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there
be
结构的分析与理解
■
there
< br>be
结构在英语里是一种常见的特殊句子结构。
它以引词
there(
由副词
there
变来
)
开首，后常接动词
be
的各种形式，再后才是主语，主语之后又常有表地点和时间的状语。
它像是一种倒装句，但又非倒装句，因为这种“倒装”已成为一种自然的词序。这种结构中
的
there
本身无词义，其后的动词
be
具有
“
存在
”
之意，所以是一实义动词。
■
基本用例：
There
is
a
garden
behind
the
house.
房子后面有一座花园。
There
is
nothing
but
clothing
in
this
cupboard.
这个柜子里只有衣服。
There
is
a
telephone
box
on
the
comer.
在拐弯处有一个电话间。
If
there
is
any
problem,
let
me
know.
如果有什么问题可以通知我。
There
is
only
one
person
I
could
approach.
只有一个人我可以去找。
There
is
little
difference
between
the
two
words.
这两个字没有什么差别。
注意下面一句：
There
was
a
dog
there.
那里有一条狗。
There
is
a
bus-stop
just
there.
那里就有公共汽车站。
句中第一个
there
是引词，无词义
；第二个
there
是副词，有词义。
■
there
be
< br>结构表“存在”，
have
表
“
所有
”
，试比较：
There
are
several
oak
trees
in
the
garden.
花园里有好几株橡树。
(
主语是
oak
trees)
They
have
several
oak
trees
in
the
garden.
他们在花园里种有好几株橡树。
(
主语是
th
ey)
There’s
a
telephone
in
every
room.
每一个房间
都有一部电话。
(
强调客观存在
)
Every
room
has
a
telephone.
每一个房
间有电话。
(
强调电话是每个房间的一固有部分
)
■
句首的
there
如重读，则非引词，而是副词，试比较：
There
is
the
book
1
want.
那儿就是我所要的书。
(there
是副词，有
词义
)
There
are
some
books
1
want.
有一些我所要的书。
(t
here
是引词，无词义
)
■
在
there
be
结构中，
be
之后加上
not
或
no,
即变成否定句，如：
There
is
no
great
difficulty.
没有大的困难。
There
is
no
need
to
worry.
没有必要发愁。
There
is
not
much
doubt
about
his
guilt.
对他的罪行没有多少怀疑。
There
is
not
much
life
in
a
small
country
village.
一座小村庄没有多少生气。
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■
变为疑问句时，须把
be
移至
there
之前，如：
Are
there
any
children
in
the
room?
房间里有小孩吗
?
Are
there
any
boys
in
your
group?
你们小组中有男生吗
?
Is
there
anything
for
me
to
do?
有什么事需要我做
?
Is
there
a
doctor
available?
能请到医生吗
?
■
there
be
< br>结构中的动词
be
与主语的数必须一致，但主语如是一系
列事物，第一个事
物为单形可数名词，谓语动词则可用单数形式，如：
< br>
There
is
a
textbook,
a
dictionary
and
some
notebooks
on
the
desk.
桌上有一本教科
书、一本字典和几本笔记。
有时说话人先说出了
there
is
(was)
，然后才想到要用复形名词，如：
There’s
some
things
I
can’t
resist.
有些事物我是不抗拒的。
There’s
hu
ndreds
of
people
on
the
waiting
list.
登记排队的人有好几百。
■
强调主语时，亦可将主语移至句首，如：
Men
there
are
yet
living
who
have
seen
him.
见过他的人有的还活着哩。
there
be
句式的主谓一致问题
:
若只有一个主语，谓语的数则取
决于该主语的数；若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠
近的主语保持一致。如：
There
is
a
man
at
the
door.
门口有个人。
There
are
some
girls
in
the
room.
房间里有几个女孩。
There
is
a
pen
and
some
books
on
the
desk.
桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
但有时说话人先说出了
there
i
s(was)
，然后才想到要用复形名词，此时则会出现
the
re
i
s
后接复数主语的情况。如：
There’s
some
things
I
can’t
resist.
有些事物我是不抗拒的。
Th
ere’s
hundreds
of
people
on
the
waiting
list.
登记排队的人有好几百。
there’s
后可接复数名词吗
一、通常情况
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在通常情况下，
若
there
be
只有一个主语，
谓语的数则取决于该主语
的数；
若有几个主
语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致。如
：
There
is
a
book
on
the
desk.
书桌上有一本书。
There
were
a
lot
of
people
waiting.
有许多人在等着。
There
is
a
girl
and
two
boys
in
the
room.
房里有一个女孩和两个男孩。
但有时也可以与和两
(
几
)
个主语保持一致。如：
There
were
one or
two
chaps
there.
那儿有一两个人。
In
addition
to
her,
there
were
Mr.
and
Mrs Dalby.
除了她还有戴尔比夫妇。
二、特殊情况
但是，在非正式场合，
there’s
往往可以用来代替复数形式
there
are
用于复数名词前。
如：
There’s
lots
of
cars
on
the
road
these
days.
如今路上有
许多汽车。（摘自《朗文英语
语法》）
There’s
a
man
and
a
dog
in
our
garden.
我们花园里
有一个人和一只狗。（摘自《朗
文英语语法》）
there
be
句式的主语可以特指吗
there
be
结构中的主语一般皆指不确定的事物，不专指特定的某一或某些事物，但有时
也
有例外，请看下面一些例证：
Xu
said
there
was
no
longer
the
variety
of
play
in
China
as
in
his
days.
徐说中国已
不再有他那个时代的那种打法
(
指乒乓球
)
了。
(
指类型时可用定冠词
the,
表特定
)
Many
young
people
are
taking
radio
courses
in
English.
There
is
the
boy
next
door,
for
example.
许多年轻人在学广播英语课程。比如隔壁那
个男孩就是。
(
用
the
表特定事例
)
Then
there’s
Mrs.
Green—
she
must
be
invited
to
the
wedding.
还有格林
太太——必
须邀请她参加婚礼。
(
与<
/p>
then
连用，表“还有”
)
There
was
the
political
situation
to
be
considered.
这种政治形势需要考虑。
(
用
the
表
需要考虑的特定问题
< br>)
Do
you
think
there’s
any
chance
that
you
could
get
a
job
in
Paris?
你看你是不是有
机会在巴黎找个工作呢
?
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There’s
the
small
question
of
money.
Airplane
fares.
a
place
to
live.
Little
things
like
that.
有关钱的小问题啦，飞机票啦，住的地方啦，诸如
此类的小事。
(
这里更需用
the
表示
已明显提出的
question)
There
is
the
psychological
novel
；
but
the
example
of
George
Meredith
has
shown
that
it
has
no
chance
of
ever
becoming
popular.
有的心理小说值得注意，
< br>但乔治·
梅雷迪斯的
实例说明它没有为大众所欢迎的可能
。
(
这里
the
表示值得注意的特定事物
)
When,
at
last,
she
stopped
there
followed
the
strangest
silence.
当她终于停下来时，
立
即出现了一种非常异样的寂静。
(the
用于形容词最高级
)
there
be
句式时态问题
there
be
句式的时态由其中的谓语动词
be
来体现，它可以有等
多种时态形式：
■
一般现在时
There
is
still
room
for
improvement.
还有改进余地。
There
is
nothing
to
be
done
now.
现在没有办法了。
There
is
(some)
milk
in
the
fridge.
冰箱里有一些牛奶。
If
there
is
any
problem,
let
me
know.
如果有什么问题可以通知我。
■
一般将来时
There’s
going
to
be
trouble.
要出事了。
There
will
be
rain
next
week.
下星期要下雨。
There
will
be
bloodshed
tonight.
今晚会发生流血事件。
There
is
going
to
be
[will
be]
an
English
film
tonight.
今晚将有一场英语电影。
There
will
follow
an
interval
of
five
minutes.
接着将有五分钟的休息时间。
There
will
be
a
perfectly
logical
explanation
for
all
those
deaths.
对所有那些死因都
将
会有一个完全合乎逻辑的解释。
■
一般过去时
There
was
a
lot
to
be
done.
有很多事要做。
There
wasn’t
any
change
in
him.
他没有什么变化。
There
was
a
third
reason
for
haste.
匆忙行事还有第三个理由。
There
was
nothing
to
fear
from
that
quarter.
那方面没有什么可怕的。
There
were
some
children
swimming
in
the
river.
有些小孩在河里游泳。
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There
were
lots
of
complaints
about
the
boys,
but
none
about
the
smoke.
对这些男孩<
/p>
有许多抱怨，但没有关于抽烟的抱怨。
■
现在完成时
There
have
been
a
lot
of
inquiries.
提出的询问有很多。
There
have
been
a
lot
of
enquiries.
进行过许多调查。
There
have
been
many
such
accidents.
已发生了好几起那样的事故。
There
have
been
several
break-ins
this
year.
今年发生了好几起强行入室盗窃事件。
There
has
been
an
increase
in
the
number
of
road
incidents
recently.
最近交通事故的
数目有增加。
There
have
a
lot
of
bad
luck
lately.
最近发生了一些变化
(from
m)
。
There
has
been
little
business
between
the
two
companies.
这两家公司之间几乎没有
什么业务往来。
■
过去完成时
There
had
been
many
such
occasions.
曾有许多这种情况。
There
had
been
two
sea
fights
between
them.
他们之间发生了两场海战。
There
had
been
two
sea
fights
between
them.
他们之间发生了两场海战。
■
过去将来时
There
would
be
endless
rows
if
I
was
at
home.
如果我在家会有吵不完的架。
Then
there
would
be
a
plebiscite.
那么就会举行公民投票。
Tom
didn’t
say
that
there
would
be
a
demonstration.
汤姆没说要举行示威游行。
There
would
never
again
be
a
love
such
as
she
had
felt
for
Alex.
永远也不人再有
她
对爱丽克斯所拥有的那种爱了。
there
be
句式用于被动式
■
有通常情况下，
there
be
句式中的
be
表示
“
存在
”
。如：
There
are
numerous
islands
off
the
coast.
海岸边有许多岛屿。
There
was
a
bed
and
a
big
wardrobe.
有一张床和一个大衣橱。
There
was
a
rainbow
in
the
sky.
天上有一道彩虹。
If
there
is
any
problem,
let
me
know.
如果有什么问题可以通知我。
There
is
only
one
person
I
could
approach.
只有一个人我可以去找。
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There
are
in
China
over
fifty
minorities
besides
the
Han
nationality.
在中国除了汉族
< br>还有五十多个少数民族。
There
is
a
lack
of
communication
between
the
young
and
the
old.
年轻人和老人之间
沟通不足。
■
但是，有时
there
be
结构还可用被动式，这时
be
即变成了助动词，如：
There
are
now
published
thousands
and
millions
of
books
every
year.
现在每年出版
上亿册书。
On
the
following
day,
there
was
held
a
splendid
banquet.
第二天举行了盛大的宴会。
■
there
be
句式否定式的用法
there
be
句式的否定式通常应
将否定词置于动词
be
之后：
There
is
not
any
bread
left.
没有一点面包了。
There
isn’t
anything
I
can
do
for
you.
我帮不了你什么忙。
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后：
There
can’t
be
so
many
mistakes.
不可能有那么多错误。
There
shouldn’t
be
any
doubt
about
it.
对此不应有什么怀疑。
There
haven’t
been
any
parties
in
weeks.
好几个礼拜没开过晚会了。
另外注意以下类型的否定式：
There
doesn’t
seem
to
have
been
any
difficulty
over
the
money
question.
在钱的问题
上似乎没发生什么困难。
■
there
be
句式疑问式的用法
there
be
句式的疑问式通常应
将否定词置于动词
be
之后：
Is
there
any
good
film
on?
映什么好电影吗
?
Is
there
room
for
me
in
the
car?
车子里还有我坐的地方吗
?
Are
there
any
letters
for
me?
有我的信吗
?
若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式：
Has
there
been
an
accident?
出事了吗
?
Have
there
been
any
new
developments?
有什么新的发展吗
?
Can
there
have
been
so
much
rain
there
？那儿会下过那么多雨吗？
另外注意以下类型的疑问式
there
be…
的否定式和疑问式
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Uncle
Jesse,
why
do
there
have
to
be
poor
people
like
those?
杰西叔，为什么一定要
有他们那样的穷人
?
谈谈
“there
be
＋名词＋非谓语动词
”
1.
there
be+
宾语
+
现在分词：
现在分词表示主动关系，同时表示动作
正在进行：
There
is
someone
waiting
for
him.
有人在等他。
There
was
a
man
standing
in
front
of
me.
我前面站着一个男人。
There
were
some
children
swimming
in
the
river.
有些小孩在河里游泳。
There
were
a
group
of
young
people
working
in
the
fields.
有一群青年在地里劳动。
有时现在分词可表示一种状态：
There’s
a
piano
standing
against
the
wall.
靠墙有一架钢琴。
There’r
e
a
lot
of
difficulties
facing
us.
我们面前有很多困难。
There
is
a
door
leading
to
the
garden.
有一座门通往花园。
有个别现在分词
用于该结构时可以表示将来
(
正如它们可用进行时表示将来一样
)
：
There
are
ten
people
coming
to
dinner.
有
10
个人来吃晚饭。
2.
there
be+
宾语
+
过去分词：
过去分词表示一种被动关系，同时表示
动作已经发生：
There
is
nothing
written
on
it.
上面没写东西。
There
were
ten
people
killed
in
the
accident.
事故中有
10<
/p>
人丧生。
有时过去分词也可表示一种状
态
(
可转换成被动结构
)
：
There
were
some
old
men
seated
(=who
were
seated)
in
the
back.
有些老人坐在后
面。
There
is
a
red
car
parked
(=which
is
parked)
outside
the
house.
房子外边停着一辆红
色汽车。
3.
there
be+
宾语
+
不定式：
不定式通
常表示动作尚未发生：
There
was
nobody
to
look
after
the
child.
没有人照顾这孩子。
There
was
a
large
crowd
to
send
him
off.
有一大群人要来给他送行。
There
was
so
much
to
lose
that
we
couldn’t
take
any
risks. <
/p>
可能会有很大的损失，因
此我们不能冒险。
【注】
当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主
动表被动，也可用被动式：
There
is
much
work
to
do
[to
be
done].
有许多工作要做。
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有时其中的不定式为系表结构：
There
is
nothing
to
be
afraid
of.
没什么可怕的。
What
was
there
to
be
afraid
of.
有什么可怕的
?
There’s
nothing
to
be
ashamed
of.
没有什么值得羞愧的。
there
be
的非限定形式
there
be
的非限定形式是
there
to
be
和
there
< br>being
，
主要用来做介词或动词的宾语、
主
语或状语。如：
Have
you
ever
thought
of
there
being
so
many
interesting
films
for
you
to
choose
fr
om?
没想到过有这么多有趣的电影供你选择吧？
John
was
relying
on
there
being
another
opportunity.
约翰相信另有机会。
There
being
a
bus
stop
so
near
my
house
is
a
great
advantage.
有公交车停在离我房
< br>子这么近的地方是很大的优势。
There
having
been
no
rain,
the
ground
was
dry.
由于没有下雨，地上很干燥。
It’s
unusual
for
there
to
be
so
few
people
in
the
street
.
(=It’s
unusual
that
there
are
so
few
people
in
the
street)
这条街上这么少的人是不寻常的。
It
was
too
late
for
there
to
be
any
subways.
太晚了，不会有地铁了。
Would
you
like
there
to
be
a
meeting
to
discuss
the
problem?
你们要开个会讨论一
下这个问题吗
?
I
don’t
want
there
to
be
a
simple
mistake
in
the
article
that
I
have
written.
我不想
我写的这篇文章中有错误。
I
except
there
to
be
no
argument
about
this.
我期限望对此事没有争论的。
注：
there
to
be
常做
like,
expect,
mean,
want,
intend,
prefer,
hate
等的复合宾语。
there
to
be
…
的用法
there
to
be
为
there
be
的非谓语形式之一
，它在句中主要用作状语或介词
for
的宾语。
■
用作动词宾语
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