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美国文学选读知识复习材料

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2021-02-13 16:00
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2021年2月13日发(作者:problem是什么意思)


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American Puritanism


殖民地时期




( roughly from the settlement of America in the early 17th century through the end of


the 18th)




一、



作品:



1



Poor Richard's Almanac


《格言历书》


---



A Collection of maxims, or proverbs, on the value of


work and savings for success.


2



The Autobiography


《自传》


---


“美国梦”的根源









3


、参与起草《独立宣言》





Benjamin Franklin


本杰明?富兰克林




浪漫主义


American Romanticism



The Romantic Period stretches from


the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil


War


. It is a period of the great flowering of American literature.


The social and cultural background of Romanticism



The young Republic was flourishing into a politically, economically and culturally independent


country.


The Romantic writings revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on


the native lands.


The


desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent


convention of American literature.



The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral


values.


Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics


:


moral enthusiasm


,


faith in va


lue of individualism and intuitive perception


, and a presumption that


the natural world


was a sourc


e of goodness and


man’s


societies


as a source of corruption.





二、


Edgar Allan Poe


埃德加


·


爱伦


·



---poet, short story writer and literary critic (48 poems,70 short stories)



He greatly influenced the devotees of


“Art


for


art’s



sake.”



He was father of psychoanalytic criticism (


心理分析批评


), and the detective story.


诗歌的精髓就是


追求美



小说的主题常常是


恐怖



死亡


,其中还运用了


象征手法






The Poetic Principle :



1. The poem, should be short, readable at one sitting;










2. Beauty (the rhythmical creation of beauty);


3. Melancholy


忧伤


(especially the death of a beautiful woman).


.-



代表作:


The Fall of the House of Usher


《厄舍大厦的倒塌》



Ligeia


《莉盖亚》







Annabel Lee


《安娜贝 尔


·


李》



The Raven


《乌鸦》






The Cask of Amontillado


《阿芒提拉多的酒桶》


---gothic novel


人物:蒙特利瑟


Montresor,


弗图纳多


Fortunato


,筵席 上男人将喝醉的死对头哄骗至地窖并砌墙活


埋的故事。




三.爱默生



Emerson =


The chief spokesman of New England


Transcendentalism


超验主义



He was a descendent


(后裔)



of a long line of New England clergymen


牧师【


pastor



.


散文家、诗人、超验主义的哲学的主要倡导者。



American Transcendentalism




As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalism (also known as




American Renaissance


”) flourshed in New England



from the 1830s to the Civil War


. It is


the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates


in


Emerson and Thoreau.


Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the


materialism of American society.



Transcendentalism


超验主义


(+ H. D. Thoreau; Nathaniel Hawthorne; )



The major features of Transcendentalism:





The Transcendentalists placed


emphasis on spirit,


or the


Oversoul,


as the most important


thing in the


universe


.


思想



超灵



宇宙





The Transcendentalists stressed the


importance of the individual.


To them, the


individual


is the most important element of Society


.


个体


+


社会





The Transcendentalists offered a fresh


perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or


God


. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelmin


g presence.


自然


+


上帝



代表作:


Nature


《论自然》


---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson







Self-Reliance


《论自助》


---


是表达他的超验主 义观点的最重要作品之一






The American Scholar


《论美国学者》





The Over-soul


《论超灵》




四、


Nathaniel Hawthorne


纳撒尼尔·霍桑


--- effected by


超验主义




He was born into a prominent


Puritan family.



One of


the most ambivalent


(矛盾的)


writers


in the American literary history.



主要成就:



美国心理分析小说的开创者



浪漫主义小说家



心理小说家



代表作:


Mosses from an Old Manse


《古宅青苔》


;


.-


Twice-Told Tales


《故事重述》


;


The Marble Faun


《玉石雕像》


;


The House of the Seven Gables


《带有七个尖角阁的房子》










The Scarlet Letter


《红字》



Many of his earlier stories had treated themes that led to The Scarlet Letter.


Theme:



Puritan severity toward sex


and matrimony and its tendency to


suppress bright color and t


rue feelings.



The Scarlet Letter


《红字》





Hester Prynne ---strong-willed, impetuous, a king of compassionate, maternal figure;


Pearl ---innocent, perceptive;


Roger Chillingworth---a man deficient in human warmth, true evil in the story;


Arthur Dimmesdale---intelligent and emotional.



[Symbolism in his works


Hawthorne is a master of symbolism, which he took from the Puritan tradition


清教徒传统


and bequeathed to American literature in a revivified form. In his masterpiece, by using


Pearl as a thematic symbol, Hawthorne emphasizes the consequence the sin of adultery has


brought to the community and people living in that community. With the scarlet A as the


biggest symbol of all, which is ambiguous, he proves himself to be one of the best


]


symbolists.



五、


Herman Melville


赫尔曼


·


梅尔维尔




The early


sailing experiences


were rewarding.


代表作:


White Jacket


《白外衣》



Billy Budd


《毕利


·


伯德》


,


Typee


《泰比》


,


Omoo


《欧穆》


,


Mardi


《玛地》


.





Moby Dick 1851


《白鲸》

---


百科全书式性质


/


海洋作品


/


动物史诗(



《熊》



福克纳、


人与海》



海明威、《白鲸》梅尔维尔)




[


Moby Dick represents the sum total of


Melville’s


bleak view of the world



in which he lived. It is at once


Godless and purposeless


. Man in this


universe lives a meaningless and futile life,


meaningless


because futile.


Once he attempts to seek power over it he is doomed. The idea that man can make


the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly. Moby Dick thus


reveals the basic pattern of 19th century American life:


loneliness and suicidal


individualism in a self- styled democracy


.


(a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism)



Symbolism in Moby Dick




《老


.-


---It is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is not merely a whaling tale or sea adventure,


considering that Melville is a great symbolist. It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in


quest of the truth


寻找真理


and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into


man’s


deep reality and psychology.


---Different people on board the ship are representations of different ideas and different social


and ethnic groups; facts become symbols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is


the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. The white whale,


Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable

难以理解的


,malignant



性的


, and beautiful as well.



]



六.


H. D. Thoreau


梭罗


and his work



Walden


瓦尔登湖


not only fully demonstrates Emersonian ideas of self- reliance but also develops


and tests Thoreau’s own transcendental phil


osophy.


七.


Henry Wadsworth Longfellow


朗费罗



Features of Longfellow’s poetic works



1)



lChief romantic tendencies as humanitarian attitude, love of nature and love of beauty.


2)



lThe first American poet to write narrative poems.


3)



lConventional style and subjects


4)



lGenerally simple ideas expressed musically and powerfully.


5)



lSimplicity and detachment from the deep problems of contemporary life


19


世纪美国最伟大的


浪漫主义诗人


之一。


传统派,励志型。




诗集:




《夜吟》


Voices of the Night








《歌谣及其他》


Ballads and Other Poems







《伊凡杰琳》


Evangeline









《海依华沙之歌》


The Song of Hiawatha



诗歌:




《我射出一支箭······》




I Shot an Arrow...





A Psalm of Life


《生命颂


/


人生颂》

< br>---


第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌




八、


Walt Whitman


沃尔特·惠特曼




美国著名诗人、人文主义者,他创造了诗歌的


自由体



Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.




The first edition of


Leaves of Grass


《草叶集》


was published in 1855.


In this giant work,


openness, freedom


, and above all,


individualism


are all that


concerned him.


Writing features of Whitman


---A singer for the ideals of equality, democracy and human dignity.


---Songs for himself, for the labour of common American people, natural creation, the independen


ce of the country, love and friendship, and for the memorizing of President Lincoln. ---Free verse,


.-


rhythmical unit, phonetic recurrence.


诗歌:



《我歌唱自我》


One's Self I Sing


《噢,船长!



我的船长!》


O Captain! My Captain!



九、


Emily Dickinso n



19


世纪唯一出名的女作家)


---I Died for Beauty, because I could not stop for Death.


美国女诗人,


狄金森一 生都没有离开过自己的家乡,


对她的诗歌风格产生直接影响的是爱默生的诗歌,


她的诗歌预示了


20


世纪诗歌的诞生。



宅女,想象力,诗歌(死亡、爱情、失败、无标点





Whitman: society


Dickinson: inner life of the individual


Most of her poems are about death and immortality. Nature is to her both benevolent and cruel.



Emily was an energetic and outgoing woman while attending the Academy and Seminary.


Most of her poems are about life and nature. They are short; many of them are based on a single


image or symbol.


作品:《要描绘一片草原······》


To Make a Prairie





《最美妙的胜利感觉》


Success Is Counted Sweetest








《我是无名之辈》


I'm Nobody!




The Age of Realism



[


The war led many to question the assumptions shared by the transcendentalists ---- natural good


ness, the optimistic view of nature and man, benevolent God. It taught men that life was not


good, man was not and God was not.


As a literary movement, the Age of Realism came into existence after Romanticism with the Civil


War It was a reaction against


“the



lie”


of Romanticism and sentimentalism, and paved the way to


Modernism. This literary interest in the so-called


“reality”


of life started a new period in the


American literary writing known as The Age of Realism.


]



The three dominant figures of the period:


William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, Henry James



James wrote mostly of the


upper reaches of American society.



Howells concerned


himself chiefly with middle class life.


Twain dealt largely with


the lower strata of society.



Mark Twain and Howells


seemed to have paid more attention to


the


“life”


of the


Americans


, and


Henry James


had apparently laid greater emphasis on the


“inner



world”



of man.




十、


Mark Twain


马克·吐温



.-



Writing:


humor and local colorism



The characteristics of local colorism:


---Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular


concern about the local character of a region came about as


“local



colorism”


a unique variation of


American literary realism.


---Local Colorism or Regionalism first appeared in the late 1860s and early seventies in America.


Hamlin Garland defined local colorism as having



such quality of texture and background tha


t it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native.



T


he ultimate aim of the local colorists is to create the illusion of an indigenous


土产



little world with qualities that tell it apart from the world outside.



---Local colorists concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of


their regions. They tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forgot to keep an eye on the


truthful color of local life.



代表作:


Life on the Mississippi


《密西西比河上》






The Adventures of Tom Sawyer


《汤姆


·


索亚历险记》






The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn


《哈克贝里


·


费恩历险记》













---(Mark


Twain’s


most representative work)


[ The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn


---The novel is written in a language that is totally different from the rhetorical language used by


Emerson, Poe, and Melville.


---His characters, confined to a particular region and to a particular historical moment, speak with


a strong accent, which is true of his local colorism.


---The rich material of his boyhood experience on the Mississippi became the endless resources


for his fiction, and the Mississippi valley and the West became his major theme.


---His humor, a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed


romanticism, is remarkable.


]


人物:


Huckleberry Finn



Jim



Tom Sawyer



Widow Douglas and Miss Watson



Pap The Duke and Dauphin (


公爵和法国皇太子)





Henry James


亨利·詹姆斯




作品:


The Portrait of a Lady


《一个女士的画像》









Daisy Miller


《黛西·密勒》



The international theme:


the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact a


nd contrast with European decadence and the moral and psychological complications arising there


from.


Like Hawthorne, James regarded evil as essentially of inward cause and repeatedly emphasized m


agnanimity and the beauty of goodness.


Psychological Realism


心理现实主义


-


-


-


-


-


-


-


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