
develop sleep disturbances or changes
in brain chemistry
typical
of
stressed rats.
【分析】
that
引导的宾语从句中又包含一个
who<
/p>
引导的定语从句，
修饰
animals<
/p>
。
typical
of
sb.
意思是“以??为特征的
”
。这句话中这个词组之前省略了，
which
is
，是两个现象的定语从句。
【译文】
杜克大学医学院的心理学家琼·
伟斯已经证明：
被允许控制不快刺激的
动物不会出现睡眠障碍
，
大脑化学成分也不发生变化，
这些正是老鼠紧张的典型
表现。
9
．
The
reasons
why
they
don't,
and
why
the
environment
has
not
been
ruined,
have to do with
prices, technological
innovation,
social
change and
government regulation in response to
popular pressure.
【分析】句子的主干是
The reasons have
to do with prices, technological
innovation, social change and
government regulation.
两个
why
均引导定
语从句修饰
reasons.
in response to popular pressure
做
regulation
的后置
定语。
< br>
【译文】为什么它们没发生，为什么环境被毁灭，这同价格、技术创新、社
会变
革和政府因公众压力所制定的规章有关。
10
．
What has
happened is that every time a material seems to be
running
short, the price has risen and,
in response, people have looked for new
sources
of
supply,
tried
to
find
ways
to
use
less
of
the
material,
or
looked
for a new substitute.
【分析】这是简单的复杂句，句子的主干是
What has
happened is that
。主语
是
< br>what
引导的主语从句，
谓语是
that
引导的名词性从句；
该从句中
every
time
引导一个时间状语从句，为第三层从句。
【译文】所发生的事情是这样的：每当一种原料看来将要短缺，价格就上升，相
应地人们就寻找新的供应来源，
尽量找到少用这种材料的方法，
或者寻找替代品。
11
．
Not
too
many
decades
ago
it
seemed
both
to
the
general
public
and to sociologists
that modern society has changed people's natural
relations, loosened their
responsibilities to kin (
亲戚
)
and
neighbors,
and
substituted in their place superficial
relationships with passing
acquaintances.
【分析】句子的主干是
it
seemed
that
，
that
之后引导一个很长的
< br>主语从句；该从句的谓语动词有三个：
changed, loosened,
substituted.
【译文】几十年前，在普通大众和社会学家看来这是一
个“明显的”事实：现代
社会改变了人们的自然关系，
淡化了他
们对亲戚和邻居的责任感，
取而代之的是
点头之交的肤浅关系。
12
．
Nor are
residents of large communities any likelier to
display
psychological
symptoms
of
stress
or
alienation,
a
feeling
of
not
belonging,
than are
residents of smaller communities.
【分析】这是一个含有比较级的倒装句；
a feeling
of not belonging
是插入
语，进一步解释
alienation
的含义。
【译文】
同小城市居民相比，
大城市居民也
没有更可能表现压力或疏远
（即无归
属感）的心理症状。
13
．
As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro
this week to ponder
the global climate
of the future, earth scientists are in the midst
of
a
revolution
in
understanding
how
climate
has
changed
in
the
past
—
and
how those changes have transformed
human existence.
【分析】句子的主干是
earth scientists
are in the midst of a revolution
。
As
引导一个时间状语从句，两个
how
分别引导宾语从句，做
understanding
的
宾语。
【译文】
本周，
当环境保护专家聚集在里约热内卢考虑今后的全球气候时，
地球
科学家们在理解过去气候的变化以及这些变化怎样改变了人类的生存
方面正处
在根本转变的过程中。
14
．
Researchers
have begun to piece together an illuminating
picture of
the powerful geological and
astronomical forces that have combined to
change
the
planet’s
environment
from
hot
to
cold,
wet
to
dry
and
back
again
over a time period
stretching back hundreds of millions of years. <
/p>
【
分
析
】
句
子
的
主
干
是
Researchers
have
begun
to
piece
together
an
illuminating picture
。
That
引导一个定于从句修饰
forces
。
【译文】地球环境从热变冷，从潮湿变
干燥。然后又周而复始，这一过程可追溯
至几亿年前，
强大的地
质和天文力量结合在一起使地球环境发生了这些变化，
研
究人员
开始将这些组合成了一幅清晰的图画。
15
．
New
research
now
suggests
that
climate
shifts
have
played
a
key
role
in
nearly every significant turning point in human
evolution: from the
dawn
of
primates
(
灵长目动物
)
some
65
million
years
ago
to
human
ancestors
rising
up
to
walk
on
two
legs,
from
the
huge
expansion
of
the
human
brain
to the rise of agriculture.
【分析】复杂的简单句，句子的主干是
New
research now suggests that
??，
that
引导宾语从句，冒号后面的成分是对
a key
role
的说明。
【译文】<
/p>
目前，
新的研究表明，
气候变化在人类进
化的每一个重大转折点都起了
重要作用：
从大约
6500
年前灵长目动物的出现到人类祖先直立起来用双腿走路，
从人类大脑的迅速膨胀发育到农业的兴起。
16
．
In
the
emic
approach,
the
goal
is
to
describe
behavior
in
one
culture
or ethnic group
in terms
that are meaningful and important to
the people
in
that
culture
or
ethnic
group,
without
regard
to
other
cultures
or
ethnic
groups.
【分析】句子的主干是
the goal is to
describe behavior
。
Regard
是名词，
而不是动词。
< br>【译文】
本位方法的目标是用对一种文化或民族中的人有意义的、
重要的术语去
描绘该文化或民族的行为，不考虑其他文化或民族。
17
．
The
MBA,
a
20th-
century
product,
always
has
borne
the
mark
of
lowly
commerce and greed
(
贪婪
) on the tree-lined
campuses ruled by purer
disciplines
such as philosophy and literature.
【分析】复杂的简单句，句子的主干是
The MBA has
borne the mark of lowly
commerce and
greed. such as
做
discipline
的同位语，
ruled
以过去分词的
形式做
campuses
的后置定语，
on the tree-lined campuses
做地点状语。
【译文】
MBA
是
20
世纪的产
物，在纯学术学科如哲学和文化占主导地位的绿树
成荫的大学校园里，它往往是低俗的商
业铜臭和贪婪的标志。
18
．
This is
nearly 16 times the number of business graduates
in 1960,
a testimony to
the
widespread
assumption that
the MBA is
vital for young
men and women who want to run companies
some day.
【分析】句子的主干是
This is nearly 16
times the number of business
graduates
in 1960
，
a testimony
??相当于
which is a
testimony
??。
that
后
面引导一个同位语从句修饰
assumption
，其中又包含一个以
who
引导的定于从
句。
【译文】
这
几乎是
1960
年商科毕业生的
16<
/p>
倍，
从而证实了人们的普遍假设，
即
MBA
对那些想在将来某一天开公司的青年男女来说非常关键。
19
．
The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such
as the late Sam
Walton
of
Wal-Mart
Stores
Inc.,
has
helped
inspire
self-conscious
debates on business school campuses
over the worth of a business degree
and
whether management skills can be taught.
【分析】句子的主干是
The success has
helped inspire self-conscious
debates.
whether
引导一个宾语从句和
the worth
一同做
over
的宾语。
【译文】比尔·盖茨和
其他非
MBA
，如已故
Wal-
Mart
连锁店的
Sam
Walt
on
的成
功，
在商校校园里引起了有关
工商学位的价值和管理技能是否可以通过教育获得
等问题的自发讨论。
< br>
20
．
Motivated in part by Christian compassion
(
怜悯
) for the helpless
as well as a practical political
impulse to undercut the support of the
socialist labor movement, Chancellor
Bismarck created the world's first
workers' compensation law in 1884.
【分析】复杂的简单句，
motivated
??
相当于
As he was
motivated
??，在句
中做原因状语。句子的主干是
Chancellor
Bismarck
created
the
world's
first
workers' compensation law in 1884.
【译文】
部分是出于一个基督徒对无助人的怜悯，
< br>同时也出于削弱社会党工人运
动的支持这一实际政治动机，俾斯麦首相在
1884
年创立了世界上第一部工人赔
偿法。<
/p>
21
．
Thus many in
the industrial lands have a sense that their world
of
plenty
is
somehow
hollow-that,
misled
by
a
consumerist
culture,
they
have
been
fruitlessly
attempting
to
satisfy
what
are
essentially
social,
psychological and spiritual needs with
material things.
【分析】这个句子的结构比较复杂，句子的主干是
many
have a sense.
第一个
that
引导
sense
的同位语；第二个
that
引导
hollow
的同位
语；
misled by a
consumerist cu
lture
是原因状语；
what
引导
satisfy
的宾语从句。
<
/p>
【译文】
于是，
工业国家的许多人感觉到
他们富足的世界不知何故变空了——由
于受到消费中心主义文化的误导，
他们试图满足社会的、
心理的和精神上的对物
质的本质
需求，但毫无成果。
22
．
A new study
by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an
automated
investigative program of his
own called SATAN, shows that the owners of
well
over
half
of
all
World
Wide
Web
sites
have
set
up
home
without
fitting
locks to their
doors.
【分析】
句子的主干是
A
new
study
shows <
/p>
that
??，
using
作方式伴随状语，
that
引导一个宾语从句，该从
句的主干是
the owners have set up home
【译文】天才的程序员，丹·法穆用他自称为“撒旦”的自动调查程序所做的一
< br>项最新研究表明，万维网一多半的主人建立了不上锁的家。
23
．
Of
Ezekiel
Cheever,
the
most
famous
schoolmaster
of
the
Massachusetts
Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton
Mather wrote that he so planned
his
lessons that his pupils
and
Alfred
North
Whitehead,
almost
three
hundred
years
later,
noted
that
a
teacher should make his/her students
【分析
】
这是一个并列复合句，
第一个分句的主语是
< br>his
onetime
student
Cotton
Mather
；第二个
分句的主语是
Alfred North Whitehead
；两个分句各代一个宾
语从句。
【译文】曾经是
Ezekiel Cheever,
这个马塞诸州海湾殖民地最著名的
校长的学生，
Cotton
Mather
写到，他备的课程能让学生们感觉“上学就像玩一
样”
，过了大约三百年，
Alfred North Whitehead
注意到一个教师必须使他
/
她
的学生“高兴上学”
。
24
．
A
new
high-
performance
contact
lens
under
development
at
the
department
for applied physics at the University of
Heidelberg will not
only
correct
ordinary
vision
defects
but
will
enhance
normal
night
vision
as much as five
times, making
people's
vision sharper than
that of
cats.
【分析】这是一句比较长的简单句。句子的主干是
contact
lens
will
not
only
correct
ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal
night vision.
under
development
作主语的定语，而
making
people's vision sharper than
that of
cats
作目的状语。
【译文】
在
H
大学的应用物理系研制的一种新型
的高性能的隐性眼镜将不仅可以
娇正普通的视力缺陷，
还能把正
常的夜间的视力提高
5
倍，
使得人们的
视力比猫
还敏锐。
25
．
Bille's
lenses are expected to reach the market in the
year 2000,
and one tentative plan
is to use
the Internet to
transmit information on
patients'
visual
defects
from
the
optician
to
the
manufacturer,
who
will
then produce and mail
the contact lenses within a couple of days.
【分析】这是一个并列符合句，前一个分句的主干是
Bille's
lenses are
expected to reach the
market
；后一个分句的主干是
one
tentative plan is
??；
who
引导一个菲限定性定语从句来修饰
manufacturer
。
【
译文】比尔的眼睛希望在
2000
年上市，初步计划是利用因特
网把患者的视力
缺陷信息从眼镜商传到制造商，然后，制造商在两三天内制作好并将其寄
出。
实操练习题
1
．
In
1975
psychologist
Robert
Ader
at
the
University
of
Rochester
School
of Medicine
conditioned
（使形成条件反射）
mice to
avoid
saccharin
（糖
精）
by
simultaneously
feeding
them
the
sweetener
and
injecting
them
with
a
drug
that
while
suppressing
their
immune
systems
caused
stomach
upsets.
[
参考译文
]1975
年，罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家
Robert Ader
在使老鼠对
排斥糖精形成条件反射
的试验中，喂食老鼠糖精的同时给它们注射了一种药剂，
这种药在破坏老鼠的免疫系统的
同时还会引起腹痛。
2
．
The Times
newspaper agrees, complaining that quality has
suffered as
student numbers soared,
with close tutorial supervision giving way to
“
mass production methods
more typical of European
universities.
”
[
参考译文
]
《泰晤士报》对此有同感
，它报怨说，由于学生人数激增，教学质量
受影响，
因为个别指
导不得不让位于
“欧洲大陆国家高校里惯有的大规模生产方
式”
。
3
．
By
studying
mineral
grains
found
in
material
ranging
from
rocks
to
clay
articles,
previous
researchers
have
already
been
able
to
identify
reversals
dating
back
170
million
years,
including
the
most
recent
switch
730,000 years ago.
[
参考译文
]
通过研究岩石，
陶器等一系列材料中含有的矿物颗粒，
先前的研
究人
员已能够确认早在
1.7
亿年发生
的磁场两极转化现象，以及发生在
73
万年以前
的最新一次两极转化现象。
4
．
Not
content with
its
doubtful
claim to produce
cheap
food for our
own
population,
the
factory
farming
industry
also
argues
that
“
hungry
nations
are benefiting from advances made by
the poultry industry.
”
[
参考译文
]
工厂养
殖业已不满足于我国人口提供廉价食物的可疑说法，
进一步提
出
了“让贫困国家从家禽养殖业的发展中受益”的论调。
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