心理学专业外语翻译第13页

The freewill vs.

determinism debate in

psychology

Assumptions

Freewill

The

freewill

approach

assumes

that

humans

are

free

to

choose

their

behaviour,that

they are essentially self- determining.

Freewill dose not mean that behaviour

is

uncaused

in

the

sense

of

being

completely

random,but

assumes

that

influences(biological

or

environmental)can be rejected at will.

Soft

determinism(William

James,

1890)suggests

that

freewill

is

not

freedom

from

causation,but

freedom

from coercion

and constraint

–

if our

actions are voluntary and in line with

our conscious desired goals then they

are free.

Determinism

The

determinism

approach

assumes

that

every

physical

event

is

caused,and,since

human

behaviour

is

a

physical

event,it

follows

that

it

too

is caused by preceding

factors.

If

all

events

are

caused

and

perfect

knowledge

is

gained

of

the

current

state

of

the

universe

,it

follows

that

future events are entirely predictable.

Determinism,with

its

emphasis

on

causal laws is,

therefore, the basis of

science,

which

aims

to

reveal

those

laws to provide prediction and control

of the future.

Examples in psychology

心理学自由意志

与

决定论之争

假设

自由意志

自由意志假设人类自由选择 他们的

行为，人们在本质上是自我决定的。

自由意志并不是说行 为不是感官完

全随意引起的，而是假设（生物学

的或者环境的） 影响可以按照意愿

被拒绝。

软决定论（威廉姆詹姆斯

1890

）指

出自由意志在因果关系上并不

自由，而是高压统治下强制性的自

由，如 果我们的行为是主观控制的

并且在我们的意识目标里，那他们

是 自由的。

决定论

决定论通过假设所有的物理事 件都

是由此引起的，既然人类的行为是

物理事件那么人类的行为 同样是由

上述因素引起的。

如果所有的事件都是由此引起的并

且完美的知识是由宇宙的当前状态< /p>

获得的，那么未来的事实完全可以

预言的。

决定论，重点在因果法则上，因此，

科学的基础旨在展现这些法则，用

来提供预言和控制未来。

心理学中的例子

Freewill

Humanistic

psychology, proposed by

the likes of Rogers and Maslow,is the

strongest advocate of human freewill,

arguing that we are able to direct our

lives

towards

self-chosen

emphasis

on

free-will

is

most

apparent

in

humanistic

based

therapies,where

the

terms

client

and

facilitator

are

used

to

indicate

the

voluntary

nature

of

the

situation,and

the

idea

that

the

individual

has

the

power

to

solve

their

own

problems

through

stic

therapies

are usually non directive .

Cognitive

psychology

appears

to

adopt

a

soft

determinism

view

considering problem

solving and attentional mechanisms as

the

‘

choosers

’

of

thought

and

it

seems

that

we

select what we pay attention to, these

mechanisms

operate

with

the

parameters of their innate capabilities

and

our

past

experience(just

as

a

computer

cannot

choose

to

do

something

it

was

not

built

or

programmed

for)e.g

‘

perceptual

set

’

suggests

that

we

are

not

free

to

choose

what

we

r,language

and

metacognitive

abilities

may

allow

humans to

choose from

among many

possible

influences(Johnson- Laird,1988).

Determinism

The

majority

of

approaches

in

psychology

adopt

a

fairly

strict

deterministic

view

of

human

behaviour.

Behaviourism

took

an

extreme

environmental

determinism

自由意志

人本主义心理学，是人类自 由意志

的最强拥护者，

像

Roger< /p>

和

Maslow

，

提出我们能够使我们的生活朝着自

己选择的目标发展。自由意志的重

< br>点在人本主义疗法中最明显，其中

来访者和诱导者两个词语被用来揭

示一种自愿的自然的状态。个体有

通过洞察力解决自己的问题的能