高中英语语法(全英详解)知识讲解

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必修一

语法点一：

Be+

表将来

use the present continuous tense for future plans

In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking

about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive

（动词原形）

,

and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future

plans. Sometimes, we also

use

the present continuous tense

to talk about future plans.

Ex.

①

we are going to Mexico next Sunday.

②

Are you coming to the cinema?

③

He is leaving for London in two hours.

④

We are spending next winter in Australia.

Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start,

stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.

扩展：

What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans? Let’s

look at some more examples:

“

I’m going to play football on Saturday”

You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football

on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.

“

I’m playing football on Saturday”

You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to

play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.

语法点二：

Direct speech and indirect speech(

直接引语和间接引语

)

Let's

first

define

the

terms,

then

look

at

how

to

talk

about

what

someone

said,

and

how

to

convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.

You can answer the question

What did he say?

in two ways:

by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)

by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).

Direct speech

repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing,

we place the words spoken between quotation marks (

Reported or indirect speech

is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the

tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word

'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.

1

、

declarative sentence

陈述句

①

Change in pronoun:

The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is

changed according to the

pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the

pronoun may not change.

In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be changed

in indirect

speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.

He said, “I like it very much.”

→

He said that he liked it very much.

②

Change in tense:

If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense

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of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or

future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.

③

Change

in

demonstrative

pronoun

指示代词

,

temporal

adverbial

时间状语

,

adverbial

of

place

地点状语

and verbs.

Ps

：

(1 )

if

the

direct

speech

indicates

objective

truth,

then

there

is

no

change

in

tense

when

it’s

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converted to indirect speech.

Ex. He said,

“Light travels much faster than sound.”

→

He said that light travels much faster than sound.

(2)

如果在当地转述，

here< /p>

不必改成

there

，

< br>come

不必改为

go

，

如果在当天转述，

yesterday,

t omorrow

等时间状语也不必改变。

2

、

imperative sentence

祈使句

Imperative

sentences

do

not

normally

have

an

expressed

subject.

In

order

to

change

an

imperative sentence into the indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of

‘said’ we

use one of the following reporting verbs:

Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.

If

the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add ‘not’ in front of to

-infinitive when

convert the speech.

Ex.

①

The hostess

said to us, “Please sit down.”

→The hostess asked us to sit down.

②

He said, “Don’t make so much noise, boys.”

→He told the boys to not to make so much noise.

3

、

interrogative sentence

疑问句

Turn word order in interrogative sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in

the end. The subject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.

(1)

general question

一般疑问句

General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether.

The reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.

Ex. He said, “Are you interested in English?”

→

He asked (me) if I was interested in English.

(2)

special question

Special questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.

Ex. “W

hat

do you want?” he asked me.

→

He asked me what I wanted.

语法点三：

The Attributive Clause

定语从句

Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun to make clear which

person or thing we are talking about.

Ex.

The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.

You must do everything that I do.

In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedents

先行词

. Who lives next

to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pronoun

关系代词

. The words

to

connect

main

clause

and

attributive

clause

are

divided

into

two

groups,

they

are

relative

pronouns

, namely

that, which, who, whom, whose

, and

relative adverbs

, namely

where, when,

why.

Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for

people or things.

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1.

That, which, who

2.

Whose

Whose

replaces

a

genitive

noun

名词所有格

in

an

attributive

clause.

The

antecedent

can

be

thing or person.

Ex. This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.

The room whose window faces south is mine.

3.

When, where, why

First, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will

use “why”.

Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be

used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider

adopting where.

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必修二

语法点一：

（接定从讲）

4.

The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause.

限制性和非限制性

(1)

Restrictive

clauses

limit

the

possible

meaning

of

a

preceding

subject.

They

are

usually

not

marked

by

pauses

in

speech,

and

they

are

not

set

off

by

commas

in

writing.

Sometimes

the

relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.

Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?

Beijing is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.

He has found the book (that) he was looking for.

(2)

Nonrestrictive

clauses

tell

you

something

about

a

preceding

subject,

but

they

do

not

limit,

or

restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are

usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.

Ex. Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.

Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.

Ps:

①

In

restrictive

attributive

clause,

relative

adverbs

behind

time

or

place

sometimes

can

be

omitted in spoken English.

Ex. That was the year (when) I first went abroad.

We need a place (where) we can stay for a few days.

②

Why clause can only modified ‘reason’ and it can be converted to ‘for which’. In spoken English,

we can also us

e ‘that’ or just omit the relative.

Ex. The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.

③

‘

How

’

cannot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modify

‘way’.

Ex. This is the way (how) I did it. (wrong)

This is the way(in which/that) I did it. (correct)

④

the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.

语法点二：

The passive voice

We have learned the passive voice of the simple present tense and simple past tense.

1.

The simple future tense (use ask as an example)

Ps: affirmative form; negative form; interrogative form

2.

The present perfect tense

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3.

The present continuous tense

4.

Phrasal verb

短语动词

Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but with the addition of preposition

or

adverb

to

intransitive

verbs,

some

phrasal

verbs

serve

as

transitive

verbs,

so

they

have

passive

voice too.

Pay attention, we can’t miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.

At last they put out the fire.

→

At last the fire was put out.

They will put up a notice on the wall.

→

A notice will be put up on the wall.

Have you sent for a doctor?

→

Has the doctor been sent for?

Ps:

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必修三

语法点一：

modal verbs

情态动词

A modal verb is

a type

of verb that is

used to

indicate modality

–

that

is:

likelihood, ability,

permission, and obligation. They have to be used with infinitive.

Can-could

may-might

shall-should

will-would

have to-had to

must

1.

Can & could

They can be used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.

Ps:

Possibility:

We use the modal can to make general statements about what is possible:

It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)

We use could as the past tense of can:

It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)

We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:

If we don’t hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)

We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:

It’

s

ten o’clock. They could have arrived now.

Permission:

We

use can to

ask

for

permission

to

do

something

or

give

permission;

could

is

more

formal

and

polite than can.

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2.

May & might

Ps: The negative forms are may not and might not.

We use may:

①

when we are not sure about something:

Jack may be coming to see us tomorrow.

②

to make polite requests:

May I borrow the car tomorrow?

③

When we use may not for a refusal it is emphatic:

You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it.

We use might:

①

when we are not sure about something:

I might see you tomorrow.

It’

s quite bright. It might not rain today.

②

As the past tense of may for requests:

He asked if he might borrow the car.

③

For very polite requests:

Might I ask you a question?

3.

Must & have to

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Ps

：

Must

①

We use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some

personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees

with the obligation.). Its negative form is must not, but when we answer a must question, we use

need not or don’t have to.

②

We

can

use

'must'

to

show

that

we

are

certain

something

is

true.

We

are

making

a

logical

deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

Have to

We

can

also

use

'have

to'

to

express

a

strong

obligation.

When

we

use

'have

to'

this

usually

means

that

some

external

circumstance

makes

the

obligation

necessary.

But

must

indicate

the

speaker’s subjective opinion, have to refers to objective one.

4.

Shall & should

5.

Will & would

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6.

ought

Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in some ways

like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but like modal verbs, it does

not change form for person.

The negative is formed by adding ‘not’

after ought (ought not to).

语法点二：

Noun clauses

A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. The object clause, the predicative clause,

the subject clause, the appositive clause

同位语从句

.

1.

The objective clause

It is a clause that functions like a noun object.

It begins with

conjunctions that, if, whether

,

conjunctional pronoun who, whose, what, which

and

conjunctional adverbs when, where, how,

why,

etc.

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2.

The predicative clause

It is a clause that functions as the predicative. It begins with

conjunctions that, as if, whether

,

conjunctional

pronoun

who, what,

which

and

conjunctional

adverbs

when, where,

how,

why,

etc.

3.

Subject clause

It

is

a

clause

that

functions

as

the

subject.

It

begins

with

conjunctions

that,

whether

,

conjunctional

pronoun

who, what,

which

and

conjunctional

adverbs

when, where,

how,

why,

etc.

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4.

The appositive clause

It

’s a clause serves as the appositive to explain the preceding noun, which usually are fact, idea,

news, promise etc. It begins with conjunction that, conjunctional adverb how, when, where, etc.

必修四

语法点一：

Agreement between subject and verb

主语和谓语动词的一致

1.

Subjects and verbs must agree in number and person.

2.

If two subjects are joined by

‘

and

’

, they typically require a plural verb form.

3.

Do

you

use

a

singular

or

plural

verb

to

match

a

collective

noun

such

as

team

or

staff?

The

answer

is,

it

depends.

If

these

nouns

are

acting

as

a

unit,

use

a

singular

verb.

If

the

sentence

indicates more individuality, use a plural verb.

My family is a large one.

The family are sitting at the breakfast table.

This group is having a meeting.

Our group are reading the newspapers.

4.

When

indefinite

pronoun

like

anyone,

anybody,

anything,

everyone,

everything,

someone,

somebody, something, no one, nobody, nothing, each, the other, etc serves as the subject, use a

singular verb.

Is anybody going to tell him the news?

There is nobody in the house.

Everything is ready.

5.

Pronoun

‘none’

and

‘neither’

can

use

either

singular

verb

or

plural

verb

and

it

depends

on

speaker’s

intention.

But

when

‘none’

and

‘neither’

stand

for

uncountable

noun,

they

are

considered

as

singular;

when

neither

functions

as

an

adjective

to

modify

a

singular

noun,

the

predicate verb should be singular.

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