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概念与主旨类阅读解析
概念解释型阅读
< br>概念解释型说明文以解释某个概念、
术语的意义，
帮助读
者准确理解为主要目的。
概念解释
往往与定义、举例相结合，以
便读者更容易理解抽象概念和专业术语。
篇章展示
Grown-ups
are
often
surprised
by
how
well
they
remember
something
they
learned as children but
have never practised ever since. A man who has not
had a chance to
go swimming for years
can still swim as well as ever when he gets back
in the water. He can
get on a bicycle
after many years and still ride away. He can play,
catch and hit a ball as well
as his
son. A mother who has not thought about the words
for years can teach her daughter
the
poem that begins
Goldilocks and the
Three Bears.
One
explanation
is
the
law
of
overlearning,
which
can
be
stated
as
follows:
Once
we have learned something, additional learning
trials increase the length of time we will
remember it.
In childhood we usually continue to
practice such skills as swimming, bicycle
riding, and playing baseball long after
we have learned them. We continue to listen to and
remind ourselves of words such as
Cinderella and Goldilocks, we not only
learn but overlearn.
The multiplication
tables(
乘法口读表
) are an
exception to the general rule that
we
forget rather quickly the things that we learn in
school, because
they
are
another of the
things we overlearn in
childhood.
The law of
overlearning explains why cramming for an
examination, though it
may result in a
passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn
a college course. By cramming,
a
student may learn the subject well enough to get
by on the examination, but he is likely
soon to forget almost everything he
learned. A little overlearning, on the other hand,
is really
necessary for one's future
development.
67. What is the main idea of Paragraph
1?
A. People remember well what they
learned in childhood
B. Children have a
better memory than grown-ups
C. Poem
reading is a good way to learn words
D.
Stories for children are easy to remember
68. The author explains the
law of overlearning by
.
A. presenting research
findings
1
B. setting down general rules
C. making a comparison
D.
using examples
69.
According to the author, being able to use
multiplication tables is
.
A. a result of overlearning
B. a special case of cramming
C. a skill to deal with math problems
D. a basic step towards advanced
studies
70. What does the
word
A. Commonly accepted rules
B. The multiplication tables
C. Things easily forgotten
D. School subjects
71. What is the author's opinion on
cramming?
A. It leads to failure in
college exams.
B. It's helpful only in
a limited way.
C. It's possible to
result in poor memory.
D. It increases
students' learning interest.
小题解析
【原文简析】
这是一篇介绍
overlearni
ng(
超量学习
)
这一概念的说明文。
第一段列举了日常生活中的一些
有趣现象，目的是为了引出下文要解释的概念“the
law
of
overlearni
ng”(超量学习定律
)
。第
二段是对
这个定律的通俗解释。第三、四段是超量学习的例子。第五段用“超量学习定律”解
释为
什么“突击学习”不能令人满意。
【答案解析】
67
< br>．考査概括段落大意的能力，属于主旨大意题。依据文第一句
are
often
surprised by how well they remember
something they learned as children but have never
practiced ever since...
，可以看出
A
项与之最为相近。故正确答案为
A<
/p>
项。
68<
/p>
．
考査说明文的写作手法，
本文用的是举
例说明的方法，
依据文第三四段就是用童年时学
游泳骑车及乘法
口诀，来说明超量学习的规则，可以看出
D
项是正确的。故正确
答案为
D
项。
69
．考査对文章中特定信息的理解
，具体地说，是考查对因果关系的理解。依据
they are another of the
things we overlearn in childhood.
故正确答案为
A
项。
<
/p>
70
．
考査语篇衔接手段之一
“指代”( reference)，
即代词与
特定名词的关系。
所以正确答案为
2
B
。
71
．考查对作者观点的理解能力。
正确答案为
B. It's helpful only in a limited
way
。依据是
顺便提一下，作者对
cramming
的态度是部分否定的，依据是文章的最后一段中的
cramming, a student
may learn the subject well enough to get by on the
examination, but he
is likely soon to
forget almost everything he learned.
可知：
突击学习只在有限的方面有帮
助。
词汇精炼
★
explanation
/
?
ekspl
< br>??
ne
??
n/
★
satisfactory
/
?
s
?<
/p>
t
?
s
?
f
?
kt
?
ri/
n.
说明，解释
adj.
满意的；符合要求的
eg:
The most likely explanation
is that his plane
eg:
was
delayed.
The work is satisfactory but
not outstanding.
最可能的解释是他的飞机晚点了。
工作做得可以，但不出色。
She
didn't give
an adequate
explanation for
The
existing
law
is
not
entirely/wholly
being late.
satisfactory.
她没有给出充分的理由说明迟到的原因。
现行法律并不十分完善。
★
additional
/
??
d
???<
/p>
nl/
★
cram
/kr?m/
adj.
附加的，额外的
v.
临时死记硬背，突击学习
eg:
eg:
The government provides
an additional
￡
25
Supporters crammed the streets.
million to expand the service.
街上挤满了支持者。
政府另拨
2,
500
万英镑用于扩展该服务项目。
He's been cramming for his exams all
week.
他整个星期都一直在拼命准备应考。
★
continue
/k
?<
/p>
n
?
t
?
nju
?
/
★
overlearn
/,
?
uv
?
'l
?
:n/
vt.
筑巢；巢居
eg:
It's really important
to
your
Memory Palace.
对你的记忆宫殿来说，
“大量练习”你的路线是
非常重要的。
★
exception
/
?
k
?
sep
?
n/
n.
例外；异议
3
vt.
继续说…；使…继续
eg:
The rain continued
falling all afternoon.
这场雨整整一下午都下个不停。
★
trial
/
?
tr
a
??
l/
n.
试验；努力；磨炼
eg:
She agreed
to employ me for a trial period.
她同意试用我一段时间。
She
was a sore trial to her family at times.
她有时让家人伤透了脑筋。
★
a
passing grade
eg:
With very few
exceptions, private schools get
the
best exam results.
私立学校的考试成绩是最好的，很少有例外
情况。
★
ever since
从那时到现在
及格分
eg:
eg:
Ever since I joined this
group,
She achieved a passing grade of
60
out
of
I have
realized that poverty is
something one
100.
can put behind.
她的分数达到了及格分。
但自从我加入了这个小组之后，我就开始认
识到贫困是可以摆脱的。
难句剖析
【难句
1
】
Grown-ups
are
often
surprised
by
how
well
they
remember
something
they
learned
as
children but have never practised ever
since.
【句子翻译】
成年人常常惊讶于他们对儿时学过但从未实践过的东西记忆得如此之好。
【句式分析】
本句不长，但是内含多个从句，句子主干是
Grown-ups
are often surprised by
sth.
介词
by
后跟的是
how
引导的宾语从句，
同时宾语从句中又包含了定语从句修饰先行词
something
。
【难句
2
】
The multiplication tables are an
exception to the general rule that we forget
rather quickly the
things
that
we
learn
in
school,
because
they
are
another
of
the
things
we
overlearn
in
childhood.
【句子翻译】
乘法表是一般法则中的一个例外，
我们会很快忘记我们在学校学到的东西，
因为它们是我们
在童年时期超量学习的东西。
【句式分析】
本句是含有多个从句的复合句。句子主干是
The
multiplication tables are an exception to the
4
general rule
。
the
general rule
后面跟了
that
引导的同位语从句，
解释说明
rule
的具体内容，
同时，同位语从句中又包含了一个定语从句修饰
< br>the
things
。句子的最后部分是由
because
引导的原因状语从句，
也包含一个
定语从句
we overlearn in
childhood
修饰先行词
the things
。
主旨阐述型阅读
< br>主旨是作者对文章所讨论的主题的看法或观点，
是文章的中心思想。
通常，
作者在文章的开
头段中就提出主旨，
然后在几个主体段中展开，
进行详细阐述，
最后
再在结尾段中重述主旨。
但结尾段也可能是对文章主题的重要性的评估，
或指出主题的意义，
或提出呼吁，
或呼应开
头段，等等。
篇章展示
The meaning of silence varies among
cultural groups. Silences may be thoughtful,
or they may be empty when a person has
nothing to say. A silence in a conversation may
also
show stubbornness, uneasiness, or
worry. Silence may be viewed by some cultural
groups as
extremely uncomfortable;
therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap
with conversation.
Persons in other
cultural groups value silence and view it as
necessary for understanding a
person's
needs.
Many Native Americans value silence and
feel it is a basic part of communicating
among
people,
just
as
some
traditional
Chinese
and
Thai
persons
do.
Therefore,
when
a
person
from one of these cultures is speaking and
suddenly stops, what may be implied is
that the person wants the listeners to
consider what has been said before continuing. In
these
cultures, silence is a call for
reflection.
Other
cultures
may
use
silence
in
other
ways,
particularly
when
dealing
with
conflicts
among
people or
in
relationships
of
people
with different amount
of power.
For
example, Russian, French, and Spanish
persons may use silence to show agreement between
parties
about
the
topic
under
discussion.
However,
Mexicans
may
use
silence
when
instructions are given by a person in
authority rather than be rude to that person by
arguing
with him or her. In still
another use, persons in Asian countries may view
silence as a sign of
respect
particularly to an elder or a person in authority.
Nurses and other care-givers need to be
aware of the possible meaning of silence
when
they
come
across
the
personal
anxiety
their
patients
may
be
experiencing.
Nurses
should
recognize
their
own
personal
and
cultural
construction
of
silence
so
that
a
patient's
silence is not interrupted too early or allowed to
go on unnecessarily. A nurse who
understands the healing
(
治愈
)value of silence can use
this understanding to assist in the care
of patients from their own and from
other cultures.
32. What
does the author say about silence in
conversations?
A. It implies anger.
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