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高中英语语法知识词法部分讲解
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代词及练习
一
.
概念
:
代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词
,
英语的代词使用得很广泛；汉语代词用得较英语少许多。
eg.
①
Because
he
had a bad cold, Jack
decided to stay in bed the whole day.
②
The Browns said
they
might move to
California.
③
Bob always
answers his teacher’s ques
tions well;
that
shows that he works
very hard at home.
④
I had a chat with our group
leader.
It
was very helpful.
二、代词的种类：
按其意义
,
特征及其在句中的作用分为
:
1.
人称代词
(personal
pronoun) :
主格
:
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
宾格
:
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
2.
物主代词
(possessive
pronoun) :
形容词性
:
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
名词性
:
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
3.
反身代词
(reflexive pronoun) :
单数
:
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself oneself
复数
: ourselves
yourselves
themselves
4.
相互代词
(reciprocal
pronoun)
: each other; one
another
5.
指示代词
(de
monstrative pronoun) :
单数
: this
that
it
such
same
复数
:
these
those
such
same
6.
疑问代词
(interrogative pronoun) : who whom; whose;
which; what
。
7.
关系代词
(relative
pronoun)
: who; whom;
whose; which; that; as
。
8.
不定代词
(indefinite
pronoun) : some; something; somebody; someone;
any; anything; anybody; anyone;
no; nothing; nobody; no one; every;
everything; everybody; everyone; each; much; many;
little; a little; few;
a
few; other; another; all; none; one; both; either;
neither
。
三、相关知识点精讲
1.
人称代词
:
1)
人称代词的人称、行、数和格
,
如下表所示<
/p>
:
数
单
数
格
人
称
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
2)
人称代词的指代
:
顾名思义
,
人称代词表示人。然而，人称代词并不全
指人，也指物
。
eg. ----Where are the plates?
---They are in the
cupboard.
3)
人称代词的功用
:
(i)
有主格和宾格之分
,
通常主格作主语
,
宾格作宾语。
eg.
①
I
like table tennis.
(
作主语
)
②
Do you know
him
?
(
作宾语
)
(ii)
人称代词还可作表语
,
作表语时用宾格。
eg.---
Who is knocking at the door?
---It's
me
.
(iii)
人称代词后
,
< br>如跟有
who
或
that
引导的从句
,
则常用主格。
< br>
eg. It
’
s
I
who did it.
阳性
阴性
中性
主
格
I
我
you
你
(iv)
人称代词单独使用时
,
一般不用主格而用宾格。
eg.
①
---I
< br>’
d like to go back in here.
----Me, too.
②
---Will anyone
go with him?
----Not me.
(v.)
人称代词在
as
和
than
之后与其他人或事物进行比较时
,
如果用作介词
,
用宾格。如果用作连词，则用主格。
eg.
①
He is older
than me. / He is older than I am.
②
Edward is as good a student as him.
/ You are taller than she is.
(vi)
在感叹句中
,
人称代词宾
格可用作主语
,
起强调作用。
eg.
①
Me
get
caught
！
②
Him
go to the
States
！
(vii) we<
/p>
和
you
可用作同位结构的第一部分。也
使用
we
和
you
泛指一般人
eg.
①
We
girls often go to the movies together.
②
He asked
you
boys to be quiet.
(viii)
使用
she
代表国家、船只、月亮、大地等
eg. China is a
great country
．
She has a long
history
．
(Xi)
并列主语或宾语中顺序是：
you
，
he(she) and I
；
we
，
you and they <
/p>
eg
：
---
-
I love you more than her, child .
----You mean more than _________love
her or more than she loves
_________
A. you
；
me
B.
I
；
you
C.
you
；
you
D.
I
；
me
2.
物主代词：
1)
< br>表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词
.
物主代词分形容词性物
主代词和名词性物主代词。
2)
形容词性物主代词的作用：
(i)
形容词性物主代词相当于形容词
,
可在
句中作定语。
eg.
①
Our
teacher is coming to see us.
②
This is
her
pencil-box.
(ii)
与
own
< br>连用其强调作用。
eg.
①
I saw it with
my own
eyes.
②
Mind
your
own
business!
**
*
如进一步强调可加
very
。
eg. I
’
d
love to have
my very own
room.
***
此结构还可以与
o
f
连用。
eg.
①
I have nothing
of my own
.
②
The Wangs had no children
o
f their own.
(iii)
形容词性物主代词有时可有定冠词
the
代替。
eg.
①
He received
a blow on the head.
②
A bee stung
her on the nose.
③
How
’
s
the family?
3)
名词性物主代词的作用
:
(i)
名词性物主代词的作用相当于名词
,<
/p>
在句中可用作主语
,
宾语和表语。
eg.
①
Our school is here, and theirs is
there.(
作主语
)
②
--- Is this English-book yours?
(
作表语
)
--- No. Mine is in my bag.
(
作主语
)
③
I've already
finished my homework. Have you finished yours?
(
作动词宾语
)
④
Her daughter is
rather stupid, but both of yours are very clever.
(
作介词宾语
)
(ii)
用作礼貌用语。
eg.
①
Yours
sincerely (truly, faithfully).
您的忠诚的
(
忠实的
,
可以信赖的
)
。
(
信尾
)
②
A Happy New Year to you
and yours from me and mine.
(iii) of +
名词性物主代词
:
@
表部分概念
: eg. He is
a friend of mine. / Is he a neighbor of yours?
构成双重所有格
@
有感情色彩
: eg. Look
at that big nose of his! / This dog of ours never
bites.
3.
反身代词
:
英语中用来表示
我自己
你自己
他自己
我们自己
你们自己
等意义的代
词称为反身代词
,
也有人称之为自身代名词。
< br>
1)
反身代词的作用
:
(i)
作动词的宾语
,
表示动作的承受者就是动作的发出者
,
主语和宾语指同一个
人或一些人。
eg.
①
He called himself a writer.
②
Would you please express yourself in
English?
③
She allowed
herself a rest.
④
You may hurt
yourself if you play with the knife.
⑤
We
gave ourselves up.
⑥
Little Tom is only four, but he can
feed himself, wash himself and dress himself.
(ii)
作介词的宾语。
eg.
①
The door
opened of itself.
②
You must keep the secret to
yourself.
***
表位置的介词后
< br>,
反身代词用人称代词宾格替代。
eg.
①
I looked around me.
②
He shut the
door after him.
③
The mother drew
the children towards her.
*
***
在某些介词之后
,
用反身代词和
人称代词宾格均可。
eg.
①
There are
seven in the family besides me/ myself.
②
Except for
us/ourselves, the whole village was asleep.
③
Sandra’s sister is even taller than
her/ herself.
(iv.)
作表语。
eg.
①
It doesn't matter. I'll be
myself
soon.
②
The girl in the news is
myself
.
③
That poor boy
was myself.
④
Bob is not
quite himself today.
(v.)
作主语
或宾语的同位语
,
表示亲自或本人
.
eg.
①
I
myself washed the clothes.(=I washed the clothes
myself.)(
作主语同位语
)
②
You should ask the teacher himself
.(
作宾语同位语
)
/ I myself can repair the
bike.
(
作主语同位语
)
(vi.)
反身代词与介词的搭配用法
:
@
for oneself :
亲自
eg.
You
’
ll have to see if he has
gone to school for yourself.
@ of
oneself :
自动地
eg. The computer can shut
off of itself.
@ in oneself
:
本质、本身
eg. Jim is not bad in
himself, but he is a little shy. / but
he
’
s so weak-minded.
(
优柔寡断
)
@ to
oneself :
独自享用
eg.
One would rather have a bedroom to oneself.
@ by oneself (= alone;
without help) :
单独地
eg. One can
’
t
play tennis by oneself.
@ beside
oneself : (
由于气愤
/
激
动等
)
发狂
;
忘形
eg. He was beside himself
with joy when he heard he had passed the exam.
@ between oneselves :
保密
;
不外传
eg. Between ourselves, I think Mr.
Smith has not quite got over his illness yet.
(vii)
反身代词与动词的搭配用法
:
@
be oneself :
处于正常状态
;
显得自然
eg.
①
She is quite
herself today.
②
I'm not quite
myself today
．我今天不大舒服。
@ enjoy oneself :
玩得愉快
eg.
①
We all enjoyed ourselves at
the party yesterday.
②
Have you enjoyed yourself
today?
你今天玩得愉快吗？
@ seat oneself :
坐下
eg. Please seat yourselves, everybody!
@ dress oneself
in
…
:
穿……
eg. She always dresses herself in red .
@ help oneself :
随便吃……
;
自行取用
eg.
①
The money was on the table
and no one was there, so he helped himself to it.
②
Don't get
nervous
，
help yourself to
what you like
．别紧张，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。
@ come to oneself :
苏醒
eg. A moment later, he came to himself.
@ make oneself at home :
不要客气
@ devote
oneself to:
专心于…
;
献身于…
@ find oneself
in/at
…
:
发觉自己来到…
@ apply oneself
to :
专心致志于……
@
adapt oneself to :
适应于……
@ think for oneself :
独立思考
@ absent
oneself :
缺课、缺勤
@ behave oneself :
< br>使
(
自己
)
举止良好
@ boast oneself :
自夸
eg. My teacher devoted herself to
English teaching.
eg. When
he woke up, he found himself in
hospital.
eg. You would pass
your exams if you applied yourself to your study.
eg. It took him a while to adapt
himself to his new surroundings.
eg.
You should develop the good habit of thinking for
yourself.
eg. He had absented himself
from the office for the day.
eg. I want
you to behave yourselves while
I
’
m away.
eg. He
is always boasting himself.
eg.
①
He made himself at home
whenever he came to my home.
②
Make yourself
at home
．不要拘礼；请随便吧。
4.
相互代词
:
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有
each
other
和
one
another
两种形式。在当代英语
, each
other
和
one
another
没有什么区别。相互代词的所有格分别为
each other
’
s
和
one another
’
s
。
1)
相互代词的作用
:
(i)
作宾语
:
eg.
①
We should
learn from each other / one another.
(
作宾语
)
②
Do you often write to each
other / one another? (
作宾语
)
(ii)
定语
.
作定语用时
,
相互代词用所有格
形式
.
eg.
①
We often borrow each other's / one
another's books. (
作定语
)
②
They looked
into each other
’s
eyes for a
silent moment. (
作定语
)
③
The students corrected each
other's / one another's mistakes in their
homework.
(iii) each
和
other
可分开使用。
eg.
①
Each
of the twins wanted to
know what the
othe
r was
doing.
②
Each
tried to persuade the
other
to stay at home.
5.
指示代词
:
1)
指示代词的形式
: this, that, these,
those
。
2)
指示代词的含义
：
指示代词与定冠词和人称代词一样
,
都具有指定的含义
,
它们所指的对象取决于说话者和
听话者共同熟悉
的语境。
eg. I liked this movie today better
than that concert last night.
3)
指示代词的作用
:
(i)
主语
eg.
①
T
hese
aren
’
t my
books.
②
Who
’
s
that
speaking?
(ii)
宾语
eg.
①
She will do
that
.
②
How do you like
these
?
(iii)
表语
eg.
①
My point is
this
.
我的意思是这个。
②
Oh, it
’
s not
that
.
噢，问题不在那儿。
(iv)
定语
eg.
①
This
book is about Chinese
traditional medicine.
②
I like
those
flowers.
(v)
状语
eg.
①
The book is
about
this
thick.(
“这么”表示程度
)
②
I
don
’
t want
that
much.
4) this
(these)
与
that (those)
的用法
:
(1) this(the
se)
一般用来指在时间或空间上较近的事物或人
; that
和
those
则指时间和空间上较远的
事物或
人。
eg.
①
This
is a pen and
that
is a pencil.
②
We
are busy
these
days.
③
In
those
days the workers had a
hard time.
④
I
’
ll come to see
you one of
these
days.
(2)
有时
that
和
those
指前面讲到过的事物
,this
和
these
则是指
下面将要讲到的事物。
eg.
①
I
had a cold.
That
's why I
didn't come.
②
What I want to say is
this
pronunciation is very
important in learning English.
(3)
有时为了避免重复提到的名词
,
常可用
that
或
those
代替。
eg. Television sets made
in Beijing are just as good as
those
made in Shanghai.
(4) this
在电话用语中代表自己
,that
则代表对方。
eg. Hello!
This
is Mary. Is
that
Jack
speaking
？
(5)
用于固定习语
:
@ like
this :
像这样
eg. I have never seen her
like this
before.
@ this and that :
这那
eg. When the old friends met, they
would talk about
this and
that
.
@
that
’
s all right : (
< br>不用了
)
没关系
eg.---I have a
car outside. I
’
ll give you a
ride home.
---Oh,
that
’
s all
right
. It isn
’
t
much of a walk.
@ for all that :
尽管如此
eg. It was May, but
for all
that
the rain was falling as in the
heaviest autumn downpours.
@ more than
that :
更重要的的是
eg. She is young and
beautiful.
More than that
,
she is happy.
@ and (all) that : (
BrE
.)
等等
eg. Did you
bring the contract
and (all)
that
?
@
That
’
s
why
…
:
那就是为什么
eg.
I
’
m thinking of your future,
you know.
That
’
s
why
I
’
m giving
you a piece of advice.
@ at that : eg.
It was in the dead of the night, and a cold night
at that
.
那是深夜
,
而且是一个寒夜。
@ that
’
s that : <
/p>
就是这样
;
就这样定了
< br>
eg.
Well I
’
m not going , and
that
’
s
that
.
@ that is ( to say) :
也就是说
;
即
;
换句话说
eg.
You
’
ll find her
very helpful
—
if
she
’
s not too busy,
that is
.
(6)
Such
的用法
:
指示代词
such
意谓
“这样”
,
具有名词和形容词的性质
,
在句中可用作以下成分
:
(i)
主语
eg.
①
Such is
life.
②
Such often
occurred in those days.
-
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