中国文化中英文对照

人们常常结伴去放风筝。

中国风筝 也受到世界各国

人们的喜爱，很早以前就传到了世界各地。

The kite is one of the Chinese traditional folk arts. The Chinese kite came into being in the

Spring and Autumn Period and since then it has had a history of over two thousand years.

.

.

Kites were used for military purpose initially, like measuring distances, testing wind directions,

and communications. Later, it is integrated with fairy tales, luck characters such as flowers,

birds and beasts and auspicious meanings and thus a unique kite culture with characteristics

has been formed. In sunny spring days, people usually go for company outings to fly kites.

The Chinese kite has also been loved by people from all over the world, for it was introduced

into the globe a long time ago.

中国结（

Chinese

knot< /p>

）是中国古老文明的一个缩影，

是中国 特有的民间手工艺术。中国

结有着悠久的历史，

在明清时期尤为 盛行。在现代，它通常被用作室装饰、

亲友间的馈赠礼

物及个人 的随身饰物。因其外观对称（

symmetrical

）精致， 符合中国传统装饰的习俗和审

美观念，故被命名为中国结。在申办

2008

年奥运会的过程中，中国结作为中国传统文化的

象征 ，深受各国朋友的喜爱。

Chinese Knot is a miniature of the ancient Chinese civilization, and it is unique to Chinese

traditional

manual

art.

Chinese

Knot

has

a

long

history,

and

is

especially

prevalent

in

the

Ming and Qing Dynasties. In modern times, it usually functions as interior decoration, gift

among

relatives

and

friends,

and

personal

ornament.

It

is

possessed

of

delicate

and

symmetrical appearance and accords with the conventions of Chinese traditional decoration

and aesthetics, therefore, it is named Chinese Knot. Chinese Knot, which symbolizes Chinese

traditional culture, is well received by people all over the world in the course of the China's

bid for hosting the 2008 Olympics.

中国烹饪

(Chinese

cuis ine)

文化是中国文化中有关烹饪和休闲的重要组成部分。中国悠久的

历史、广袤的疆土、好客的习俗孕育了这一独特的艺术。中餐以其

色、香、味、形

俱全而

著称 。它讲究原料的选配，食物的质地，佐料（

seasonings

）的调制，切菜的刀功，适时的

烹调以及装盘艺术。最负盛名的菜系有南方粤菜，北方 鲁菜，东部淮阳菜和西部川菜，以

南淡北咸，东甜西辣

见称。

Chinese cuisine culture is an important part of Chinese culture in the aspect of cooking and

leisure. This unique art owes itself to the long history, vast territory and hospitable tradition

of

China.

Chinese

food

is

famous

for

its

perfect

combination

of

aroma,

taste

and

appearance

It

gives

emphasis

to

the

selection

of

raw

materials,

the

texture

of

food,

the

blending

of

seasonings,

slicing

techniques,

the

perfect

timing

of

cooking

and

the

art

of

laying

out

the

food

on

the

plate.

among

the

best- known

schools

of

cuisine

are

the

Cantonese cuisine of the south, the Shandong cuisine of the north, the Huai-Yang cuisine of

the east and the Sichuan cuisine of the west, noted as

flavor of the north, the sweet flavor of the east and the spicy-hot flavor of the west

中国丝绸

中国式丝绸的故乡 。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商州时期（前

1600-

前

256

）丝绸的生产技术就已经发展到相当 高的水平。西汉（前

206-

公元

25

）时骞

通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，

开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。

从此中国

的丝 绸以其卓越的品质、

精美的花色和丰富的文化涵闻名于世，

成为 中国文化的象征、

文明

的使者。

Chinese silk

China is the home of silk. Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all

great

inventions

of

the

ancient

Chinese.

As

early

as

the

Shang

and

Zhou

Dynasties

(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese

people's

silk-weaving techniques

had

reached

an

extremely

high

level.

During

the

Western

Han

Dynasty

(206BC-25AD),

Zhang

Qian,

an

outstanding

.

.

diplomat, travlled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the

Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.

From then on, China's silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design

and color, and abundant cultural connotation. Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a

symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.

中国园林

中国园林是把人造的山水、 植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，

是我国古代建

筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是

妙极自然 ，宛自天开

。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略

< br>

假

自然之景，

创山水真趣

的园林意境。

在世 界三大园林体系中，

中国园林历史悠久，

涵丰富，

被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

Chinese classical garden

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture. It is

an

kind

of

environment

art,

which

systematically

combines

artificial

mountains

and

rivers,

plants

and

buildings

with

the

natural

landscape.

The

construction

standard

of

a

Chinese

classical garden is

go

sightseeing

in

a

Chinese

classical

garden,

you

should

be

able

to

appreciate

its

aristic

concept which

rivers for viewers.

hailed

as

one

of

the

origins

of

the

world's

garden

due

to

its

long

history

and

abundant

connotations.

文房四宝

笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为

文房四宝

。用笔墨书 写绘画在中

国可追溯到五千年前。

（前

221-

前

206

）时已用不同硬度的 毛和竹管制笔；汉代（前

206-

公元

220

）以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使

用而发展。

文房四宝

< br>

到宋朝（

960-1279

）以 后特指湖笔（）

、徽墨（徽州）

、宣纸（宣州）

、

端砚（，古称端州）

。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中 华文明。

The four treasures of the study

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the

scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the

The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000

years

ago.

In

the

Qin

Dynasty

(221BC-206BC),

people

already

used

feathers

of

different

hardness

and

bamboo

trunks

to

make

brushes.

During

the

Han

Dynasty

(206BC-220AD),

man-made ink was used instead of natural ink. After paper was invented by the Chinese,

bamboo

slips,

wooden

tablets,

brocade

and

silk,

which

originally

functioned

as

writing

surfaces,

gradually

faded

out.

The

ink

stone

was

first

developed

with

the

use

of

writing

brushes and ink. after the Song Dynasty(960AD-1279AD), the

particularly

referred

to

hubi,

the

writing

brush

produced

in

Huzhou,

Zhejiang

province;

huimo,

the

instick

produced

in

Huizhou,

Anhui

province;

xuan

paper,

a

kind

of

paper

produced

in

Xuanzhou,

Anhui

province;

and

duanyan,

the

ink

stone

made

in

Zhaoqing,

Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou). Indeed, the

the Study

对联

对联又称楹联或对子 ，

是依中文语言一字一音的特征撰写的一种民族文体。

中国对联 的哲学

渊源及深层名族文化心理，

乃是古代中国人把握和认识事 物的阴阳二元观念。

对联的特征是

.

.

对仗

：字数相等，词性相当，平仄相合，容相关，节奏相应。对联习俗多样，有春联、婚

联、寿联、挽联、茶联等。

Antithetical couplets

The antithetical couplet (also called duilian) is also known as yinglian or duizi. An antithetical

couplet is a kind of national writing style, which is composed by the skillful manipulation of

the characteristic of the Chinese language that one character corresponds with one syllable.

The philosophical origin and national cultural psychology of the antithetical couplet are the

notion of yin-yang duality, according to which the Chinese recognize and master things. The

feature of the antithetical couplet is an

the level and oblique fitting with each other, the contents being related, and the rhythms

corresponding.

There

are

many

types

of

antithetical

couplets,

such

as

Spring

Festival

couplets,

marriage

couplets,

birthday

couplets,

elegiac

couplets,

and

antithetical

couplets

about tea, etc.

中国围棋

中国古代四大艺术

琴棋书画

的

棋

特指围棋。

古称为奕，

别称坐隐，

手谈。围棋规则简单而玄妙无穷。棋盘方圆不及二尺，有十九纹棋路，三百六十一枚棋子。< /p>

表面上对弈双方是黑白棋子的排布，

实则是个人心智、胆识、

耐力的比拼。围棋象征宇宙天

地，

包含了象 数易理、

兵法策略、

治邦等无穷的哲理，

充分体现了中国文化中的智慧与灵性。

Chinese Weiqi

The four art forms in ancient China are quqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And chess

particularly

refers

to

Chinese

Weiqi.

Weiqi could

be called

the

national

chess of

China.

In

ancient

times,

Weiqi

was

called

Yi,

with

the

alternative

names

Zuoyin

and

Shoutan.

The

regulations of Weiqi are both simple and complex at the same time. A full Weiqi set has 361

playing pieces and is plyed on a board with a 19 by 19 grid. The circumference of the board

is less than 2/3 metre. Playing Weiqi may look like an arrangement of two sides' black and

white

pieces.

However,

it

is

actually

a

competition

between

two

players

and

it

tests

their

wisdom, courage, and patience. Weiqi symbolizes Heaven and Earth. It contains countless

philosophical theories, such as the theories embodied in the image-numerology in The Book

of Changes, the art of war, and theories on state administration and national security, which

embodies the wisdom and the spirit of Chinese culture.

中国京剧

京剧被誉为

歌剧

，是地道的中国国粹。它 起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的

徽班

。到了

19

世纪末，京剧 形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合型表演艺术，

集唱（歌唱）

、念（念白）

、做（表演）

、打（武）

、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手

段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要 分生（男性）

、旦（女性）

、净（男性）

、丑

*

男性女性皆

有）四大行当。< /p>

Chinese Beijing opera

Praised

as

Opera,

Beijing Opera

is

a genuine

national

quintessence of

China.

It

originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China. At

the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest

kind

of

opera

in

China.

Beijing

Opera

is

a

blend

of

performing

arts-song,

speech,

performance, acrobatic fighting and dance. Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and

characters through stylized acting. The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng (male),

dan (young female), jing (painted face, male) and chou (clown, male or female).

.

.

中国道教

道教是中国土生土长的。创 始人是春秋（前

770-

前

476

）末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道

教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要 经典。道教主

重人贵生

，崇尚清净无为、修身养性。

道可道，非常道。名可名 ，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；

常有，欲以观其儌

便是老子的至理名言。

Chinese Taoism

Taoism first originated in China. the founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker

who

lived

in

the

late

Spring

and

Autumn

Period(770BC-476BC).

Tao

Te

Ching,

whose

authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to e the main Taoist classic. Taoism

advocates the value of

a human being's life, recommends the discarding of all desires and

worries

from

one's

mind,

and

encourages

the

cultivation

of

moral

character

and

the

nourishment of human nature. The following is an example of Laozi's golden sayings:

The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;

The names that can be named are not unvarying names.

It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;

The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.

Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;

He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.

中国成语

成语是汉语中意义完整地表 示一般概念的固定词组或短语。

成语

< /p>

中的

成

即是约定俗成。

成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。

绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，

例

如： 自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、

典 故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions. Idioms

are

established

and

accepted

by

constant

usage

and

common

practice.

An

idiom

is

a

language unit hta is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.

Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters. For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting

efforts to improve oneself), qingchunyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa (success comes

with time and effort). Idioms are extracted from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature,

poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings. Idioms are a part of the Chinese language

that are concise and have great vitality.

中国画

中国古代四大艺术

琴棋书画

的

画

特指国画。其绘画形式是 用毛笔蘸水、墨、颜料作画于

绢、帛、宣纸之上，古代称之为水墨丹青。为区别于西方的 油画而称之为

中国画

< br>，简称

国画

。其题材有人物、山水、花鸟等。技法可分为工笔和写意。国画的艺术特质在于

笔墨

，强调以形写神，画尽意在。国画在艺 术创作上反映了中华民族的审美意识和情趣。

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting. And painting

particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting. Traditional Chinese painting is done with a

brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper. In ancient China,

it was called

people term their works

The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers.

The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two

.

.

forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork. The artistic characteristics lie in

brush and ink

painter.

Even

though

a

painting

is

a

finished

product,

it

endlessly

conveys

a

meaning.

In

terms

of

the

artistic

creation,

traditional

Chinese

painting

is

a

reflection

of

the

aesthetic

consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.

中国传统节日

中国传统节日以中国的农历为依据。农历年的岁首称为春节，俗称

< br>过年

，有祈年等多种

习俗，是中 国人民最隆重的传统节日，象征团结兴旺。其他主要的节日有元宵节、清明节、

端午节、 七夕节、中秋节、重阳节、冬至节、腊八节等等。各个节日都有其来源讲究和风俗

习惯。 农历节日与农历中的二十四节气不同。农历节日是中华民族凝聚力和生命力的体现。

Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed according to the Lunar calendar. January 1st on

the

lunar

calendar

has

been

designated

as

the

Spring

festival

(generally

referred

to

as

guonian). There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good

harvest,

etc.

the

spring

Festival

is

the

most

ceremonious

traditional

festival

in

China

and

symbolizes unity and prosperity. Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern

Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, the Double-Seventh Festival, the

Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eighth Day of

the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc.

Each festival has its own unique origin and custom. These

Chinese festivals that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the

Lunar calendar. They embody China's cohesion and vitality.

中国茶文化

茶是中华民族的举国之饮，

发端于神 农，兴盛于唐宋（

618-1279

）

。开门七件事，柴米油

盐酱醋茶，

是中国人日常生活的写照。< /p>

茶文化是茶的自然和人文双重属性的引申与概括。

中

国茶道精神将儒释道三教融入其中，

其主要目的是 借助饮茶艺术来修炼身心，体悟大道，

提升人生境界。

As a traditional drink for Chinese people, Chinese tea is is believed to have first started with

Chinese

Emperor

Shen

Nong,

and

flourished

in

the

Tang

and

Song

Dynasties(618AD-1279AD).

Making

tea

was

considered

one

of

the

seven

basic

daily

necessities along with fuel, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, and vinegar, while drinking tea is an apt

portrayal of daily life in China. Tea culture is the extension and generalization of the science

and

the

humanities

character

of

tea.

In

China,

the

tea

spirit

blends

the

thoughts

of

Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism, and it aims to help people cultivate both mind and

body, comprehend the truth, and elevate the realm of life through the art of drinking tea.

中国石窟

中国石窟主要反映的是佛教文化艺术。敦煌莫高窟、云冈石窟、龙门石窟、麦积山石窟，号

称中国四大石窟艺术景观。佛教石窟随山雕凿、彩绘，形象生动自然，

将崇高美与世俗 情融

为一体，

把天然造化与人工创造 有机结合，是由建筑、绘画、雕塑等组成的博大精深、绚

丽夺目的综合艺术殿堂。其艺术 成就为世界所瞩目，已成为重要的世界文化遗产。

Chinese Grottoes

Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture. In China, there are four major art

landscapes of grottoes: the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungagn Grottoes at Datong,

the

Longmen

Grottoes

at

Luoyang,

and

the

Maijishan

Grottoes

at

Tianshui.

Carved

and

painted

on

mountains,

the

Buddhist

grottoes

mingle

both

sublimity

and

secular

feelings

together,

presenting

us

a

vivid

and

natural

appearance.

They

embody

the

systematic

.