-
英语文体学中,所谓叙述,
分为三类,
一戏剧性叙述;二,总结性叙述;三,概括性叙述
戏剧性叙述,主要指通过“视觉联想”展开的描述,常常需要
诉诸对客观事物的外形、外貌
的描写以及对内心活动的形象剖析。
戏剧性叙述注重的是场景、
行为包括人物的内心活动以
及情节
的细节描绘。英语小说、戏剧、散文、特写中的人物和景物描写、对话及内心活动的
描述
都属此类。
总结性叙述,
主要指通过对时间和空间的
“压缩”
展开的描述
,
常常不需要着力于细节描写,
而更重在对行为或事件的艺术选
择。
该类叙述多用于传记、
历史记事或游记。
< br>英美许多小说
中的“倒叙”属于典型的总结性叙述。
概括性叙述,
主要指叙述中比较概念
化、
一般化的几许,
常常涉及作品中人物或作者本人的
习惯动作或行为。
其职能往往是烘托气氛以及反映作者或作品中人物的一
般情态。
其一般特
征是平铺直叙
描述以及叙述文一般具有的特点:
一
用词汇最丰富
在所有英语文体中,<
/p>
描述及记叙文用词最丰富,词汇量最大,
原因
1
题材范围广,
文艺及传
记性作品
所涉及的题材范围实际上是“无边无际”的:哲学、伦理、历史、文学、艺术、宗
教、法
律、军事、政治、经济、社会、科技等无所不有。
2
描述及叙
述文在创作时它的深度
和广度实际上是
“无边无际”
的:
可由表及里、
由此及彼,
古往今来,
虚虚实实;
涉及相貌、
形状、声音、色彩、质地、感官反应、精神活动、思想活动、心理等
如文艺作品中出现的描绘“红色”的词汇为例
Red
Sable
Ruby
Cognac
Pink
Light pink
Blush pink
Raspberry
Tiger lily
Copper red
Rust
Rosy
Dusty rose
Bright red
Butterscotch
Wisteria
Plum red
Driftwood
Burgundy
Mahogany
红色
淡褐红色
红宝石色
深洋红色
浅红
粉红
洋红
暗红
橙色
赤铜色
铁红
玫瑰红
深洋红
艳红
黄红杂色
紫红
紫红
淡红木色
红葡萄酒色
桃花心木色
3
描叙及叙述文用词语域最宽,正式用语,非正式用语,口语
,书面语,俚语,行话,方言
等,五花八门,无所不包,甚至某些作品有大量的作者生造
的词汇(
coinage
)
二
语言现象最丰富
其表现如下:
1
语法现象多,
特别是假设语气、
绝对式分词结构等其他文体较少使用的语法。
2
句型多变化,
特别是复杂句、
省略句等。
3
修辞手段多,
特别是比喻,
比拟,
夸张,
强调,
到装等
三
情态最丰富
如果说论述文主要诉诸于
理性,
那么叙述文主要着重于人的情感,
前者强调的是说服力,
后
者关注的是感染力。
四
风格最多样
描述及记叙文中因时代的
不同而具有不同的风格,同时,又因为作家的不同而又风格迥异。
Model
Miss Brill
Katherine Mansfield
Although
it
was
so
brilliantly
fine--the
blue
sky
powdered
with
gold
and
the great spots of light like white
wine splashed over the Jardins
Publiques--Mis Brill was glad
that she had decided on her
air was
motionless
,but when you
opened you mouth there was just a faint
chill,
like
a
chill
from
a
galss
of
iced
water
before
you
sip,and
now
and
again
a
leaf
came
drifting--from
nowhere
,
from
the
Brill
put
up
her hand
and touched her fur,Dear little thing!It was nice
to feel it
had taken it out of its box
that afternoon,shaken out the
moth-
powder
,given
it
a
good
brush,and
rubbed
the
back
into
the
dim
little
eyes.
sweet
it was to see which was of some black
composition,wasn't at all
must
have
had
a
knock,somehow,Never
mind---a
little
dab
of
black
sealing-wax
when
the
time
came--
when
it
was
absolutely
necessary...Little
rogue!
Yes,she really felt like that about it
,Little rogue bitting its
tail just by
her left could have takenit off and laid it on
her
lap
and
stroked
felt
a
tingling
in
her
hands
and
arms,but
that
came
from walking,she when
she breathed,something light and
sad--
no,but sad,exactly--something gentle seemed to
move in her
bosom.
There were a number of people out this
afternoon,far more than last
the
band
sounded
louder
and
gayer
.That
was
because
the
Season
had
although
the
band
played
all
the
year
round
on
Sundays,out
of
season it was never the was like someone playng
with only the
family to listen;it
didn't care hot it played if there weren't any
strangers
't
the
conductor
wearing a
new
coat,too?She
was sure it was scraped with his foot
and
flapped
his arms like
a
rooster
about
to
crow,
and
the
bandsmen
sitting in the
green
rotunda
blew out their cheeks and galared at the there
came a
little
flutey
bit--very pretty!---a
little chain of bright drops,She
was
sure it would be repeated,It was she lifted her
head and smiled.
Only two people shared
her
鸭
绒
)
coat,his
hands
clasped
over
a
huge
carved
a
big
old
woman,sitting upright(
p>
笔直的
,
竖立的
)
.,with a roll of knitting on her
embroidered
apron(
围裙
).They
did not speak,This was disappointing,for
Miss
Brill
always
looked
forward
to
the
had
become
really
quite expert,she thought,at listening
as though she didn't listen,at
sitting
in
other
people's
lives
just
for
a
minute
while
they
talked
round
her.
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