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定义英文
Chapter 4
Phonology(
音位学
) 4.1 phonetics
and phonology:
语音学与音位学
的区分
Both
phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.
语音学和音位学都士
对语音的研究。
定义区别
-Phonetics is a study
of the production, perception and
physical properties of speech sounds.
语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。
-Phonology studies how speech sounds
are combined
，
organized
，
and convey meanings
in
particular languages.
研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组
织和表达含义。
---Phonology is is
the study of how sounds are organized and used in
natural
languages.
音位学是特定于语言
的。
它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。
---Phonetics
is
a
study
of
speech
sounds
while
phonology
is
a
study
of
the
sound
system
of a
language.
语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的
学科。
4.2
Phonemes
，
phones and
allophones
音位、音子、音位变体
Different languages have
different
phonological
systems.
不同的语言有不同的语音系统。
定义：
①
Phones
are
the smallest
identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a
stream of speech.
音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或
片段。
②
Allophones
are the phones
which
represent
a
phoneme
in
a
language
and
cannot
change
word
meaning
by
substituting
any of the set
for another.
音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一
个也不改变词义。
③
Phonemes
are
the
minimal
distinctive
units
in
the
sound
system
of
a
language.
音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。
Allophones
are
the
realization
of
a
particular phoneme while phones are the
realization of phonemes in general.
音
位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。
4.3Minimal
pairs
最小对立体
The
phonologist
is
concerned
with
what
difference
are
significant
or
technically
speaking,
distinctive.
Minimal
pair---a
pair
of
words
which
differ
from
each
other
by
one
sound.
Three
conditions
（情况）
:
1
）
the two froms are
different in meaning
意义不同
2
）
the two forms
are different in one sound
segment
声音片段不同
3
）
the different
sounds occur in the same position of
the two words.
不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位
置
Minimal
set:
a
group
of
words
can
satisfy
（满足）
the
three
conditions
.
Minimal
pairs
help
determine
phonemes.
最小对立体用来定义音位。
4.4
identifying
phonemes
识
别
音
素
4.4.1
contrastive
distribution
，
complementary
distribution
and
free
variation
对比分布，互补分布和自由变异
The
distribution of a sound refers to
the
collective environments in which the sound
concerned may appear.
一个声音的分
布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。
1
）
contrastive
distribution
对比分布
If
two
or more sounds can
occur in the same environment and the substitution
of on
e
sound
for
another
brings
about
a
change
of
meaning
，
they
are
said
to
be
in
contrastive
distribution.
如果两个或更多的声音可以发生
在相同的环境并且一旦一个声音替换另一个
会改变的意思
,
那他们就是处于对比分布。
2
）
complementary
distribution
互补分布
If
two
or
more
sounds
never
appear
in
the
same
environment
，
that
is
，
each
sound
only
appears
in the environments
where the other sound never
occurs
，
then they are said to
be in
complementary distribution.
如果两个或更多的声音从未出现在相同的环境中
,
也就是每
一个声音只出现在其他的声音不出现的环境中
,
然后他们被称为处在互补分布。
3
）
free
variation
自由变异
When two sounds can
appear in the same environment and the
substitution
of
one
for
the
other
does
not
cause
any
change
in
meaning
，
they
are
said
to
be
in
free
variation.
当两个声音可以出现在相同环境但是替
换一个其他不会导致任何
意思的改变
,
然后他们被称为处在自由变异。
4.4.2
Principles
of
identifying
phonemes
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