-
In November 1924, Charlie had married his
leading lady, Lita Grey. It was no wiser a
marriage
than his first had been.
Despite the turmoil in his private life, Charlie
went on and made a film
called The
Circus. Chaplin had done over seven hundred takes
on that tightrope-- and all for a few
minutes of film. The moment The Circus
was completed, he launched into making City
Lights. In
the
next
few
years
Charlie
was
to
make
three
of
his
finest
films:
City
lights
in
1931,
Modern
Times in 1936, and The Great Dictator
in 1940.
After failure of the third
marriage
in 1942, He had met
a
young woman, the daughter of the
great American playwright, Eugene
O’Neill. She was only 17 years old and she and
Charlie had
fallen deeply in love. Her
name was Oona. And now it was 1945, after the
world II, America had
become
affected
by
a
kind
of
madness,
an
obsessive
fear
and
hatred
of
Communism.
Charlie
become the victim of this persecution.
Against this atmosphere of persecution he set to
work on a
new film. The film was
Limelight, the story of an aging music hall
performer and the young girl
he helps
to success. Into it he put his memories of the
London and the theatrical life he had known
as a boy. America’s
anti
-communist emotions had found a new
and more lunatic voice. On his way
to
London for its premiere. The US Attorney General
had forbidden Chaplin re-entry to the United
States. He was an exile.
He
was
received
warmly
in
London
and
hailed
as
a
genius.
In
the
US,
the
vicious
attacks
continued, Charlie
couldn’t
go
back,
and
the
family
left
for
Switzerland.
In
January
1953,
they
settled in the
beautiful house at Corsier-sur-
Vevey
that was to be Charlie’s home for the rest of his
life.
If America had denounced Charlie, he
had his family-- and the acclaim of the rest of
the world.
In 1945 when McCarthy and
his henchmen was discovered that they had been
faking evidence.
Now America opened its
arms to Charlie once more and he showered with
awards.
In
1975,
just
before
his
eighty-sixth
birthday,
Charlie,
who
ha
d
been
one
of
the
London’s
After
a
life
of
incredibly
hard
work,
of
great
triumphs
and
great
sorrows
and
trials,
Charlie
seemed to have
entered a golden time. He was becoming frail, but
loved to work as always.
Christmas
Eve,
1977
came
and
the
house
was
brimming
with
children
and
grandchildren.
Charlie was
settled in his room, they left the door open so
that he could share in the sounds of
excitement and happiness that ran
through the house.
In the morning, when it was time to
wake him and to wish him a Happy Christmas, it was
found
that Charlie had died in his
sleep. He was eighty-eight years old.
It
was
a
good
day
for
someone
who
had
given
so
much
laughter
and
encouragement
to
the
world to slip away.
1924
年月
11
月，查理娶女主角丽苔
·
格雷为妻。这次婚姻与第一次同样不够明智。面对个
人生活的风浪，
查理坚强不屈，接着开拍新片《马戏团》在这部片子里，拍了七百多次卓别
林走钢丝的镜
头，而最后用于影片的仅有几分钟。
《马戏团》问世后，他马上开拍《城市之
光》以后数年间，查理完成了最出色的影片中的三部，即《城市之光》
（<
/p>
1931
）
、
《
摩登时代》
（
1936
）
、和《大独裁者》
（
1940
年）
。
第三次婚姻失败以后，
1942
年他遇识了
一位年轻的女郎，她是美国著名剧作家尤金
·
奥尼
尔的女儿。
她才
17
岁却与
查理相亲相爱，
难舍难分。她的名叫奥娜。
1945
年的美国已弥漫开
对共产主义的疯狂仇视和困恼。
卓别林成为这次迫害的牺牲品。
就是在这种受迫害的环境中，
他
着手摄制一部新影片，
这部影片就是
《舞台生涯》
它讲述一位年迈的戏院演员协助一位年
轻女郎取得成功的故事，
反映了他童年时代熟知的伦敦概况和演艺生活。
50
年代初美国的反
共狂热掀起了新的、更为癫狂的咆哮。在赴伦敦举行《舞台生涯》首映典
礼的路上，美国司
法部长宣布禁止卓别林再度入境美国。他成了一位流亡者。
查理在
伦敦受到盛情欢迎，
被兴高采烈的人们捧为天才。
然而在美国，
对他的恶毒攻击仍
在继续。查理无法返回，于是合家迁居瑞士。
1953
年
1
月，他们在坐落于维也纳威城科西尔
的漂亮宅院里定居下来，查理在那里度过了余生。<
/p>
尽管美
国对查理横加指责，
他却拥有一个团聚的家庭，
还享有世界其他
各国的赞誉。
1954
年，麦卡锡及同伙，
已经变得声名狼藉，
因为他们一直作伪证的事被揭发出来。于是美国又
向查理展开了欢迎的双臂，给予他的各种奖励也纷至沓来。
1975
年
86
岁前，
过去曾是维多利亚时代伦
敦
―
儿童济贫院
‖
小孩之一的查理，
被英国女王伊
丽莎白二世加封爵位。
一生中
异常勤奋地工作、
取得辉煌成就和历经艰难困苦的查理，
好似步
入了人生黄金时代。
尽管他身体渐趋虚弱，但仍一如既往地热爱工作。
< br>
他说：
―
生活的目的在于工作，因此我热爱生活。
‖
197
7
年圣诞节除夕夜，
卓别林家里子孙满堂。
家里人将查理安顿在他自己的房间里，
让门
敞开着，以便他
能聆听到回荡在别墅内的快乐祥和、热闹非凡的喜庆之声。
第二天早晨，该唤醒他并祝他圣诞快乐的时候，他被发现已在
睡眠中安然溘世，享年
88
岁。
对一位曾给世界人民带来如此之多
的欢笑和鼓舞的人而言，
这一天无疑是悄然谢世的好日
子。
Born on April 16
，<
/p>
1889
，
in
London
，
England
，
Chaplin
was introduced early on to
performing
，
as
both
of
his
parents
were
music
hall
entert
ainers
．
After
a
double
tragedy
—
his
mother
had
a
nervous breakdown and his father died
when Charlie was five
—
he and
his half-brother
，
Sydney
，
became
street urchins
，
in and out of
charity homes
．
After a time
in an orphanage
，
Chaplin toured
England with
a children musical
troupe
，
which led to small
roles on the London stage
．
At
age 17
，
he joined a troupe
and toured the United
States
．
In
1913
，
the film producer Mack
Sennett signed
him to his Keystone
Company for a salary of
＄
150
per week
．
His first film for
Keystone was
Making a Living
（
1914
）
．
In Kid Auto Races at Venice
（
1914
）
，
Chaplin
introduced the character
that would
become his trademark
，
the
Little Tramp
．
Complete with b
owlerhat
，
cane
，
baggy pants
，
and big
shoes
，
Chaplin soon become
the first-ever movie star and the most innovative
pioneer in
movie
history.
In
ten
years
Charlie
made
three
of
his
finest
films:
City
lights
in
1931,
Modern
Times in 1936, and The Great Dictator
in 1940. In 1977, he died in Switzerland.
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. KBE,
(April 16, 1889
–
December
25, 1977), better known as
Charlie
Chaplin, was an English comedy actor, becoming the
most famous performer in the early
to
mid Hollywood cinema era, and also a notable
director.
Chaplin was one of the most creative
and influential personalities in the silent film
era:
he acted in, directed, scripted,
produced, and eventually even scored his own
films. His
working life in
entertainment spanned over 70 years, from the
British Victorian stage and
music hall
in England as a child performer, almost until his
death at the age of 88. He led
one of
the most remarkable and colourful lives of the
20th century, from a Dickens-like
London childhood to the pinnacle of
world fame in the film industry and as a cultural
icon.
His
principal character was
dignity of a
gentleman who wears a tight coat, oversized
trousers and shoes, a bowler hat,
a
bamboo cane, and his signature toothbrush
moustache. Chaplin's high-profile public
and private life encompassed highs and
lows of both adulation and controversy.
In 1999, the
American Film Institute named Chaplin among the
Greatest Male Stars
of All Time,
ranking at No. 10.
Childhood
Chaplin's
parents were both entertainers in the Music Hall
tradition. His father, an
alcoholic,
died when Charlie was twelve, leaving him and his
older half-brother, Sydney
Chaplin, in
the sole care of his mother, Hannah. Hannah
Chaplin suffered from severe
mental
illness, and was eventually admitted to the Cane
Hill Asylum at Coulsdon (near
Croydon).
Chaplin had to be left in the workhouse at
Lambeth, London, moving after
several
weeks to the Central London District School for
paupers in Hanwell, London. The
young
Chaplin brothers forged a close relationship to
survive. They gravitated to the
Music
Hall while still very young, and both proved to
have considerable natural stage
talent.
Unknown to
Chaplin and Sydney until years later, they had a
half-brother through
their mother,
Wheeler Dryden, who was raised abroad by his
father. He was later
reconciled with
the family, and worked for Chaplin at his
Hollywood studio.
Chaplin's mother died in 1928 in
Hollywood, seven years after being brought to the
U.S. by her sons.
Stage
Charlie first took to the
stage when, at the age of five, he performed in
music hall in
1894, standing in for his
mother. As a child, he was confined to a bed for
weeks due to a
serious illness, and, at
night, his mother would sit at the window and act
out what was
going on outside. His
first professional work came when he joined The
Eight Lancashire
Lads a troupe of
dancers who played the music halls of Great
Britain. In 1900, at the age
of 11, his
half-brother Sydney helped get him the role of a
comic cat in the pantomime
Cinderella
at the London Hippodrome. In 1903 he appeared in
Jim: A Romance of
Cockayne, followed by
his first regular job, as the newspaper boy Billy
in Sherlock Holmes,
a part he played
into 1906. This was followed by Casey's 'Court
Circus' variety show, and,
the
following year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's
'Fun Factory' slapstick comedy
company,
where Chaplin became the star of the troupe.
America
According to
immigration records, he arrived in the United
States with the Karno
troupe on October
2, 1912. In the Karno Company was Arthur Stanley
Jefferson, who
would later become known
as Stan Laurel. Chaplin and Laurel wound up
sharing a room
in a boarding house.
Stan Laurel returned to England but Chaplin
remained in the United
States. In late
1913, Chaplin's act was seen by film producer Mack
Sennett, who hired him
for his studio,
the Keystone Film Company.
Pioneering film auteur
Chaplin's early film career (1914-1917)
began at Keystone Studios, where he
developed his Tramp character and very
quickly learned the art and craft of filmmaking.
By the end of his year at Keystone, he
was directing and editing his own short films.
These
were an immediate, runaway
success with the public, and even today Chaplin's
standout
screen presence in these films
is apparent. In 1915 he began a year's contract
with
Essanay film studios, and further
developed his film skills, adding new levels of
depth and
pathos to the Keystone-style
slapstick. In 1916, he signed a lucrative deal
with the Mutual
Film Corporation to
produce a dozen two-reel comedies. He was given
near complete
artistic control, and
produced twelve films over an eighteen month
period that rank among
the most
influential comedy films in cinema. Chaplin later
said the Mutual period was the
happiest
of his career.
At the conclusion of the Mutual
contract in 1918, Chaplin built his own Hollywood
studio and production company, and
assumed an unparalleled degree of artistic and
financial control over his productions.
Using this independence, over the next 35 years he
created a remarkable, timeless body of
work that remains entertaining and influential.
These include the comedy shorts: A
Dog's Life (1918), and Pay Day (1922); longer
films,
such as: Shoulder Arms (1918)
and The Pilgrim (1923); and his great silent
feature-length
films, among them: The
Kid (1921), A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush
(1925), and
The Circus (1928).
After the
arrival of sound films, he made what is considered
to be his greatest film,
City Lights
(1931), as well as Modern Times (1936) before he
committed to sound. These
were
essentially silent films scored with his own music
and sound effects. City Lights
contained arguably his most perfect
balance of comedy and sentimentality. Of the final
scene, critic James Agee wrote in Life
magazine in 1949 that it was the
piece
of acting ever committed to celluloid
His dialogue films made in
Hollywood were The Great Dictator (1940), Monsieur
Verdoux (1947), and Limelight (1952).
While Modern
Times (1936) is a non-talkie, it does contain
talk
—
usually coming from
inanimate objects such as a radio or a
TV monitor. This was done to help 1930s
audiences, who were out of the habit of
watching silent films, adjust to not hearing
dialogue. Chaplin being observed by his
boss while sneaking a smoke in the bathroom
came before George Orwell's
inspired it. Modern Times was the first
film where Chaplin's voice is heard (in the
nonsense song at the end). However, for
most viewers it is still considered a silent film
--
and the end of an era.
United Artists
In 1919 he co-
founded the United Artists film distribution
company with Mary
Pickford, Douglas
Fairbanks and D. W. Griffith, all of whom were
seeking to escape the
growing power
consolidation of film distributors and financiers
in the developing
Hollywood studio
system. This move, along with complete control of
his film production
through his studio,
assured Chaplin's independence as a filmaker. He
served on the board
of UA until the
early 1950s.
Although
introduced in 1927,
Chaplin resisted making such a film all through
the 1930s. It is a
tribute to Chaplin's
versatility that he also has one film credit for
choreography for the
1952 film
Limelight, and another as a singer for the title
music of the 1928's The Circus.
The
best-known of several songs he composed are
covered by Nat King Cole.
Hong Kong,
Chaplin's theme
from Limelight was a hit in the 50s under the
title
The Great
Dictator
His first dialogue picture, The Great
Dictator (1940) was an act of defiance against
Adolf Hitler and Nazism, filmed and
released in the United States one year before it
abandoned its policy of isolationism to
enter World War II. The film was seen as an act of
courage in the political environment of
the time, both for its ridicule of Nazism and for
the
portrayal of overt Jewish
characters and the depiction of their persecution.
Chaplin played
both the role of a Nazi
dictator clearly modeled on Hitler (with a certain
physical likeness),
and also that of a
Jewish barber cruelly persecuted by the Nazis.
Hitler, who was a great
fan of movies,
is known to have seen the film twice (records were
kept of movies ordered
for his personal
theatre). Interestingly, Chaplin and Hitler were
born only four days apart
(Hitler was
born on April 20, 1889).
Politics
Chaplin's political
sympathies always lay with the left. His politics
seem tame by
modern standards, but in
the 1940s his views (in conjunction with his
influence, fame, and
status in the
United States as a resident foreigner) were seen
by many as dangerously
communistic. His
silent films made prior to the Great Depression
typically did not contain
overt
political themes or messages, apart from the
Tramp's plight in poverty and his
run-
ins with the law. But his films made in the 1930s
were more openly political. Modern
Times depicts workers and poor people
in dismal conditions. The final dramatic speech in
The Great Dictator, which was critical
of blindly following patriotic nationalism without
question, and his vocal public support
for the opening of a second European front in 1942
to assist the Soviet Union in World War
II were controversial. In at least one of those
speeches, according to a contemporary
account in the Daily Worker, he intimated that
Communism might sweep the world after
the war and equated it with
Apart from the
controversial 1942 speeches, Chaplin declined to
patriotically support
the war effort as
he had done for the First World War (although his
two sons saw service
in the Army in
Europe), which led to public anger. For most of
the war he was fighting
serious
criminal and civil charges related to his
involvement with actress Joan Barry (see
below). After the war, the critical
view towards what he regarded as capitalism in his
1947
black comedy, Monsieur Verdoux led
to increased hostility, with the film being the
subject
of protests in many US cities.
As a result, Chaplin's final American film,
Limelight, was less
political and more
autobiographical in nature. His following
European-made film, A King in
New York
(1957), satirised the political persecution and
paranoia that had forced him to
leave
the US five years earlier (one of the few films of
the 1950s to do so). After this film,
Chaplin lost interest in making overt
political statements, later saying that comedians
and
clowns should be
McCarthyism
Although Chaplin had his
major successes in the United States and was a
resident
from 1914 to 1952, he always
retained his British nationality. During the era
of
McCarthyism, Chaplin was accused of
communist sympathiser; and J. Edgar
Hoover, who had instructed the FBI to keep
extensive secret files on him, tried to
end his United States residency. FBI pressure on
Chaplin grew after his 1942 campaign
for a second European front in the war, and
reached a critical level in the late
1940s, when Congressional figures threatened to
call
him as a witness in hearings. This
was never done, probably from the fear of
Chaplin's
ability to lampoon the
investigators.
In 1952, Chaplin left the US for what
was intended as a brief trip home to England;
Hoover learned of it and negotiated
with the INS to revoke his re-entry permit.
Chaplin
then decided to stay in Europe,
and made his home in Vevey, Switzerland. He
briefly
returned to the United States
in April 1972, with his wife, to receive an
Honorary Oscar.
Even though he was
invited by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and
Sciences (the
Academy Awards), he was
only issued a one-time entry visa valid for a
period of two
months. However, by this
time the animosities towards the now elderly and
apolitical
Chaplin had faded, and his
visit was a triumphant success.
Academy Awards
Chaplin won two honorary
Oscars. When the first Oscars were awarded on May
16,
1929, the voting audit procedures
that now exist had not yet been put into place,
and the
categories were still very
fluid. Chaplin had originally been nominated for
both Best Actor
and Best Comedy
Directing for his movie The Circus, but his name
was withdrawn and the
Academy decided
to give him a special award
directing
and producing The Circus
year was The
Jazz Singer.
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