-
2012
年通用考博英语翻译讲义
考博翻译的重要性
1
、考博英语
difficult
。
2
、考博翻译最难做。
（
1
）翻译是主观题。
（
2
）做翻译需要单词基础，语法
基础，阅读基础和强大的汉语功底。
例：本次旅行有北京、上海等地。
This
trip/travel/tour includes Beijing and Shanghai.
（
3
）各所学校的命题非常不稳定。
英译汉
考博翻译的概述
翻译你做过吗？
做翻译不是看翻译
Television is one of the means by which
these feelings are created and conveyed and
perhaps
never before has it served so
much to connect different peoples and nations as
in the recent events
in Europe.
在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视或许以前从来没有像在最近欧洲事件中其如此大的
作用。
在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视像在最近欧洲事件中起的
作用之大前所未见。
怎么做英译汉
One might ask why speculation is
permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.
The basic
reason is that speculation
can perform useful functions in the market
equilibrium and encourages
faster entry
of more suppliers. If the price change lagged
until after an actual commodity shortage
had occurred, the fluctuation would
probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial
supply action
could not be further
delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a
surplus in some commodity, their
selling of futures will help drive the
price down to some extent before the surplus
actually occurs.
When
speculators
foresee
a
shortage
and
bid
up
the
price,
they
are
also
helping
to
conserve
the
present supply. As the price goes up,
less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in
price encourages
users to economize.
Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to
buy more, thus helping to
sell the
surplus which is developing.
The
Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive
record of new achievements in art,
literature, science, philosophy,
education and religion. Although the
foundation of many of these
was
classical,
they
soon
expanded
beyond
the
measure
of
Greek
and
Roman
influence.
Indeed,
many
of
the
achievements
in
painting,
science,
politics
and
religion
bore
little
relation
to
the
classical
heritage. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a
number of dominant ideas and attitudes
that gave it the impress of a unique
society. Notable among these in general were
optimism, and
individualism;
but
the
most
significant
of
them
all
was
humanism.
In
its
broadest
meaning
humanism may be defined as emphasis on
the human values.
It was a term derived
from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion
to the liberal arts, or
the
subjects
most
compatible
with
the
dignity
of
man.
The
humanists
rejected
the
Scholastic
philosophy with its preoccupation with
theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and
elegant
style that would appeal more to
the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's
nature.
翻译的步骤：
一、画竖线
目的：初步断开句子结构，化繁为简
原则：
1
、拆出主句，分清从句；
2
、拆出主干，分清修饰；
最佳方式：找断句点
（
1
）连词
；
（
2
）引导词；
（
3
）介词；
（
< br>4
）分词；
（
5
）
to
；
（
< br>6
）标点符号；
（
79
）
We
accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to
which we must accommodate ourselves,
great
inequality
of
environment;
the
concentration
of
business,
industrial
and
commercial,
in
the
hands of a few; and the
law of competition between these, as being not
only beneficial to the future
progress
of the race.
二、写汉字：以每一小节作为单位来写汉字
目的：初步了解每一个小结构的意思；
（
79
）
We
accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to
which we must accommodate ourselves,
great
inequality
of
environment;
the
concentration
of
business,
industrial
and
commercial,
in
the
hands of a few; and the
law of competition between these, as being not
only beneficial to the future
progress
of the race.
三、连汉字
目的：
把每一小节连接成为通顺的句子；
需要适当地调整顺序，
或者把一些不通顺的
词语替换掉。
调整顺序的本源是英语的结构和修饰关系。
替换汉语词语的本源是依据英语的基本词义和上下文的意译。
（
79
）
We
accept and welcome, therefore, as conditions to
which we must accommodate ourselves,
great
inequality
of
environment;
the
concentration
of
business,
industrial
and
commercial,
in
the
hands of a few; and the
law of competition between these, as being not
only beneficial to the future
progress
of the race.
因此，我们接受和欢迎环境的巨大不平等；生意、工业和商
业集中在少数人手中和少数人之
间的竞争法则，这作为我们自己必须适应的条件，因为这
不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。
因此，我们接受和欢迎环境的
巨大不平等；工商贸集中在少数人手中以及少数人之间的竞争
法则，这作为我们自己必须
适应的条件，因为这不仅仅对人类今后的进步有益。
（最终）
3
．
There are many
facts in a given historical period that can be
easily stuffed into our mind. but
discernment in the selection of
significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing
and depends upon
one's point of view. <
/p>
我们的大脑很容易记住许多特定历史时期的事实，但是选择和鉴别重大事实却是更为艰
难的事情并且取决于我们自己的观点。
英汉翻译技巧
一、词意选择，适当引申
二、（
1
）分析词根和词缀来翻译
三、（
2
）分析词性来翻译
四、（
3
）分析上下文来翻译
五、（
4
）结合汉语
习惯和固定搭配来翻译
六、适当增加
七、翻译成汉语后，在不改变英语意思的前提下，适当增加词语，使句子更通顺。
八、适当减少
九、适当重复
可以适当重复出原文省
略的部分，或者把并列结构中的相同部分重复出来。
We
don't retreat , we never have and never will.
我们不会退却，我们从来没有后退过，今后也决不会退却。
十、词性转换
十一、
把英语的词性变换成汉语的其他词性来翻译。
十二、
四字成语
练习
Passage 3
71
．
The main
impression growing out of twelve years on the
faculty of a medical school is that the
No
．
1 health
problem in the U
．
S
．
today, even more than AIDS or cancer,
is that Americans don't
know how to
think about health and illness.
在医学院担任十
二年教师，我所得到的主要印象是：当今美国的首要健康问题甚至比艾滋和
癌症更为严重
的是美国人不知该怎样对待健康和疾病。
考博翻译的标准
1
、准确
2
、通顺
准确是前提，其次求通顺，另外检查译文的方式是多读译文。
定语从句前置的翻译
1
、定语从句前置
< br>即把定语从句翻译到它修饰的先行词的前面，并习惯用“的”来连接。
Passage 3
72
．
We fear the
worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and
the result is that we are becoming
a
nation
of
weaklings
and
hypochondriacs,
a
self-medicating
society
incapable
of
distinguishing
between
casual, everyday symptoms and those that require
professional attention.
我们害怕最糟糕的事情发生，期望
最糟糕的事情发生，从而招致了最糟糕的事情发生，其结
果是我们美国正逐渐成为一个弱
者和疑病症患者的民族，一个自我诊断的社会，而不能对轻
微的日常症状和那些需要专业
护理的症状加以区分。
Passage 10
1
．
Genuine love is
more likely to involve a process of
“
growing
”
in love rather than
“
falling
”
in
love. This may sound terribly unromantic to some
who are used to hearing talk about
“
falling in
love
”
or being
“
head
over heels in love.
”
真爱更可能是一个萌生爱意的过程，而并非是坠入爱河。对于那些听惯了一见钟情，爱得神
魂颠倒的人来说，这或许太不浪漫了。
Passage 14
2. In reality,
the way one experiences old age is contingent upon
circumstances of late-life
events
（
in what order they
occur, how they occur, when they
occur
）
and the social
supports one receives:
adequate
finances, shelter, medical care, social roles,
religious support, recreation.
事实上，一个人老
年的经历如何，取决于晚年事件发生的环境和一个人所获得的社会支持：
前者包括这些事
件发生的先后顺序，怎样发生的，和何时发生的，后者包括足够的财力、住
宿条件、医疗
保障、社会地位、宗教支持、娱乐活动。
Passage 15
2.
It is primarily a term for the socially
elaborated segment of human behavior in any
culture; and
abnormality, is a term for
the segment that particular civilization does not
use.
正常术语主要是用来指在任何文化中，社会所解释的那部分人类行为，而变态
术语主要是用
来指特定文化所不能接受的那部分人类行为。
代词指代
1
、直接对应
2
、指代明确
3
、用“这”等替代
Passage 15
3.
Its variability among different people is
essentially a function of the variability of the
behavior
patterns that different
societies have created for themselves, and can
never be wholly divorced from
a
consideration of culturally institutionalized
types of behavior.
不同人之间正常行为的可变性主要是由不同社
会为其自己所设立的行为模式的可变性所决定
的，并且绝对不能完全脱离了文化的制度化
的行为模式来加以考虑。
如果定语从句结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译时前置。
定语从句后置的翻译
如果定语从句太复杂或里面包含的内容太多时，需要后置。
1
．
Contemporary
technological
reporting
is
full
of
notions
of
electronic
communities
in
which
people
interact across regions or entire continents.
地区之间甚至是整个大陆之间人们通过电子技术交流而构成电子社区，这种概念在现代技术
报告中比比皆是
2
．
For
example,
electronic
communication
filters
out
and
alters
much
of
the
subtlety,
warmth,
contextuality, and so on that seem
important to fully human, morally engaged
interaction.
例如，电子交流过滤并且改变了大多数的细微的心理差别，
情绪的热烈程度，周围的环境等
等，而这些似乎对于那些完全人性化涉及道德的交流来说
显得非常重要
Born to
Win
Each
human
being
is
born
as
something
new,
something
that
never
existed
before.
Each
is
born with the capacity to win at life.
Each person has a unique way of seeing, hearing,
touching,
tasting and thinking. Each
has his or her own unique potentials---
capabilities and limitations. Each
can
be a significant, thinking, aware, and creative
being---a productive person, a winner.
每个人生来就是一个先前从未存在过的崭新个体，他在人生中成功立业的能力与生俱来。每
个人都以其独特的方式观察，轻轻触摸，体味和思索大千世界。每个人都可以凭自己的努力
成为一个有价值，有头脑，有感悟和有创造性的人即成功者。
(5
< br>分
)
人皆生而为新为前所未有则存在。人皆生而为赢。
人皆有其特例独行之方式去审视，聆听，
触摸，品味及思考因而都具备独特的潜质能力和
局限。人皆能举足轻重，思虑明达，洞察秋
毫，富有创意，成就功业（
< br>8
分）
人人皆生而为新，生于
世而亘古未见。人人皆生而为赢，富于思而受用终生。人人皆特例独
行所见，所闻，所感
，所说，所品，所思异彩纷呈。人人皆卓尔不凡，知其所能，查其所限。
人人皆是举足轻
重，思虑明达，洞察秋毫，富有创意，人人皆是卓越的天才，人人兼具王者
的风范。
（
10
分）
72
．
For individual
sportsmen, pilots and drivers, speed had the
status of a privileged substance to
which, in those early days, only a
minority had full access. Mechanized speed made
men, and a few
women, into heroes, and
it remains a commodity to which males, in
particular, are attracted.
对于个体的运动员，飞行员
和驾驶员来说，速度具有一种特权的财富地位，在早期只有少数
人才完全有办法获得这种
地位。机械化的速度使得男性以及少数女性成为了英雄，速度俨然
成为了一种商品，尤其
是男性对此趋之若鹜。
1 I
have met such persons, and found that there was no
topic that might come up in the course of
the conversation concerning which they
did not have some facts or figures to produce, but
whose
points of view were appalling.
我曾经碰到这样的一些人，并且发现在谈话过程中可能出现的所有话题他们都能够提供事实<
/p>
和数据来加以支持，但是他们的观点相当令人惊愕。
否定结构的翻译
（一）部分否定：
代词或者副词，
< br>all/both/every.../many/entirely/altogether/abso lutely/wholly
completely+not
并非所有
...
；并不是都
...
例：
All that glitters not
gold.
Both the windows are not open.
Everybody does not believe the rumour.
（二）全部否定：
never/no/not/no
ne/nobody/nothing/nowhere/neither/nor/not at all
He
is no professor.
None of my friends smoke.
Our
great motherland has never before being so
prosperous as it is today.
（三）双重否定：是指同一
个句子中出现两个否定词，即否定之否定
not...not
No
spaceship can't be loaded with man.
（四）注意具有否定意义的词
The
specification lacks detail.
The error in
calculation escape the accountant.
far from
The
newspaper...are far from ...
beyond
He
is anything but scholar.
The machine is working none
the worse.
might as well
小结：
如果定语从句结构复杂，信息负载量比较大，翻译到先行词前面不通顺的话需要后
置。这时可以和主句脱离单独成句，但常常需要重复先行词或者用代词重复。
状语从句的翻译
状语从句的翻译方法
英语中
的状语从句可以直接翻译，但一般要把时间、条件、让步和原因状语从句翻译到
主句之前
。
3
．
Infatuation
often entails feelings of insecurity whenever the
doubt, fickleness, uncertainty, and
fear of loss often accompany infatuation.
< br>一旦相爱的双方分开，痴情经常伴随而来的是不安全的感觉；怀疑，朝三暮四，犹豫不决，
患得患失经常伴随痴情而来。
4
．
Infatuation
tends
to
be
more
manipulative
than
love
because
a
lasting
feeling
of
relationship
probably has not developed, so that the
individuals are still concerned mainly about their
own needs
and satisfactions.
痴情之所以比爱情更具有操控性，是因为一种长久的感情关系或许还没有建立，这样一来相
爱的双方个人都仍然主要关注的是他们各自的需要和满足感。
2
．
If man's mind
cannot be turned into a logic-machine, neither can
it function properly as a great
emotional sponge, to be squeezed at
will.
如果人类的思维不能成为一台逻辑机器的话，那么它也不能成为一块巨大的
感情海绵可以任
意的挤压。
Death is a dramatic, one-time crisis
while old age is a day-by-day and year-by-year
confrontation
with
powerful
external
and
internal
forces,
a
bittersweet
coming
to
terms
with
one's
own
personality and one's life.
（
1
）
死亡是
戏剧般的，
一次性的危机，
然而衰老则是一天天一年年的与内外
强大力量抗争的过程，
一个苦乐参半的过程，逐渐适应自己的性格和自己的生活。
特殊句型的翻译——被动结构
1.
首先可以主宾颠倒
2.
其次可以用让，给，叫，受到，得到，加以，得以，为
...
所，由
...
来，是
...
的等代
替，但必要的时候增加人们或者有人等泛指的主语，少用被字。