国际商务定义英文版

●

The

foreign exchange market

is a market for converting the currency

of one country into that of another country.

●

The

exchange rate

is the rate at which one currency is converted into

another.

●

Two main

functions of the foreign exchange market:

1

、

is used to

convert the currency

of one country into the currency of

another

2

、

provide some insurance against

foreign exchange risk

(the adverse

consequences of unpredictable changes in exchange rates)

●

Spot Exchange Rate

即期汇率

:

The

rate

at which a foreign exchange

dealer converts one currency into another currency on

a particular day.

●

Forward

Exchange

Rate

远期汇率

:

Two

parties

agree

to

exchange

currency

and execute the deal at some specific date

in the future.

●

Currency Swap

掉期

（货币互换）

:

The simultaneous purchase and sale

of a given amount of foreign exchange for two different value dates.

●

international

monetary

system:

Refers

to

the

institutional

arrangements

that

govern

exchange rates.

●

currency

speculation

：

the

short-term

movement

of

funds

from

one

currency to another in the hopes of profiting from shifts in exchange rates

●

A

floating

exchange

rate

system

浮动汇率

exists

when

a

country

allows the foreign exchange market to determine the relative value of a

currency.

●

A

pegged

exchange

rate

system

钉住汇率

exists

when

a

country

fixes the value of its currency relative to a reference currency.

●

A

dirty float

管理浮动

exists when a country tries to hold the value of

its currency within some range of a reference currency such as the U.S.

dollar.

●

A

fixed

exchange

rate

system

固定汇率

exists

when

countries

fix

their currencies against each other at some mutually agreed on exchange

rate.

●

Investors

include

corporations

with

surplus

cash,

individuals,

and

non-bank financial institutions.

●

Borrowers

include individuals, companies, and governments.

●

Markets

makers

are

the

financial

service

companies

that

connect

investors and borrowers, either directly or indirectly.

●

Capital

market

loans

can

be

equity

(stock)

or

debt

(

cash

loans

or

bonds).

Equity

(stock)

Loans

股权融资

An

equity

loan

is

made

when

a

corporation sells stock to investors. (dividends, stock price)

Debt

(

cash loans

or

bonds)

Loans

债券融资

A

debt loan

requires

the corporation to repay a predetermined portion of the loan amount (the

sum

of

the

principal

plus

the

specified

interest)

at

regular

intervals

regardless of how much profit it is making.

●

A

Eurocurrency

欧洲货币

is

any

currency

banked

outside

of

its

country of origin.

About two- thirds of all Eurocurrencies are

Eurodollars

(dollars banked

outside the United States).

●

Foreign bonds

外国债券

ar

e sold outside the borrower’s country and

are denominated in the currency of the country in which they are issued.

●

Eurobonds

欧洲债券

are underwritten by a syndicate of banks

（国际

银团）

and placed in countries other than the one in whose currency the

bond is denominated.

●

A firm

’

s

strategy

refers to the actions that managers take to attain the

goals of the firm.

一个企业的战略可定 义为管理人员为达到企业的目标而采取的行动。

●

Profitability

can be defined as the rate of return the firm makes on its

invested capital.

盈利能力可以被定义为公司投资资本收益率。

●

Profit growth

is the percentage increase in net profits over time.

●

A firm

’

s

operations

can be thought of a value chain composed of a

series

of

distinct

value

creation

activities,

including

production,

marketing, materials management, R&D, human resources, information

systems, and the firm infrastructure.

公司的运营可以被看作 一系列诸如生产，营销和销售，原材料管理，研发，信息

系统以及企业基础结构等。

●

primary

activities

(R&D,

production,

marketing

and

sales,

customer

service)

基本的活动

包括研发，生产，销售和营销，和顾客服务。

●

support

activities

(information

systems,

logistics,

human

resources

and infrastructure)

支持性活动

包括信息系统，物流，人力资源和基础设施。

●

The

experience

curve

refers

to

the

systematic

reductions

in

production

costs

that

have

been

observed

to

occur

over

the

life

of

a

product.

经验曲线指的是在产品生命周期内所观察到 的生产成本有规律的下降。

●

Learning effects

are cost savings that come from learning by doing.

学习效率指的是成本的节省源于在实践中学习。

●

Economies of scale

refer to the

reductions in unit cost

achieved by

producing

a large volume

of a product.

经济规模指通过大量生产实现产品单位成本的下降。

●

Organizational

architecture

refers

to

the

totality

of

a

firm’s

organization.

Organizational Structure:

the formal division of the organization into subunits

the

location

of

decision-making

responsibilities

within

that

structure

(centralized versus decentralized)

the establishment of integrating mechanisms to coordinate the activities

of subunits including cross-functional teams or pan-regional committees

●

Control

systems

控制系统

are

the

metrics

度量

used

to

measure

performance of subunits and make judgments about how well managers

are running those subunits.

●

Incentives

are the devices used to reward appropriate managerial

管理

的

behavior.

●

Processes

流程

are the manner in which decisions are made and work

is performed within the organization.

●

Organizational

culture

组织文化

refers

to

the

norms

and

value

systems that are shared among the employees of an organization.

●

People

refers to not just the employees of the organization, but also the

strategy used to recruit, compensate, and retain those individuals and the

type of people they are in terms of their skills, values, and orientation.

When

firms

expand

internationally,

they

often

group

all

of

their

international activities into an

international division

国际分部

.

●

Worldwide

area < /p>

structure

世界范围的地区结构

-

tends

to

be

adopted

by

undiversified

产 品多样化程度低

firms

whose

domestic

structures are based on functions

●

Worldwide product divisional structure

世界范围的产品分布结构

-

tends

to

be

adopted

by

diversified

产品多样化的

firms

that

have

domestic product division.

●

The

global matrix structure

全球矩阵结构

is an attempt to minimize

the limitations of the worldwide area structure and the worldwide product

divisional structure.

●

Personal

control

：个人控制

controlled

by

personal

contact

with

subordinates

下属

.

●

Bureaucratic

con trols

行政组织控制

:

control

through

a

system

of

rules and producers that directs the actions of subunits

子单位

.

●

Output

controls< /p>

产出控制

:

involve

setting

goals

for

subunits

to

achieve

and

expressing

those

goals

in

terms

of

relatively

objective

performance

metrics

such

as

profitability,

productivity,

growth,

market

share, and quality.

●

Cultural

control s

文化控制

:

exist

when

employees

“

buy

into

”

the

norms and value systems of the firm.

●

Inc entives

奖励机制

are the devices used to reward behavior

●

performance

ambiguity

绩效模糊

:

exists

when

the

causes

of

a

subunit’s poor performance are not clear

< br>●

Processes

流程

refer

to

the

manner

in

which

decisions

are

made

and

work is performed.

●

Firms

pursuing

a

localization

strategy

本土化战略

focus

on

local

responsiveness

地区调试

.

They do not have a high need for integrating mechanisms.

Performance ambiguity and the cost of control tends to be low.

The worldwide area structure(1) is common.