-
【助力
2019
】
高考
英语任务型阅读专项特训
（
5
）
(1)
Zebras have
their own bug
repellent(
驱虫剂
)?
Eww
bugs! They are so annoying! We humans are lucky
that we can apply repellents to avoid nasty
bites. But what
’
s
an animal to do? They have no choice but to spend
their days shooing them off with their
tails
，
unless
，
of course
，
they are zebras
，
who apparently have their own automatic
repellent--- their
striped skin!
Scientists had originally thought that
the reason why the animal had developed the black
and white
lines
was
to
help
protect
itself
from
predators
in
the
African
savannah
，
because
the
stripes
make
it
difficult to single out one zebra that
is traveling with a that may be
true
，
the theory
has never
been tested or proven. Now
the experts have another---that the stripes have
evolved to repel the annoying
horse
flies that not only feed off their
blood
，
but
als
o
，
transmit dangerous germs into the
bodies of these
innocent animals.
The study was performed by a team of
Swedish scientists. One of the clues that got them
thinking
along these lines was the fact
that darker horses got bitten more often than
light-colored or white ones.
The
fact
that
zebras
are
born
black
and
only
develop
strips
as
they
grow
older
made
the
scientists
theorize that the stripes may be
something the animals have developed to make
themselves less attractive
to flies.
To test if this may be the
case
，
they
painted some boards at a horse-infested horse farm
in Budapest
with pattens of black and
white stripes of varying widths and applied a
layer of glue on them. What they
noticed
was
that
the
places
where
the
black
and
white
stripes
were
at
their
narrowest
(similar
to
what
zebras
have) attracted the fewest flies. They achieved
similar results when they painted horses with
black
and white zebra-like stripes.
While the research are not sure why
this may be the case
，
they believe it may be something to do
with
the
way
insects
operate---horseflies
are
attracted
to
horizontally
polarized
light
（偏振光）
；
since
white does not reflect
it
，
white horses
are luckier than black ones. But zebras seem to be
the luckiest of all.
When
the
researchers
measured
the
polarized
light
reflected
from
real
zebra
skins
，
they
found
that
it
matched light pattens
that were the least attractive to horseflies.
While this theory does make logical
sense
，
nobody is
100 percent sure that it is really
true
，
given
that it has never been tested on a real
zebra. If it is true
，
it does raise the question of why a
horse
，
a close
relative of the zebra has failed to
develop stripes. The researchers believe that this
could be because there
are more
horseflies in Africa
，
where zebras
reside
，
then
anywhere else in the world.
Title
Zebras have their own bug
repellent?
With the black and white
lines
，
one zebra
is difficult to single out
Reasons
for
Original
while traveling with a
herd
，
thus
___1___ it from its enemies.
zebras
belief
developing
Zebras
，
residing in Africa where there are most
horseflies in the
their strips
New theory
world
，
have developed strips to
avoid being___2____ .
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Researchers
____4____
Clues
A team of scientists
from ___3____
To
test
if
strips
are
developed
to
make
zebras
less
attractive
to
flies.
*White or light-
colored horses are less __5___ to get bitten than
dark ones.
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A study
Method
_____7____
*Zebras develop
strips as they grow older though born black .
*Some
boards
at
a
horse
farm
are
painted
with
pattens
of
black
and white stripes ___6___
wide
，
a layer of
glue applied on them
*Measured the
polarized light reflected from real zebra skins
*The places where the black and white
stripes were similar to the
___8___zebras have attracted the fewest
flies
*Strips
of
zebras
matched
light
pattens
that
were
the
least
attractive to
horseflies
Principle
of
zebras
’
black
Horizontally
polarized
light
，
which
white
does
not
reflect
，
and white strips repelling the
____9___ to horseflies.
flies
____10___tested on real
zebras
，
the
theory isn
’
t definitely
true.
Conclusion
Possible
answers:
ting
2.
attacked
e
?
variously
gs
s
（
2
）
The new year's just begun and already
you're finding it hard to keep those resolutions
to junk the junk
food
，
get off the couch or kick smoking.
There's a biological reason a lot of our bad
habits are so hard to
break
–
they get deep-
rooted in our brains.
That's
not
an
excuse
to
give
up.
Understanding
how
unhealthy
behaviors
become
deep-rooted
has
scientists learning some
tricks that may help good habits replace the bad.
You're fighting against the power of an
immediate reward
，
We all as creatures are hard-wired that
way
，
to
give
greater
value
to
an
immediate
reward
than
something
that
’
s
delayed.
says
Dr. Nora
V
olkow
，
director of the National Institute on
Drug Abuse.
Just
how
that
bit
of
happiness
turns
into
a
habit
involves
a
pleasure-sensing
chemical
named
dopamine
（多巴胺）
.
It
conditions
the
brain
to
want
that
reward
again
and
again
–
increasing
the
connection each time
–
especially when
it gets the right cue(
暗示
)
from your environment.
People tend to
overestimate their ability to resist temptations
around them
，
thus
destroying attempts
to get rid of bad
habits
，
Even
scientists who recognize it find it hard to
resist.
every time I go to the
cinema
，
I have to
eat it
，
olkow
says.
A movement to pay people for
behavior changes may exploit that
connection
，
as
some companies
offer
employees
outright
payments
or
insurance
rebates
for
adopting
better
r
paying
for
behavior plays
out
，
researchers
say there are some steps that may help counter
your brain's hold on bad
habits
:repeat
，
repeat
，
repeat the new behavior
–
the same
routine at the same time of day. Determined
to exercise? Doing it at the same time
of the morning
，
rather than fitting it in
haphazardly
，
makes the
brain recognize
the habit so eventually. If you don't do
it
，
you feel
aw
ful
，
Exercise itself raises dopamine
levels
，
so eventually your brain will get a
feel-good hit even if your muscles protest. Reward
yourself
with something you really
desire
，
V
olkow stresses. You
exercised all week? Stuck to your diet? Buy a
book
，
a great pair of
jeans
，
or try a
fancy restaurant - safer perhaps than a box of
cookies because the
price inhibits the
quantity.
____1___speaking
，
bad habits are hard to break as they
are rooted deeply in
Topic
How
our brains.
All creatures
，
including
humans
，
have a ___2____ for
an immediate reward
unhealthy
rather than what
is delayed.
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behaviors
become
Dopamine conditions the brain to want
that reward ____3____
，
turning that
deep-rooted
bit of happiness into a habit.
People are usually unlikely to be
___4____ to temptations
，
thus failing to get
rid of
bad habits.
The knowledge
motivates scientists to create some tricks getting
bad habits to
How
is
the
make ___6____ for the
good ones.
connection
taken
A movement
Companies reward employees for
____7___up better habits
____5_____of
Steps
to
help
*Repeat
the
new
behaviour
at
a
_
__9___
time
daily
，
____8____bad
making the brain recognize the habit
eventually.
habits
*Reward
yourself with what you are really __10___ for
Possible answers:
ically
ence
edly
ant
5. advantage
6. way
g
/break/drop
9. fixed
ate/eager/dying
（
3
）
An Event of Imagination
The
year is 2094. It has been announced that a comet
is heading towards the Earth. Most of it will miss
our planet
，
but two pieces will probably hit the
southern half of the Earth.
On
17
July
，
a
piece
four
kilometers
wide
enters
the
Earth's
atmosphere
with
a
massive
explosion.
About half of the
piece is destroyed
，
but the remaining part hits the South
Atlantic at 200 times the
speed of
sound. The sea boils and a huge hole is made in
the seabed. Huge waves are created and spread
outwards from the hole. The wall of
water
，
a
kilometer high
，
rushes towards southern Africa at 800
kilometers
an
hour.
Cities
on
the
African
coast
are
totally
destroyed
and
millions
of
people
are
the
waves reach South America
，
the second piece of the comet lands in
Argentina.
Earthquakes
and
volcanoes
are
set
off
in
the
Andes
Mountains.
The
shock
waves
move
north
into
California and all around the Pacific
Ocean. The cities of Los
Angeles
，
San
Francisco and Tokyo are
completely
destroyed by earthquakes. Millions of people in
the southern half of the earth are already
dead
，
but the north won't escape for long.
Because of the explosions
，
the sun is hidden by clouds of
dust
，
and temperature around the world falls
to almost zero. Crops are ruined. The sun won't be
seen
again for many years. Wars break
out as countries fight for food. A year
later
，
no more
than 10 million
remain alive.
Could it really happen? In
fact
，
it has
already happened more than once in the history of
the Earth. The
dinosaurs
(
恐龙
) were on the Earth for
over 160 million years. Then 65 million years ago
they suddenly
disappeared. Many
scientists believe that the Earth was hit by a
piece of object in space. The dinosaurs
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couldn't live through the cold climate
that followed and they died out. Will we meet the
same end?
请根据以上文章，完成下列表格：
____1_____
Results
The
sea
boils
and
a
huge
hole
is
made
in
the
The
remaining
part
hits
the
South
seabed
，
from __3____ huge waves are created
Atlantic
200
times as__2___ as sound.
and
spread
outwards
，
.A
tsunami(
海啸
)
hits
southern
Africa
，
cities
on
the
African
cities
___4___ and millions
of people__5____.
One
piece
of
comet
four
Clouds
of
dust
___8___
the
sun
and
the
kilometers
in
__6__enters
the
Earth's
temperature
falls
to
almost
zero
，
atmosphere
，
__7___in
a
massive
___9__crops. Wars
break out for food and only
explosion.
10
million
people
remain.
The
dinosaurs
couldn't
live
through
the__10____
co
ld
climate
and they died out.
1. Reasons
2. fast
3
.
which
4.
destroyed
d
6.
width
ing
8. hide
9. ruining
ing
（
4
）
Events such as
hurricanes
，
earthquakes
，
floods
，
volcanic
eruptions
，
and
tornadoes are all natural
disasters.
They are mostly related to the weather. Some are
predictable ----like a hurricane.
Some
，
like an
earthquake
，
surprise us. It is necessary for us to
learn about them
，
so we can be p
repared!
Flooding happens during
heavy rains
，
when
rivers overflow
，
when ocean waves come
onshore
，
when
snow
melts
too
fast
or
when
dams
or
banks
break.
Flooding
is
the
most
common
of
all
natural
disasters.
Hurricanes are severe
tropical storms that form in the southern Atlantic
Ocean
，
Caribbean
Sea
，
Gulf
of Mexico
，
and in the Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes
gather heat and energy through contact with warm
ocean
waters. Evaporation from the
seawater increases their power.
Hurricanes have winds at least 74 miles
per hour. When they come onto
land
，
the heavy
rain
，
strong
winds and heavy waves can damage
buildings
，
trees
and cars.
Tornadoes are
nature’s most violent storms. Tornadoes must
always be taken seriously. Tornadoes can
be
very
dangerous
----
sometimes
even
deadly.
They
come
from
powerful
thunderstorms
and
appear
as
moving.
Tornado
winds
can
reach
300
miles
per
hour.
They
cause
damage
when
they
land
the
ground.
They can damage an area one mile wide
and 50 miles long.
While
thunder
won't
hurt
you
----lightning
will!
So
it's
important
to
pay
attention
when
you
hear
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thunder.
Thunderstorms
happen
mostly
in
summer
and
every
thunderstorm
has
lightning.
Lightning
can
strike people and
buildings
，
which
is very dangerous.
Thunderstorms
affect
small
areas
when
compared
with
hurricanes
and
winter
storms.
The
typical
thunderstorm is 15 miles in diameter
and lasts an average of 30 minutes.
A volcano is a mountain with a large
opening at the top through which melting
rock
，
steam
，
gases
escape from time to
time with violent force from inside the earth.
When pressure increases
，
eruptions
occur. Gases and
rock shoot up through the opening fill the air
with small pieces. Eruptions can cause lava
flows
，
hot ash flows
，
mudslides
，
falling ash and
floods
，
which is
likely to knock down entire
forests
，
cause
floods and earthquakes. Fresh volcanic ash can
cause damage to the lungs of older
people
，
babies
and people with respiratory problems.
Terrible Natural Disasters
1. Natural disasters
Flooding
Reasons
Heavy rains
Ocean waves
Snow melts
Dams or banks
breaks
Hurricanes
Hurricanes gather heat
Heavy
rain
and
energy
in
_3__
Strong
waters.
miles
per hour
Buildings
wind
Basic____1_______
The most ____2___
Possible damage to
with
warm
ocean
not___4____than
74
trees and cars
_____5_____from
the
sea
water
increases
Heavy waves
their power.
Tornadoes
Wind
300
miles
per
an
area
of
50
hour
Dangerous
，
even deadly
Thunder
.
_____8_____erup
tions
Cause
floods
earthquakes
es
3. connection
4.
less
5. Evaporation
Thunderstorms
Pressure inside Earth
Lightning
People and buildings
Small
areas
in
_7__with
hurricanes
and winter storms.
Gases
and
rock
shoot
___9____
are
entire
up
forests
are
knocked
down.
and
The
people’s
__10___
_____6____miles .
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