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成人学位英语语法汇总

作者:高考题库网
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2021-02-13 12:54
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2021年2月13日发(作者:儿茶酚)


第一节



动词的时态



一、一般现在时:



1





when



as soon as



the minute



the moment



till



until


等引起的时间状语从句,


以及由


if



unless



provi ded that


等引起的条件状语从句常常用一般现在时态表示将

来的动作,而主句则用一般将来时态。



例:


They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they finish their exams.


2




当表示普遍的真理或者众所周知的客观事实,


常常用一般现在时态。

< p>
例:


The earth is


round.


地球是圆的。



二、一般过去时:



区分三个短语的用法:



1




used to do sth


:过去常常做某事。



2




be/get used to doing sth


:习惯做某事。



3




be used to do sth


:被用于做某事。



三、一般将来时:



1




be to+


动词原形:


表示安排或计划好了的动作

< br>。


例:


The Third-Ring Road is to be open


to traffic before National Day.


2




be about to+


动词原形:表示即将发生的动作。例:


The lecture is about to begin.


讲座


即将开始。



3




一些表 示动作趋势,如开始、终结,以及一些表示动作方向,如往来的动词,


常常


用现在进行时态表示按照安排将于将来发生的事情,


这类动词常见的有如:< /p>


start, go,


leave, come, arriv e




例:


W e are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.


我们明天动身去北京。



四、进行时态:



重点区分

< p>
when



while


引 起的时间状语的用法。



When


表示 时间上的点,在考试中其引导的时间状语从句多翻译为“这时?”


,主句多


用进行时态;


while


引导的时间状语从句多翻译 为“正当?时”


,该从句用进行时态




例:


One of the guards was sleeping when the general came in, which made him very angry.


I fell and hurt myself while I was playing tennis.


五、现在完成时:



重点区分


have(has)been to

< br>:


某人去过某地,


表示一种经历,


强调状态,


可以和


once, twice,


often, never, ever


连用;



Have(has) gone to


:某人在去某地的途中或已在某地,强调动作。此句型不能与上述时


间状语连用。


例:


He has gone to America.


他已经去了美国。


He has been to America twice.


他去过美国两次。



六、过去完成时:



1



强调一个动作发生在另外一个过去的动作之前时,用过去完成时




2



It was the first/second/last time that


?,在该句型,

< p>
that


从句用过去完成时态


< br>


七、将来完成时:



常常标志 性地由


by



by the time



by the end of


引起一个表示将来时间段的时间状语,


主句用将来完成时态。




第二节



感官动词、使役动词的用法及英语中常考的两个句式结构



一、


感官动词的用法及其被动语态:


在英语 中,


常见的感官动词有


“五看二听一感觉”


see



watch

< p>


look



notic e



observe



hear



listen to



feel



,在主动语态中用动词 原形或现在


分词作宾补,



see sb do/doing sth


,改为被动语态时则要加


to


,如


sb be seen to do sth




二、使役动词的用法及其被 动语态:在英语中,常见的使役动词有


make



let



have


,在主< /p>


动语态中用动词原形做宾补,



make sb do sth



改为被动语态时则要加

< br>to




sb be made


to do sth,


两种形式都表示使

/


让某人做某事的意思。例:


We were made to study hardy.



们被要求努力学习。

















sth


need/


want/


require


doing





?



=sth


need/want/require to be done



(


此句式主语为物


)


例:


My room is a mess. It needs tidying


up(


整理


). < /p>


四、


英语中常考的句式结构二:


have /get sth done



/


让 别人做某事



have/get


后接宾 语为物)


例:


I have taken many photos. I



m going to get the film developed.


五、


情态动词的被动语态,


其构成为:


情态动词


+be+


过去动词。


例:


The work must be finished


before lunch.


这项工作必须在午饭前干完。




第三节




情态动词



常见的情态动词有


can



could



may



might

< br>;


must



need



should



ou ght to


,对于情态动词


常考其两方面的内容,

< p>
一是情态动词用于推测句型,


二是情态动词用于虚拟语气

< br>(该部


分的讲解放在虚拟语气)



一、情态动词用于对现在内容推测的常见句型有:







1



Can/may do sth


:表示对现在内容的可能性的推测;







2



Must do sth


:表示对现在内容的肯定性的推测。



二、情态动词用于对过去内容推荐的常见句型:







1



can/may have done sth


:表示对过去内容的可能性;







2



must have done sth


:表示对过去内容的肯定性的推测。



例:


1



Mr Green must have failed to receive my letter, otherwise he would have replied.


2/ I believe he must have had an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.



第四节




虚拟语气



虚拟语气表示与客观事实相 反的假设,由


if


虚拟条件从句和主句构成。

< br>


一、虚拟语气的基本内容







根据虚 拟与其这种与事实相反的假设所对应的时间不同,虚拟语气的


if


虚拟条件从句


与主句的谓语动词分别有三类构成形式:







假设类型



与现在事实相反



与过去事实相反



与将来事实可能相反



If


虚拟条件从句



Did/were


Had done


Were to do/did/should do


主句



Would/should do


Would/should have done


Would/should do


例:


1



I wouldn



t talk that way if I were Peter.






2



If the whole operation had not been planned before hand, a great deal of time and money


would have been lost


3



Jean doesn



t want to work right away because she thinks that if she were to get a job she


probably wouldn



t be able to see her friends very often.


4



I would ask George to lend us the money if I knew him.


5



Do you think there would be less conflict


(战斗、斗争)



in the world if all people spoke


the same language.


6



If Bob had come with us,he would have had a good time.


二、


if


的省略形式(又称虚拟语气的倒装结构)




if


虚拟条件从句中, 如果谓语部分包含


were



shou ld



had


等词,则可以把这些词放


到主语前,省略


if


,构成虚拟语气的 倒装结构。



三、主句与从句时间不一致时虚拟语气的构成



当虚拟语气的


if


虚拟条件从句和主句的动作发生的时 间不一致时,要根据各自表示的


时间采用对应的虚拟语气的构成形式。

< br>


例:


1



If I had attended the meeting yesterday, I would know what happened now.


2



If you had taken our advice at that time, you would not be in trouble now.


四、主观倾向性动词引导的虚拟语气的构成


< br>在英语中存在一些动词,表示建议、命令、要求等主观的倾向,由这些动词引导的


that


宾语从句中,


从句的谓语动词要用

should+


动词原形,


should

< br>可以省略。


这类常见的主


观倾向性动词有


“一坚持、二命令、三建议、五要求”


,分别是:



一坚持:


insist


< p>
二命令:


order



c ommand



三建议:


sugge st



advise



n advice




pro pose


(提议、建议)



五要求:< /p>


ask



demand

< br>、


require



reque st



desire


例:

< p>
1



The doctor advised that Mr. Malan have an operation right away so as to save his life.


2



His mother insisted that he put on the coat when going out. < /p>


同时,


如果在题干中出现上面这些主观倾向性动词的名词和形容词 形式,


题干中从句部


分的谓语动词也要用


should+


动词原形,


should

可以省略。


考试中常见的词汇有:


order



command



sug gestion



advice



proposal



demand



request



d esire



advisable


,< /p>


desirable




五、


wish that


?和


if only


引导的虚拟语气的构成



Wish


that


引导的宾语从句和


if


only


引起的感叹句都用虚拟语气来表示一种没有实现或


无法实现的愿望,其中


wish


that


句型往往翻译为:多么希望?;


if


only


表示的愿望较


wish th at


更强烈,


常翻译为但愿;


要是?就 好了。


两者的用法基本相同。


两者的用法是:

< br>


1


、当表示


与现在的事实相反 的一种愿望时,


wish that


引导的宾语从句和


if only

引起的


感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:


did/were




2


、当表 示


与过去的事实相反的一种愿望时,


wish that


引导的宾语从句和


if only

引起的


感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:


had done




3


、当表示


未来一时很难实现的一种愿望时,


wish that


引导的宾语从句和


if only

引起的


感叹句中谓语动词采用的形式是:


would do




六、


would rather


引导的虚拟语气的构成



Would


rather


的意思是“ 宁愿、宁可”其引导的宾语从句(一般省去


that


)通常用虚 拟


语气表示一种与事实相反的假设。我们可以假设


A

< p>


B


是两个人,


通过牢记 一下句式来


记住其用法:



1



A would rather B


did


sth


:表示与现在或将来事实相反的一种假设。



2



A would rather B


had done


sth:


表示与过去事实相反的一种假设



七、


It is (high) time that


?句型中虚拟语气的构成







It is (high) time that


?句型表示“早该是?的时候了”

< p>
,在


that


从句中,谓语动词一般用

< p>


did








例:


1



It



s high time we did something to stop traffic accident.









2



Don



t you think it is time you gave up smoking?


八、


in case



lest



fo r fear that


引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成







in case



lest

< p>


for fear that


引导的目的状语从 句,


表示忧虑或担心,


翻译为


“以防万 一?”



从句的谓语动词要用


shou ld+


动词原形,


should


可以省 略。







例:


1


、< /p>


Written applications should be sent to us in case there be some problems with the


electric version.










2



I wrote it down in case I should forget it.


九、含蓄虚拟语气的构成














虚拟条件句有时不是通过


if


虚拟条件从句明显地表达出来,


而是隐含在 副词、


介词短语


或上下文中,这种情况称作含蓄虚拟语气。经常 标志性地用于含虚拟语气的介词、副词


有:


without


(要是没有)



but for

< p>
(要不是)



otherwise


(否则,要不然)


。只要见到这几


个词,所要选择的虚 拟语气的构成多用


would have done


形式。








例:


1



With out your help, we would not have achieved so much.











2



But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.


十、


as if



as though


引导的虚拟语气的构成







As if



as though


翻译为“好 像”


,谈论的往往是不可能或不真实的情况,他们所引导的


状语 从句要用虚拟语气,


谓语动词采用的形式和


wish that


句型中谓语动词采用的形式相


同。



十一、


it is+


形容词

< p>
+that


引导的从句中虚拟语气的构成








it


is+


形容词


+that


引导的从句中,如果该形容词表示“重要的 、必须的、强制的”



者“惊奇的、令人不满的”



that


从句中的谓语动词要用

< br>should+


动词原形,


should


可以


省略。







1


、用于表示“重要的、必须的、强制的”的形容词常见的有:


imp ortant



vital


(极重


要的)



critical



决定性的)



crucia l



决定性的)


necessary



essential



必不可少的)



urgen t



compulsory



obligatory


(必须的)


< p>
imperative


(必要的、紧急的)







2


、用于表示“惊奇的、令人不满的”的形容词常见的有:


strange



surprising



amazing



unthinkable



odd


(奇 怪的)



incredible


(不可 信的,不能相信的)



ridiculous

< br>。



十二、虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合








一句话中,句子的一部分采用虚拟语气的构成形式,另一部分则采用与事实相对应的


某一种时态,这样就形成了虚拟与不虚拟的错综混合的现象。在这种情况下,最为常


见的一个词是


but



一般 情况下在虚拟与不虚拟相混合的句子中,



but


引起的句子选


择与事实相对应的某一种时态,而不采用虚拟语气的构成形式。








例:


I would have come earlier, but I didn



t know you were waiting .


我本来可以早些到,



我不知道你在 等我。



十三、情态动词用于虚拟语气







记住以下句式及其含义:







1



should/ought to have done sth


本来应该做某事而未做







2



should not have done sth / ought not to have done sth


本来不应该做某事而做了







3



need have done sth


:本来需要做某事而未做







4



need not have done sth


本来不需要做某事而做了







5



could have done sth


本来能够做某事而未做







6



could not have done sth


本来不能够做某事而做了







7



might have done sth


本来可以做某事而未做







8



might not have done sth


本来不可以做某事而做了




第五节



非谓语动词



一、动词不定式







动词不定时的基本结构和用法







1


、动词不定式的基本结构及其否定式




一般式



完成式



进行式



主动形式




not



to make



not



to have made



not



to be making


被动形式




not



to be made



not



to have been made







2


、动词不定式的语法功能











动词不定式是一种非谓语动词形式,由不定式符号


to


加动词原形构成。在句子中可


以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语 。











例:



1< /p>



Good-bye, Mr. Wang. I



m pleased to meet you.















(2) Encouragement through praise is the most effective method of getting people to


do their best.








3


、动词不定式的被动式










当不定 式的逻辑主语(一般情况下是动词不定式前面的名词)是不定式所表示的动


作的对象(或 动作的承受者)时,不定式一般要用被动式。










例:


(< /p>


1



Mr. and Mrs. Smith didn



t expect the house to be decorated so well.













2



The ability to be clearly heard is very important for any speaker.






4


、动词不定式的完成式










当不定 式所表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动词不定时的完成


式。










例:



1



Judging from his manner at the party, he doesn



t seem to have received much


education.













2



The book is said to have been translated into several languages up to now.






5


、动词不定式的复合结构










如果需 要指出不定式所表示的动作的发出者


(即逻辑主语)


时,


要再不定式前用


for


加名词(或代词)表示 。










例:



1



It was very difficult for me to learn Spanish.













2



It is necessary for you to hand in the papers immediately.


6



同一 动词接不定式和动名词的区别






英语中有些动词既可以接动词不定式,又可以后接动名词,但 是两种形式所表达的意思


却是截然不同的。考试中常见的形式有:






Stop to do


:停下来去做另外一件事情





stop doing


:停下正在做的事情






Go on to do


:继续去做另外一件事情






go on doing


:继续做正在做的事情






Try to do


:尽力去做某事
















try doing


:尝试去做某事






Mean to do


:打算做某事
















mean doing


意味着某事






Remember to do


:记得要去做事情








remember doing


:记得曾经做过某事






Forget to do


:忘记要去做某事












forget doing


忘记曾经做过某事






Regret to do


:不得不去做某事












regret doing


后悔曾经做过某事






例:


1< /p>



The old man walked slowly, stopping frequently to rest.









2



Men will never stop searching for new ways of getting new energy.









3



You have been talking for two hours. How long do you intend to go on talking like


that?









4



Don



t forget to close the window before leaving the room.


二、动名词







动名词 即动词


ing


形式,在句子中可以充当主语、宾语、表语和定语 。







1


、动名词的基本形式




一般时



完成时



主动形式



Doing


Having


被动形式



Being done


Having been done





例:< /p>



1




Arriving for the lecture early is better than taking the chance of being late.









2




At school Li Ming ran into many problems, such as choosing classes and handling


his time.









3




Finding answers to these questions is something like a detective story.







2


、英语中后接动名词的常见动词有:












Admit



appreciate



avoid


(避免)



consider



delay



deny


(否认、拒绝)



enjoy



escape



finish



imagine



mis s



practice



risk



suggest


等。












例:


We shall appreciate hearing from you soon.






3


、英语中接动名词的常见词组有:










Be accustomed to doing



惯常的,


习惯于)



be used to doing



过去习惯)



devote to doing


(把?奉献、专用)



feel like doing



look forward to doing< /p>



object


(反感)



to doing



can



t help doing



have trouble


in



doing



have difficulty doing



have a hard timedoing


等。







4


、英语中后接动名词的常见形容词有:










Be busy doing



be worth doing


等。







5


、英语中后接动名词的常见名词有:










There is no use doing



there is no point

< p>
(意义)


doing



t here is no good doing










there is no need doing







6


、动名词的否定式










动名词 的否定式是在动名词前面直接加


not











例:


John suggested not saying anything about it until they found out more facts.






7


、动名词的逻辑主语










当动名词的逻辑主语是代词时可使用形容词性的物主代词。










例:< /p>



1




He forgot about my asking him to attend my wife



s birthday party.













2




I object to his making private calls on the office phone.

我反对他用办公室的


电话打私人电话







8


、动名词的完成时










当动名 词表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前时,用动名词的完成时。










例:< /p>



1




I don



t remember having ever said that.













2




I regret having done such a thing.


我后悔做了这样的事。







9


、动名词的被动式










例:< /p>



1




No one avoid being influenced by advertisements.













2




Susan was very unhappy for not having been invited to the party.


三、分词







1


、现在分词的具体形式:









一般式



完成式



主动形式



Doing


Having


被动形式



Being done


Having been done


过去分词的形式:


done






2


、现在分词和过去分词的区别以及分词在句子中的语法功能


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