写作教程总结

等限定词时，随后动词用单数。

(2)

由

neither

…

nor not

only…

but also

连接的并列结构作主语，

随后动词形式常遵循就近原则。

(3)

主语后用

along with, together with

引导等词组，动词形式根据主语形式而定。

2When the subject expresses quantity

(1)

有

many a

等限定词，其后动词形式为单数

(2)a pair, heap of

后动词多接单数形式

3when the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure

(1)

以

nominal clause

作主语，随后动词通常用单数

(2)relative clause

中谓语动词单复数形式通常以关系代词先行项的形式而定

(3)there be

谓语动词单复数形式取决于所后的

Unit2 The Appropriate Word

Focus

Style

: in English, words can be, roughly, formal , general, colloquial, and slang in terms of style.

Formal and general

Formal words are not as common as general words, which form the basis of the vocabulary and

are used for everyday communication.

formal

fracture

lucid

terminate

corpulent

facilitate

verify

concur

general

break

clear

end

fat

Make easy

prove

agree

Notice: a common belief among students is that formality is a virtue, but the best policy is to use

general words in most cases and formal words in specific, formal contexts .

页眉内容

Colloquial and slang

Well, now, you know,

I’

d like to say, oh, may god, I think

…

.which can be used in colloquial, and

contraction and abbreviation also can be used. But in some formal constitution we

’

d better not use

it.

Notice : the colloquial style takes a less prominent role, therefore, for most writing tasks, it may

not be ideal. Too much slang can make a passage loose and unserious; some may even sound odd.

Style and audience

The

formal

style

is

characterized

by

extensive

vocabulary,

frequent

use

of

formal

and

abstract

words, absence of slang and almost no contraction or clipped words.

The informal style is characterized by vocabularies ranging from formal to colloquial but mostly

general, and occasional and clipped words.

Different style are used to address different audiences and on different occasions.

Chinglish: it refers to the unidiomatic use of English by Chinese speaker

Avoid literal translation

chinglish

Big film

Early love

Convenient noodles

Fist product

One sex goods

diomatic

blockbuster

Puppy love

Instant noodles

Knockout product

Disposable goods

Grasp the connotation

请帮我们

(

宣传

)

一下这个新产品。

Please help us to propagate this new product.

Propagate should be replaced by promote

他遇事总是先想着自己，真是太个人主义了

He is self-concerned and individualistic

。

Individualistic should be replaced by selfishness

Grammar

Pronouns

1Subjective vs. objective

Subjective: I she you he it who whom they

Objective: me her you his whom whose them its

2Singular vs. plural

3Point of view is used to describe the perspective in writing.

Unit 3 the Better Word

Focus

Conciseness

(Brevity is the soul of wit. )

Tip: 1 eliminate or expression rewrite that repeat the same point

页眉内容

2cut out unnecessary intensifiers

3avoid overusing the noun forms of verbs

4change phrase into single words

5 change unnecessary

“

that, who and which

”

clause into phrases.

Notice: redundancy is not always easy to spot. the best way is to proofread your writing carefully

and try to find words, phrases or even sentence that are not essential.

Preciseness

：

The concreteness of expression

General

words

convey

inexact

intangible

and

often

abstract

concepts

whereas

specific

words

provide precise, sensory or concrete details.

For example: it was fine last weekend, so we went to the countryside and had a good time. We saw

many things and people there. And we had a wonderful time.

Improved: It was a wonderful and relaxed weekend, we drive our private and spacious car to the

countryside, there we were a enjoyable and relax time. We saw so many people who wearied plain

and simple clothes and there are so much interesting tings like assembly and folk dance. We

’

re

welcomed by passionate villager and had delicious dinner with them. That was really a memorable

and wonderful time.

Effectiveness

Sentence Base Unit 4

Focus

The sentence base,

which is like the trunk of a tree, consists of at least one subject and one

verb.

Subject

: to choose a good subject is the first crucial step in sentence writing, tell us who or

what is responsible for an action, feelings, and state or process.

Position

of

the

subject:

The

subject

is

usually,

through

not

always

,put

at

the

beginning

of

a

sentence.

The subject of a declarative sentence- a sentence that makes a statement

–

usually precedes the

verb .but

in

one

situation

,

it

follows

the

verb,(

In

the

center

of

the

painting

stands

a

lady

in

white. )

V

oice

: the voice of a verb depends on the relation between the verb and its subject. when the

subject

acts,

the

verb

is

in

the

active

voice;

when

the

subject

is

acted

upon,

the

verb

is

in

the

passive voice.

1Choosing the active voice

The active voice stresses the activity of the subject and helps to make a sentence direct, concise,

and vigorous.

2Choosing the passive voice

Though

the

active

voice

is

more

commonly

used

in

writing,

the

passive

voice

may

be

more

页眉内容

suitable for the following:

1when the agent is followed by a long modifier, we use the passive voice to avoid suspension of

the verb

2the passive also used to keep the focus of two sentences

Grammar

Tense

1The simple present: a

表示现在的状态，

b

表经常或习惯性动 作，

c

表主语具备的性格和功能

d

普遍真理和自然规律

e

< br>表示将来和过去时间

2Sequence

of

tenses:

simple

present,

simple

past,

present

progressive,

past

progressive,

present

perfective, past perfective, present perfective progressive, past perfective progressive

Mood: the indicative mood, the imperative mood, the subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood:

I

n grammar, the subjunctive mood (abbreviated

sjv

or

sbjv)

is

a

verb

mood

typically

used

in

subordinate

clauses

to

express

various

states

of

unreality

such

as

wish,

emotion,

possibility,

judgment,

opinion,

necessity,

or

action

that

has

not

yet

occurred.

It

is

sometimes

referred to as the conjunctive mood, as it often follows a conjunction

Unit 5 Expanded Sentence Base

Focus

Attributes

: words or phrases used to narrow down or describe nouns are called attributes.

What can be used as attribute?

A

Determiners:

refers

to

words

that

are

used

to define

the

referential

meaning

of

a

noun

or a

nominal phrase.

It included articles, possessive and demonstrative pronouns, and cardinal and ordinal numerals.

B

adjectives are the most common attributes.

For example: hairy animals, a red rose

C

nouns: most of them indicate the feature of the noun modified.

For example: Her boy friend is a fashion designer.

D

-ing forms : to describe the function ,feature ,or to indicate the present state of the noun.

We all like her smiling face.

E

–

ed forms

He only drinks imported wine.

F

infinitives: now it must be placed after the noun.

Do you have a friend to talk to.

G

prepositional phrases: it is placed after the noun it modifiers.

I can

’

t stand that silly ad for dog food, can you?

Relative Clauses