人工智能英文文献原文及译文

人工智能英文文献原文及译文

附件四

英文文献原文

Artificial Intelligence

intelligence

is

a

word

was

originally

Dartmouth

in

1956

to put forward. From then on, researchers have developed many theories

and

principles, the

concept

of

artificial

intelligence

is also

expands.

Artificial

intelligence

is

a

challenging

job

of

science,

the

person

must

know computer knowledge, psychology and philosophy. Artificial

intelligence is included a wide range of science, it is composed of

different

fields,

such

as

machine

learning,

computer

vision,

etc,

on

the

whole, the research on artificial intelligence is one of the main goals

of the machine can do some usually need to perform complex human

intelligence. But in different times and different people in the

engineering calculation was supposed to be the brain to undertake, now

computer

can

not

only

complete

this

calculation,

and

faster

than

the

human

brain can more accurately, and thus the people no longer put this

calculation is regarded as

intelligence, complex tasks

Times and the progress of technology, artificial intelligence is the

science

of

specific

target

and

nature

as

The

Times

change

and

development.

On the one hand it continues to gain new progress on the one hand, and

turning to more meaningful, the more difficult the target. Current can

be used to study the main material of artificial intelligence and

artificial

intelligence

technology

to

realize

the

machine

is

a

computer,

the development history of artificial intelligence is computer science

and

technology

and

the

development

together.

Besides

the

computer

science

and artificial intelligence also involves information, cybernetics,

automation, bionics, biology, psychology, logic, linguistics, medicine

and philosophy and multi-discipline. Artificial intelligence research

include:

knowledge

representation,

automatic

reasoning

and

search

method,

machine learning and knowledge acquisition and processing of knowledge

system,

natural

language

processing,

computer

vision,

intelligent

robot,

automatic program design, etc.

Practical

application

of

machine

vision:

fingerprint

identification,

0

face recognition, retina identification, iris identification, palm,

expert

system,

intelligent

identification,

search,

theorem

proving

game,

automatic programming, and aerospace applications.

Artificial

intelligence

is

a

subject

categories, belong

to

the door

edge discipline of natural science and social science.

Involving

scientific

philosophy

and

cognitive

science,

mathematics,

neurophysiological, psychology, computer science, information theory,

cybernetics, not qualitative theory, bionics.

The research category of natural language processing, knowledge

representation, intelligent search, reasoning, planning, machine

learning, knowledge acquisition, combined scheduling problem,

perception,

pattern

recognition,

logic

design

program,

soft

calculation,

inaccurate and uncertainty, the management of artificial life, neural

network, and complex system, human thinking mode of genetic algorithm.

Applications of intelligent control, robotics, language and image

understanding, genetic programming robot factory.

Safety problems

Artificial

intelligence

is

currently

in

the

study,

but

some

scholars

think

that

letting

computers

have

IQ

is

very

dangerous,

it

may

be

against

humanity. The hidden danger in many movie happened.

The definition of artificial intelligence

Definition

of

artificial

intelligence

can

be

divided

into

two

parts,

namely

or

better

understanding,

also is controversial. Sometimes

we will

consider

what people

can

make,

or people have high degree of intelligence to create artificial

intelligence, etc. But generally speaking,

usually significance of artificial system.

What is the

as

consciousness,

ego,

thinking

(including

the

unconscious

thoughts

etc.

People

only

know

of

intelligence

is

one

intelligent,

this

is

the

universal

view

of

our

own.

But

we

are

very

limited

understanding

of

the

intelligence

of the intelligent people constitute

elements are necessary to find, so

it is difficult to define what is

in

the

study

of

intelligent

itself.

Other

about

animal

or

other

artificial

intelligence system is widely considered to be related to the study of

artificial intelligence.

Artificial

intelligence

is

currently

in

the

computer

field,

the

more

1

extensive

attention.

And

in

the

robot,

economic

and

political

decisions,

control system, simulation system application. In other areas, it also

played an indispensable role.

The

famous

American

Stanford

university

professor

nelson

artificial

intelligence research center of artificial intelligence under such a

definition:

intelligence

about

the

knowledge

of

the

subject

is and how to represent knowledge -- how to gain knowledge and use of

scientific

knowledge.

But

another

American

MIT

professor

Winston

thought:

intelligence

is

how

to

make

the

computer

to

do

what

only

can

do

intelligent

work.

These

comments

reflect

the

artificial

intelligence

discipline

basic

ideas

and

basic

content.

Namely

artificial

intelligence

is

the

study

of

human

intelligence

activities,

has

certain

law,

research

of artificial intelligence

system, how to make

the computer

to complete

before the intelligence needs to do work, also is to study how the

application of computer hardware and software to simulate human some

intelligent behavior of the basic theory, methods and techniques.

Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science, since the

1970s, known as one of the

three

technologies (space technology, energy

technology, artificial intelligence). Also considered the 21st century

(genetic engineering, nano science, artificial intelligence) is one of

the three technologies. It is nearly three years it has been developed

rapidly, and in many fields are widely applied, and have made great

achievements, artificial intelligence has gradually become an

independent branch, both in theory and practice are already becomes a

system.

Its

research

results

are

gradually

integrated

into

people's

lives,

and create more happiness for mankind.

Artificial

intelligence

is

that

the

computer

simulation

research

of

some

thinking

process

and

intelligent

behavior

(such

as

study,

reasoning,

thinking, planning, etc.), including computer to realize intelligent

principle, make similar to that of human intelligence, computer can

achieve higher level of computer application. Artificial intelligence

will involve the computer science, philosophy and linguistics,

psychology, etc. That was almost natural science and social science

disciplines, the scope of all already far beyond the scope of computer

science and artificial intelligence and thinking science is the

relationship

between

theory

and

practice,

artificial

intelligence

is

in

the

mode

of

thinking

science

technology

application

level,

is

one

of

its

application. From the view of thinking, artificial intelligence is not

2

limited

to

logical

thinking,

want

to

consider

the

thinking

in

image,

the

inspiration of thought of artificial intelligence can promote the

development of the breakthrough, mathematics are often thought of as a

variety

of

basic

science,

mathematics

and

language,

thought

into

fields,

artificial intelligence subject also must not use mathematical tool,

mathematical logic, the fuzzy mathematics in standard etc, mathematics

into

the

scope

of

artificial

intelligence

discipline, they will

promote

each other and develop faster.

A brief history of artificial intelligence

Artificial

intelligence

can

be

traced

back

to

ancient

Egypt's

legend,

but with 1941, since the development

of computer technology has

finally

can

create machine

intelligence,

intelligence

is

a

word

in

1956

was

first

proposed,

Dartmouth

learned

since then,

researchers

have

developed many theories and principles, the concept of artificial

intelligence, it expands and not in the long history of the development

of artificial intelligence, the slower than expected, but has been in

advance, from 40 years ago, now appears to have many AI programs, and

they

also

affected

the

development

of

other

technologies. The

emergence

of

AI

programs,

creating

immeasurable

wealth

for

the

community,

promoting

the development of human civilization.

The computer era

1941

an invention that

information

storage

and

handling all

aspects

of

the

revolution

happened.

This

also

appeared

in

the

U.S.

and

Germany's

invention is the first electronic computer. Take a few big pack of air

conditioning room, the programmer's nightmare: just run a program for

thousands of lines to set the 1949. After improvement can be stored

procedure computer programs that make it easier to input, and the

development of the theory of computer science, and ultimately computer

ai. This in electronic computer processing methods of data, for the

invention of artificial intelligence could provide a kind of media.

The beginning of AI

Although

the

computer

AI

provides

necessary

for

technical

basis,

but

until the early 1950s, people noticed between machine and human

intelligence. Norbert Wiener is the study of the theory of American

feedback. Most familiar feedback control example is the thermostat. It

will be collected room temperature and hope, and reaction temperature

compared to open or close small heater, thus controlling environmental

temperature.

The

importance

of

the

study

lies

in

the

feedback

loop

Wiener:

3

all theoretically the intelligence activities are a result of feedback

mechanism and feedback mechanism is. Can use machine. The findings of

the simulation of early development of AI.

1955, Simon and end Newell

called

program is considered by many to be the first AI programs. It will each

problem is expressed as a tree, then choose the model may be correct

conclusion

that

a

problem

to

solve.

to

the

public

and

the

AI

expert

research field effect makes it AI developing an important milestone in

1956, is considered to be the father of artificial intelligence of John

McCarthy organized a society, will be a lot of interest machine

intelligence experts and scholars together for a month. He asked them

to Vermont Dartmouth in

since then, this area was named

Dartmouth learn not very successful, but it was the founder of the

centralized and AI AI research for later laid a foundation.

After the meeting of Dartmouth, AI research started seven years.

Although

the

rapid

development

of

field

haven't

define

some

of

the

ideas,

meeting has been reconsidered and Carnegie Mellon university. And MIT

began to build AI research center is confronted with new challenges.

Research needs to establish the: more effective to solve the problem of

the system, such as

establishment of the system can be self learning.

In 1957,

version was tested. This program is by the same logic

development. The

GPS

expanded

Wiener

feedback

principle, can

solve

many

common

problem.

Two

years

later,

IBM

has

established

a

grind

investigate

group

Herbert

AI.

Gelerneter

spent

three

years

to

make

a

geometric

theorem

of solutions of the program. This achievement was a sensation.

When more and more programs, McCarthy busy emerge in the history of

an

AI.

1958

McCarthy

announced

his

new

fruit:

LISP

until

today

still

LISP

language. In.

most AI developers.

In

1963

MIT

from

the

United

States

government

got

a

pen

is

22millions

dollars

funding

for

research

funding.

The

machine

auxiliary

recognition

from the defense advanced research program, have guaranteed in the

technological

progress

on

this

plan

ahead

of

the

Soviet

union.

Attracted

worldwide

computer

scientists, accelerate

the

pace of

development

of AI

research.

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