-
Chp 1
I.
Blank filling
1.
Langue refers to the _____ linguistic system
shared by all the members of a speech
community; parole refers to the _____
of langue in actual use.
2.
Chomsky
defines competence as the ideal
user
’
s_____ of the rules of
his language, and
performance,
the actual _____ of this knowledge in linguistic
communication.
3.
“
A rose by any other name
would smell as sweet
”
. This
quotation from Shakespeare illustrates
that language has the design feature of
_____.
4.
The
property of _____ of language provides a speaker
with an opportunity to talk about a wide
range of things, free from barriers
caused by separation in time and place.
5.
Language is a
system, which consists of two sets of structures,
one of_____, and the other
of_____. This
double articulation of language enables its users
to talk about anything within
their knowledge.
II.
T-F choice
1.
Linguistics
can be defined as the scientific study of a
particular language.
2. Language is arbitrary by nature but
it is not completely arbitrary.
3.
We can use
the word “word” to talk about a word, we can talk
about “talk”, we can think about
“thinking”,
this shows that language has a metalingual
function.
III.
Answer
questions.
1.
What features of human language have
been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is
essentially different from
any animal communication system?
Chp 2
1.
The
difference
between
a
consonant
and
a
vowel
lies
in
whether
there
is
air
_______in
the
production of them.
2.
Vibration
of
the
vocal
cords
results
in
a
quality
of
speech
sounds
called
______,
which
is
a
feature of all vowels and
some consonants.
3.
Two
ways
to
transcribe
speech
sounds
are
available,
broad
transcription
and
narrow
transcription. The
major difference between them is with or
without_______.
4. The basic unit of
phonology is a phoneme. It is an abstract
collection of ______ features.
5.
When
phonemic
contrast
is
mentioned
we
realize
that
the
two
sounds
belong
to
_____phoneme(s),
when
complementary
distribution
is
discussed,
the
allophones
come
from
______phoneme(s).
II.
1. Phonology aims to discover how
speech sounds of all human languages form patterns
and how
these sounds are used to convey
meaning in linguistic communication.
2. In English,
pill
and
bill
form a minimal pair, and so do
life
and
knife,
pin
and
ping
.
3. The phoneme /t/ and /d/
can occur in the same position and they
distinguish meaning, therefore
they are
said to be in complementary distribution.
4. The distinctive features
in English can apply to the other languages, too.
For instance, voicing
distinguishes
meaning in both English and Chinese.
5.
In
a
standardized
English
syllable
all
of
the
three
parts
of
onset,
nucleus
and
coda
are
compulsory.
III.
Why can a phoneme distinguish meaning?
Chp 3
1. A morpheme must convey a lexical
meaning.
2. All words can be said to contain a
root morpheme.
3
. The word “modernizations”
is made up of three morphemes.
4. Derivational
morphemes never change the class of the words to
which they are attached.
5.
The morphological rules can be generalized in
spite of some exceptions.
6. It is hard to believe
that there is an interface between phonology and
morphology.
II.
1. Morphology can be
subdivided into two branches:______ morphology
and______morphology.
2. The
phonological and orthographical realizations of a
morpheme are termed ______.
3. [-t]
、
[-d]
、
[-id
] are _______of the morpheme {-ed}.
4
. “Careless” is the
_______of the word “carelessness”
;
“Gentle” is the ______ of the word
“gentlemanliness”
.
5. A morpheme can convey two kinds of
meanings:_______ meaning and _______ meaning.
6. Compared
with a free phrase, a compound has different
phonetic, _______, ________,
and syntactic features.
III.
1. Analyze and tell how
many morphemes each of the following words
contain.
unselfishness
/
justifiable
/ descendent
/ overdeveloped
/
naturalistically /
friendships
/
uninvitedly
2. How do you
understand that there is an interface between
morphology and phonology?
Chp 4
1.
The
part
of
a
sentence
which
comprises
an
infinite
verb
or
an
infinite
verb
phrase
is
grammatically called a clause.
2. The
syntactic rules of a language are finite in
number,
yet there is no limit to the
number of
sentences which can be
produced.
3.
Language is both linearly and hierarchically
structured according to the structuralist language
view.
4. Phrase structure rules provide
explanations on how syntactic categories are
formed and
sentences
generated.
5. UG is a
system of linguistic knowledge and a human-
specific gift which exists in the mind of a
normal human being.
II
．
1. For any natural language, a set of
s______ rules are capable of yielding an endless
number of
sentences.
2.
Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject
and a predicate which contains a f_______
verb or a verb phrase.
3.
The
sequential
order
of
words
in
a
sentence
suggests
that
the
structure
of
a
sentence
is
l_______.
4. The subordinate
sentence in a complex is called an e______ clause
and the clause into which it
is
inserted is called a m______ clause.
5.
In
conducting
a
tree
diagram
analysis,
the
principle
we
have
to
stick
to
is
called
b______
division.
III.
1. Draw a tree
diagram for each of the following two sentences to
reveal the difference.
a.
The cat ran up the tree.
b. The cat ate up the fish.
2.
Why does a
sentence have both a linear and a hierarchical
structure?
Chp 5
1.
In
the classic semantic triangle, the symbol is
directly related to the referent.
2. Homographs are words
which are pronounced alike.
3. The superordinate term
is more inclusive in meaning than its hyponyms.
4.
In
a
pair
of
complementary
antonyms,
there
exist
some
intermediate
forms
between
the
two
extremes.
5. All the grammatically well-formed
sentences are not necessarily semantically well-
formed.
6. One advantage of
componential analysis is that by specifying the
semantic features of words, it
will be possible to show how these
words are related in meaning.
II
．
1. S_____ restrictions are constraints
on what lexical items can go with others.
2. There are often
intermediate forms between the two members of a
pair of g_____ antonyms.
3. The various
meanings of a p______ word are related to some
extent.
4. Linguistic forms having the
same sense may have different r______ in different
situations.
5. Hyponymy is the relation
of entailment, a superordinate entails all
h______.
6.
“
Buy
”
and
“
sell
”
are a pair of r_______ opposites.
7. In
semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is
called p_______.
III.
1. The classic semantic
triangle reflects the ________.
A. naming theory
B. conceptual
view
C. contextualism
D. behaviorist theory
2. The noun
“
tear
”
and the verb
“
tear
”
are _______.
A.
homophones
B. Homographs
C.
polysemic word
D.
complete homonyms
3. The
sentence
“
John gave Mary a
present
”
contains
_______arguments.
A. no
B. one
C. two
D. three
meaning relationship between the two
words
“
couch
”
and
“
table
”
is______.
A. synonymy
B. polysemy
C. hyponymy
D. co-hyponym
5.
A (n)_______is a logical participant in a
predication.
A.
argument
B. predicate
C. subject
D. patient
IV
.
1. Offer respective antonym
for each of the following and tell to which
category they belong.
-----
(
)
------
------
------
iewer------
r-----
------
y------
2. Name the category to which each of
the following pairs of synonyms belong.
1.
lift/elevator
2. kid/child/offspring
3. rotten/addled/sour
4. politician/statesman
5. escape/flee
6. amaze/astoud