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名词解释
1
．
Romance
:
a long composition, in
verse or in prose, describing the life and
adventures of a
noble hero,
especially for the knight. The most popular theme
employed was the legend of King
Arthur
and the round table knight.
2
．
Ballad
:
a story told in song, usually in four-
line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines
rhymed.
3
．
Heroic
Couplet
:
a
couplet
consisting
of
two
rhymed
lines
of
iambic
pentameter,
and
written in an elevated
style.
4
．
Renaissa
nce
:
a revival
or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival
which originated in
Italy in the
14
th
century and gradually
spread all over Europe. It has two features: a
thirsting
curiosity for the classical
literature and keen interest in activities of
humanity.
5
．
Sonne
t
:
14-line lyric
poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.
6
．
Blank
verse
:
poetry
written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
7
．
Enlightenment
:
a
revival
of
interest
in
the
old
classical
works,
logic,
order,
restrained
emotion and accuracy.
8
．
Neoclassicism
:
the
Enlightenment
brought
about
a
revival
of
interest
in
Greek
and
Roman
works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.
9
．
Sentimentalism
:
it
was
one
of
the
important
trends
in
English
literature
of
the
later
decades of the
18
th
century. It
concentrated on the free expression of
thoughts and emotions,
and presented
a new view of human nature which prized
feeling over thinking, passion over
reason.
10
．
Romanticism
:
imagination,
emotion
and
freedom
are
certainly
the
focal
points
of
romanticism. The particular
characteristics of the literature of romanticism
include: subjectivity
and an emphasis
on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary
life rather then life in society;
the
beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;
and love of and worship of nature.
11
．
Lake
Poets
:
the
English poets who lived in and drew inspiration
from the Lake District
at the beginning
of the 19
th
century.
12
．
Byronic
Heroes
:
a
variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of
character( enthusiasm,
persistence,
pursuing freedom), named after the English
Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.
13
．
Realism
:
seeks
to
portray
familiar
characters,
situations,
and
settings
in
a
realistic
manner. This is
done primarily by using an objective narrative
point of view and through the
buildup
of accurate detail.
14
．
Aestheticism
:
an art movement supporting the emphasis
of aesthetic values more than
socio-
political themes for literature, fine art, music
and other arts.
15
．
Stream-of-
Consciousness
:
it
is
a
literary
technique
that
presents
the
thoughts
and
feelings of a character as
they occur
without any
clarification by the author.
It
is
a narrative
mode.
16
．
Dramatic
Monologue
:
a
kind of narrative poem in which one character
speaks to one or
more listeners whose
replies are not given in the poem.
17
．
Iambic
Pentameter
:
a
poetic
line
consisting
of
five
verse
feet,
with
each
foot
an
unstressed syllable
followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with
each foot an iamb.
18
．
Epic
:
a
long
narrative
poem
telling
about
the
deeds
of
a
great
hero
and
reflecting
the
values of the society from which it
originated.
19
．
El
egy
:
a
poem
of
mourning,
usually
over
the
death
of
an
individual;
may
also
be
a
lament over the passing of life and
beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a
type of lyric
poem.
20
．
Ca
nto
:
a section
of a long poem. The cantos can be a great poem
21
．
Ode
:
a
complex
and
often
lengthy
lyric
poem,
written
in
a
dignified
formal
style
on
some
lofty or serious subjects. Odes are written for a
special occasion, to honor a person or a
season or to commemorate an event.
22
．
Song
:
a short poem with distinct
musical qualities, normally written to be set to
music.
23
．
Lyric
:
a
poem,
usually
a
short
one,
that
expresses
a
speaker's
personal
thoughts
or
feelings. The elegy, song and ode are
all forms of lyrics.
24
．
Spenserian
Stanza
:
a
nine-line
stanza
made
up
of
8
lines
of
iambic
pentameter
ending
with
an
Alexandrine.
Its
thyme
scheme
is
ababbcbcc.
This
stanza
was
common
to
travel
literature.
25
．
Metrical
Pattern
:
a
lyric
poem
of
five
14-lined
stanzas
containing
four
tercets
and
a
closing couplet. The rhyme
scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.
文学史
?
中古时期
1.
Beowulf
《贝奥武甫》
:
the
natural
epic
of
the
English
people;
Denmark
story,
alliteration,
metaphor,
understatements
2.
Sir Gawain and Green
Knight
《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》
3.
Geoffrey
Chaucer
(
杰弗里
乔叟）
：
the Father of
English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales
《
埃特伯雷故事集》
（
24stories)
?
文艺复兴时期
1.
Thomas More
:
Utopia
《乌托邦》
- the
communication between more and the traveler which
just came
back from Utopia.
2.
Francis Bacon
:
the first English Essayist;
Essays
《随笔集》
- Of Studies, Of
Truth (philosophical and
literary
works)
3.
Thus
Wyatt
:
first to
introduce the sonnet into English literature.
4.
Edmund Spenser
:
Poet's poet; The Fairy
Queen
《仙后》
(to Queen Elizabeth
I)
5.
William
Shakespeare
:
Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a
summer's day)
?
四大悲剧：
Hamlet
(revenge of the
Prince Hamlet
King Lear
(
年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给
3
个女儿，两
个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却
因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。前来求婚的法兰西
国王慧眼识人，娶考狄利娅为皇后。李尔王离位，大
女儿和二女儿居然不给其栖身之地，
当年的国王只好到荒郊野外。小女儿率队攻入，父女团圆。但战
事不利，被杀死，李尔王
守着心爱的小女儿的尸体悲痛地死去。
Othello
(
奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老
的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。但由于他是黑人，婚事未
被允许。两人只好私下成婚。奥赛罗手
下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元
老告密，不料却促成了两人
的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯西奥与苔
丝狄梦娜关系不
同寻常，并伪造了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。
当他
得知真相后，悔恨之余拔剑自刎，倒在了妻子身边。
Mecbeth
（苏格兰国王邓肯的
表弟麦克白将军立功归来，路上遇到三个女巫。女巫对他说了一些预言
和隐语，说他将进
爵为王，但他并无子嗣能继承王位，反而是柯将军的后代要做王。麦克白是有野心
的英雄
，他在夫人的怂恿下谋杀邓肯，做了国王。而后，他一步步害死了邓肯的侍卫，害死了班柯，
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