-
动名词(
Gerund
)
动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式,
由动词
< br>
+
ing
构成,
否定形式为
not do
ing
,
兼有动词的特征和名词的功能。
一、动名词保留着动词的特征,
有时态和语态的变化。其时态语态形式如
下:
语态形式
主动形式
被动形式
时态形式
一般式
doing
being done
完成式
having done
having been done
二、动名词相当于名词,在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和定语
1
、
作主语
动名词是由动词变化而来,所以,动名词的意义往往是表示某个动作或某件
事情。例如:
Walking is good exercise.
走路是很好的运动
Seeing
is believing.
眼见为实。
Smoking may cause cancer.
吸烟可能导致癌症。
Coming
to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours.
乘火车到杭州要
16
个小时。
Swimming develops
the muscles.
游泳可以发展肌肉。
注意:动名词作主语时,对于一些比较长的动名词短语,一般采用
和
两种句式来表示
。例
如:
It takes me ten minutes
to get home from my
office.
我从办公室回家要花十分钟。
It needs time to make three
copies of it.
把它复制三份需要时间。
It's nice talking with
you.
和你谈话很高兴。
It's no use arguing with
him.
跟他争论没用。
It is no good learning without
practice.
学而不实践是没好处的。
There is no joking about
such matters.
这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no denying that she is very
efficient.
她效率高是不容否认的。
2
、作定语
动名词
作定语的情况并不是很普遍,一般只限于单个的动名词作定语,表
示
“
用于
……
的
”
或表示
“
处于某件事情中的
p>
……”
含义。例如:
swimming pool
游泳池
reading material
阅读材料
walking stick
手杖
floating needle
浮针
opening speech
开幕词
listening aid
助听器
waiting room
候车室
working people
劳动人民
3
、作表语
动名词作表语的时候,特别要注意
:不要与正在进行时混淆。动名词作表
语,表达的是
“
某件事
”
等。例如:
His part-time job is promoting new
products for the company.
(动名词)
他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。
Reading is for sure learning, but
applying is also learning to a greater extent.
(动名
词)读书当然是学习,然而运用在很大程度上更是学习。
注意:动名词作表语,容易与现在分词作表语相混淆。记住:动名词表语
表达
的是
“
某件事
”(
与不定式短语的意义相近
)
,而现在分词表语表示
“
具有某
个作用
”
p>
。
例如:
The situation is very much
encouraging.
(现在分词)
形势非常令人鼓舞。
His
present job is not that stimulating as he
expected.
(现在分词)
他现在的工作并不是那么有刺激性。
Their plan is to build another dormitory for their
staff this year.
(不定式)
他们的计划是今年再为员工们建一栋宿舍楼。
His wish is to become a pilot.
(不定式)
他的愿望是当飞行员。
4
、
作宾语
。动名词既可
以作动词的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。例如:
He is
fond of playing football.
I
like swimming.
①在下列动词或词组后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:
admit
,
appreciate<
/p>
,
avoid
,
consider
,
delay
,
p>
deny, dislike
,
enjoy
,
escape
,
excuse
,
face
,
feel like
,
finish
,
forgive
,
g
ive up
,
imagine
,
p>
include
,
keep
,
mention
,
mind
,
miss
,
practise
,
put off
,
resist
,
risk
,
suggest
,
can
’t help
(情不自禁)等。
②
下列动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别:
forget
,
go on
,
mean
,
regret
,
remember
,
stop
,<
/p>
try
。例如:
Let’s go on
studying Lesson 6.
(让我们继续学第六课。说明前面已学了一部分。)
Let’s go on to study Lesson 6.
(让我们接着学第六课。说明前面已学了第五课。)
I remember doing the exercise.
(我记得做过练习。)
I must
remember to do it.
(我必须记着做这事。)
I
tried not to go there.
(我设法不去那里。)
I
tried doing it again.
(我试着又干了一次。)
Stop
speaking.
(不要讲话。)
He stopped to talk.
(他停下来讲话。)
I mean
to come early today.
(我打算今天早些来。)
Missing the train means waiting for
another hour.
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
③在
allow
,
advise<
/p>
,
forbid
,
permit
等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如
果后面有
名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语。如:
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to
smoke.
④动词
need
p>
,
require
,
want
作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或
不定
式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做,
这时,
动名词的主动式表
示被动意义。
be
worth
后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义。如:
The window needs/requires/wants
cleaning/to be cleaned.
Her
method is worth trying.
⑤在短语
devote
to
,
look forward
to
,
stick
to
,
to be used
to
,
object
to
,
thank
you
for
,
excuse me
for
,
be(kept)
busy
,
have difficulty/trouble
/problem(in)
,
have a
good/wonderful/hard
time(in)
,
there’s no
use/good/need
,
feel/seem
like/get down
to
等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如:
I look forward to hearing from you
soon.
⑥在
love
,
hate
,
pref
er
,
like
等动词后用动名词或不
定式无多大区别。有时
用动名词作宾语时,指一般情况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体
行为。
⑦
start
,
begin
,
contin
ue
在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式。
p>
但
start
和
b
egin
在下列情况下一般跟不定式作宾语:
当主语是物而不是
人时;
当
start
或
begin
以
-ing
形式出
现时,当后面作宾语的动词表示感情、思想或意念
时。如:
It started to snow.
He is beginning to cook dinner. I began
to understand what
he meant.
⑧在
should(would)
like/love
等后须用不定式。
2
,
练习题
Ⅰ、单项选择:
1. No one
enjoys _______ at.
A.
laughing
B. to
laugh
C. being
laughed
D. to be laughed
2. You must do something to prevent
your house _______.
A. to be
broken in
B. from being broken
in
D. from breaking
in
C. to break in
3. They
insisted on _______ another chance to
try.
A. given
B. giving
C. being given
D. to be
given
4. --- Where is my
passport? I remember _______ it here.
--- You shouldn't have
left it here. Remember _______ it with you all the
time.
A. to
put
;
to take
C.
putting
;
to take
B.
putting
;
taking
D. to
put
;
taking
5. His room needs _______, so he must
have it _______.
A.
painting
;
painted
C.
painting
;
painting
B.
painted
;
painting
D.
painted
;
painted
6. After finishing his homework he went
on _______ a letter to his parents.
A. write
B.
writing
C. wrote
D.
to write
7. The young trees
we planted last week require _______ with great
care.