-
正式文体与非正式文体的若干差别
缩写词，如
don’t, mustn’t, he’s,
I’ve
等，一般用于非正式文体。在
正式文体中则把它们写
全。
泛指的不定代词
you
常用于非正式文体中，在正式文体中则用？
You never know what new measures the
president will take.
One
never knows what new measures the president will
take.
在非正式文体中，
who
可以代替
whom
在疑问句中用作宾语。
在非正式文体中，
宾语从句前的
t
hat
常省去，
尤其在表示
“
说
”
和
“
想
”
的动词后面：
She said (that) she would come.
在非正式文体中，
they
可以指代
everyone,
everybody,
someone,
no one
等。
Has everyone finished doing their
exercises?
Has everyone finished doing
his or her exercises?
在非正式文体中，虚拟语气的句子如是
I, he, she
及
it
等词，可用
was
代替
were.
I
wish he was here with us.
分词短语一般用于正式文体。
Having
been
warned
of
the
impending
storm,
the
captain
decided to put off the voyage.
When the captain heard a storm was
coming, he decided to put
off the
voyage.
独立主格结构一般用于正式文体
The weather being fine, a large number
of people went to climb
the Western
Hills.
As the weather was fine, a large
number of people went to climb
the
Western Hills.
作状语或定语的短语，放在主语前使句子更加正式。
Eager to finish the work, he continued
to do it until midnight.
插入语使句子更显正式
He
shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his
custom, in front
of the mirror above
the sink.
一系列的名词，动词或形容词使句子正式化
She experienced love and hate, grief
and happiness.
下列句型常用于正式文体
长句
平行结构的句子
Let
us
be
ruthless
in
our
criticism,
cruel
to
personal
vanities,
indifferent to
age, rank or experience if these stand in our way.
并列复合句
对偶句
< br>(
结构相似，意思相反
)
The
politician
is
concerned
with
successful
elections,
whereas
the statesman is interested in
the future of his people.
圆周句
（最重要的意思放在最后，
直到最后一个词时句子的结构才完
整）
松散句：
She
decided to study English though she was interested
in music.
圆
周
句
：
Although
she
was
interested
in
music,
she
finally
decided to study
English.
It
is
a
truth
universally
acknowledged,
that
a
single
man
in
possession
of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.
在词汇方面，日常用语多来自盎格鲁
·
萨克森语（
古英语）
，而正式词
汇多来自希腊语，拉丁语和法语。在学到一
个正式词汇时，不妨同时
记住一个意思相近的非正式词。
begin
deep
commence
profound
lucky
end
continue
fortunate
terminate
proceed
raise
clear
same
elevate
explicit
identical
learned
try
strange
erudite
endeavor
eccentric
动词短语常用于谈话体
go on
(continue)
look into (investigate)
endure( put up with)
produce(turn out)
缩略语，如
ad, bike,
pop
等，在正式文体中并不多见。
俚语的说法极为随便，不用于正式文体。
科技论文及摘要的写作注意事项
所写的英语句子语法上一定要正确，进而努力做到地道，准确。
在语法结构正确的基础上，
进一步熟悉各个专业固有的表达法。
如数
学上，
“
这个解验证无误
”
，英语常用
“The
solution checks”. “
这等于
是说
”
，英语用
“This amounts to
saying…”
或
“This is
equivalent to
saying…”
等。
2.
本文提出了一种新的计算机辅助设计方法。
最后举例说明了这种方法的应用。
A
new
computer-aided
design
method
is
presented
(in
this
paper).
Finally,
the
application
of
this
method
is
illustrated
with
an
example.
广泛使用被动句
在科技论文中由于主
要讲述客观现象和事实，被动句的使用很广泛，
英文文摘中更是如此。我们通常见到的英
文文摘的第一句话
“
本文提
出了（介绍
了，证明了）
。
。
。
< br>，英美人常用被动句。
e.g.
A
new procedure
for
checking the
stability of
the
digital
filters is proposed.
若在文摘中使用主动语态，则可用
?
the authors/ the author,
词汇问题
3.1
< br>科技工作者在写作时除了大量使用专门术语外，
还喜欢用一些日
< br>常语言中不怎么使用的书面词汇（
big
words<
/p>
）
。
科技文的
词汇总的
来说形体比较长，词义比较专一，前后缀出现频率高。
3.1.1
规范词汇（
formal
words
）
about/approximately
change/
transform
say/ remark
put/place
3.1.2
bring out/introduce
find
out/ discover
不用动词短语，体现科技英语精炼的特征，力避冗赘。
注意词汇搭配
晶体管和电子管相比有不少优点。
Transistors have several advantages
over electron tubes.
避免使用口语
Lots of/ many
Quite a few/
several
避免使用缩略语
Lab/ laboratory
Mike/
microphone
我们把无线电波与水波作了比较
.
本文对这一设备的性能进行了分析。
Radio waves are compared with water
waves.
A comparison of radio waves with
water waves is made.
The performance of
this device is analyzed(in this paper).
An analysis of the performance of this
device is made( in this
paper).
趋于用名词来表示动作。
4
．句子特征
4.1
句子比较长，结构严密紧凑。
科技语体要求使用完整严密的句法，句子成分多，层次多，复居多，
长句多。有统计资料表明，科技论文的句子平均长度在
20-30
< br>个词。
如何使文章的结构较为严密，紧凑？
e.g.
我们对器件参数进行了初
步
的分析，其结果令人满意。
An initial
analysis of the device parameters has been made
with
satisfactory results.
电
子与原子核的大小大致相同，其直径大约为
…
厘米。
An
electron
is
about
as
large as
a
nucleus,
its diameter
being
about …cm.
本文对计算机的原理作了简要的介绍，重点放在软件上。
A
brief
introduction
to
the
principles
of
a
computer
is
given
with emphasis on
software.
本文提出了解决这一问题的新方法，这种方法简单而可行。
A new method to solve this problem is
presented, which is simple
and
practicable.
通常有三种手段。
with
短语，形容词短语
分词，独立主格结构
各类从句（尤其定语从句）
4.2
趋于采用一些常用句型
4.2.1
“have”
句型
a.
表示尺寸，大小等结构
The mountain has a height of 2000
meters.
These steel plates have a
thickness of 2 centimeters.
b.
表示优缺点的结构
That
type
of
antenna
has
the
advantages
of
simple
structure
and high efficiency.
This
external load has a low resistance.
c.
表示比较的结构
X-rays have a shorter wavelength than
light rays(do).
4.2.2
采用
“be”
句型
The
mountain is 2000 meters high( in height).
The height of the mountain is 2000
meters.
X-rays are shorter
in wavelength than light rays (are).
The wavelength of X-rays is shorter
than that of light rays(is).
4.3
采用静态结构来表示状态，特征。
This concept can be applied to metallic
conductors.
(is applicable)
The effect cannot be seen.
(is invisible)
Example 1
illustrates straight-line programming.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：对食品添加剂看法
下一篇：最全的英语单词分类汇总