-
v1.0
可编辑可修改
英语阅读理解主旨大意题的解题技巧
高考英语阅读理解主要考查考生能够在单位时间内快速阅读英语短文，了解短文的主题思
想，对文中信息进行分析、推理、判断，并把握上下文事实、细节之间的时空顺序和逻辑关
系，理解作者的意图、态度以及文章寓意的能力。
综观历年阅读理解题的设问，我们可
以看
出：试题设问手法灵活、
提问深入，
而且语篇意识进一步加强了；
不仅要求学生理解文章的
字面意
思，还要求学生理解文章的内在含义。
阅读理解的考查题型主
要有六大类：细节理解题，推理判断题，主旨大意题，词义猜测题，
判断作者意图、
态度、观点题和判断文章的基本结构题。
其中，主旨大意题型旨在考
察考生
通过快速阅读获取语篇的中心思想的能力，
以及辨别主要
信息和次要信息的能力。
要求考生
运用逻辑概括能力，
从文章的字里行间获取文章中的代表性观点和中心论点。
主旨大意题是<
/p>
考生容易出错的题型之一，
错误主要表现为：
概括文章中心时以偏概全
（只见树木不见森林）
，
概括性不够，或者概括过度，超出了文本的内容，
缺乏针对性。高考阅读
理解主旨大意题型
的命题形式主要有：
1. The main topic/subject
of the passge is _____.
2. What is
mainly discussed in the text/X
paragraph
？
3.
What is the main idea of the
passage
？
4. The
purpose of this passage is _____.
5.
The passage mainly focused on _____.
6.
What would be the best title/topic/headline of the
text
上述命题形式大致可以概括为三类：
选择段落或文章的主题思想、
写作目的和标题。
下
面结合高考实例来分析主旨大意题的解题技巧。
一、
文章或者某段落的主旨大意——主题句定位法
众所周知，
文章是由段落组成，
每个段落都是围绕某个
中心思想展开的一群句子的组合，
而
段落的中心思想又是为文章
主旨服务的。寻找文章中心思想的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，
1
v1.0
可编辑可修改
找出每一小段的主题句，
然后通过寻找共同点，
找
出整个文章的主题句，
这是找准文章主题
大意的关键。
主题句是文章的核心，
它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子。
找到了文
章的主题句，
文章的中心思想也就
显而易见了。
但是由于文章表现手法各不相同，
主题句出
现的位置也不尽相同。
在多数情况下，
尤其在
说明文和议论文中，
主题句在文章中的位置通
常有三种：开头、
文中和文末。解题时，我们通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段
和首尾句（包括
每一段的首尾句）
，重点搜索主题线索和脉络。下面阐述五种主题呈现的方
式：
1
．开门见山式
主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。这种
< br>写作手法叫做演绎法，
在英语文章中尤为常见，
这种文章
的主题句最容易找到，
故主题思想
显而易见。
< br>
（
2005
年全国高考重庆
卷
E
篇）
：
In modern society there is a great deal
of argument about competition. Some value
it highly, believing that it is
responsible for social progress and prosperity.
Others say that competition is
bad
，
that it sets one person
against another; that
it leads to
unfriendly relationship between people.
①
What does this
passage mainly talk about_________
helps to set up self-respect.
about
competition are different among people.
is harmful to personal quality
development.
D. Failures are necessary
experience in competition.
2
．藏头露尾式
主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，叫做归纳
< br>写作法，主题句往往位于末段。这一类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。
On the Internet, we can read news at
home and abroad and get as much information
2
v1.0
可编辑可修改
as we can.
We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to
our families as well
as to our friends
by
Internet. What’s more, we can go to
school on the net, read
a
lot
of
books
and
even
teach
ourselves
foreign
languages.
We
also
enjoy
music,
watch
ball matches on the
net and play computer games. With the help of the
net, we can
do
shopping
even
without
leaving
our
homes.
The
Internet
is
playing
a
more
and
more
important part in our daily
life.
②What’s
the main idea of the passage
________
A. Keep away from the Internet.
B. Surf the net.
C. The
Internet is playing an important part in our daily
life.
D. We can entertain ourselves on
the Internet.
3
．首尾呼应式
在有些文章中，
< br>为了突出主题，
作者在文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，
在结
尾时再次点出主题，
这种首尾呼应的写作方式也很
常见。
值得注意的是，
前后两个主题句不
是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面主题句的进一步引申或发展。
Lacrosse(
曲棍球
) is
a popular sport in Canada. The Indians in Canada
invented it.
They used it to train for
war. They invented this game before Columbus
arrived in
the New World.
People
play
lacrosse
outdoors.
The
lacrosse
field
is
seven
meters
long.
At
each
end
of the
field there is a goal. The goal is…
There are many lacrosse clubs and
lacrosse teams all over Canada. Every night
Canadians can watch the lacrosse games
on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over
the radio.
At one time
lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.
Today it is still
popular with
Canadians.
3
v1.0
可编辑可修改
③
The passage is mainly about
_________
.
A.
How to Play Lacrosse
B. Lacrosse in
Canada
C. The History of Lacrosse
D. Lacrosse
—
A
Popular Game in Canada
4
．抛砖引玉式
即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或
者貌似正确的观点，
而真正的主题则是通过对问题的
解析和引申
，或是通过责问和驳论的方式导出主题。
How
could
we
possibly
think
that
keeping
animals
in
cages
in
unnatural
environments
－
mostly for entertainment
purposes
－
is fair and
respectful
？
Zoo
officials say they are concerned about animals.
However, most zoos remain
“collections”
of interesting “things” rather than protective
habitats (栖息
地). …
Zoos
claim
(
声称
)
to
educate
people
and
save
endangered
species(
物种
),
but
visitors
leave zoos without having learned
anything meaningful about the animals’ natural
behavior, intelligence, or
beauty….
…
Actually, we will save endangered
species only if we save their habitat and put an
end to the reasons people kill them.
Instead of
supporting
zoos, we should support
groups that work to protect animals’
natural habitats.
④
What does the author try to
argue in the passage_________
are not
worth the public support.
fail in
their attempt to save animals.
should
treat animals as human beings.
4
v1.0
可编辑可修改
use animals as a means of
entertainment.
5
．藏龙卧虎式
即主题句隐含在全文当中，
没有明确的主题句。
阅读这样的文章，
要求考
生根据文章的
细节来分析、
概括推导出文章的主题。
具体方法是：
首先弄清楚各个段落讲了哪几个方面的
内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻找共同点
,
然后加以
归纳形成主题。
Handshaking,
though
a
European
practice
is
often
seen
in
big
cities
of
China.
Nobody
knows exactly when
the practice started in Europe. It is said that
long long ago
in
Europe
when
people
met,
they
showed
their
unarmed(
无武器的
)
hands
to
each
other
as a sign of goodwill.
As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly,
people in
cities began to clap each
other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an
agreement.
This practice was later
changed into shaking hands among friends on
meeting or
leaving
each
other.
“Let’s
shake
(hands)
on
it”
sometimes
means
agreement
reached.
⑤
The
first paragraph mainly tells us ______.
A. where handshaking was first
practiced
B. how handshaking came about
C. about the relationship between
handshaking and trade
D. about the
practice of handshaking both in Europe and in
China
二、选择最好的标题——选帽原则
标
题可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章内容，点明文章主题，它是文章
中心思想最精练的表达形式。
那如何选择文章的标题呢如同选择文章的主题思想一样，<
/p>
标题
要有概括性、全面性、针对性。标题要避免概括不够，即以部
分代整体，或以事实细节代替
具体的大意；也要避免概括过度，即脱离了文本内容的过度
发挥，
导致标题范围太大，
缺乏
针对性
。像帽子一样，大小合适才行。
另外，标题要简洁、突出、新
颖。标题是文章的点睛之笔，所以它还要具有醒目的特点，能
吸引读者。
5
v1.0
可编辑可修改
例一
He wishes the holiday
season would end already. His back aches, his red
suit
feels like a spacesuit, his cheeks
have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours
…
The questions from
children these days are harder than ever. Now,
with thousands
of
children
expecting
a
father
or
mother serving
in Iraq
or
Afghanistan, the
questions
are as heart-
breaking as they are
unanswerable. For example, “Can you
please bring Daddy home from the war in
time for Christmas morning”
Santas also have a pretty good chance
of getting sued (
指控)…
⑥
What would be the best
title for the passage __________
A
．
Christmas: Not
a Good Festival for Santas
B
．
Is Santa Claus
Really Alive
C
．
A
Christmas Story
D
．
What Does Santa
Claus Do for Children
？
例二
I suddenly heard an
elephant crying as though frightened. Looking
down, I
immediately recognized that
something was wrong, and ran down to the edge of
the
near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with
her three-month-old calf struggling in the
fast-rising
water,
and
it
was
a
life-and-death
struggle.
Her
calf
was
floating
and
screaming with fear.
… …
While I was wondering what I could do
next, I heard the sound of a mother’s love.
Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got
up the bank and was making her way back as
fast as she could, roaring
(
吼叫
) all the time, but to
her calf it was music.
⑦
What can be the best title
for the text
A Mother’s
Love
A Brave Act
Deadly River
6
v1.0
可编辑可修改
A Matter of Life and Death
一般情
况下，考生在做阅读理解题时，首先要快速浏览，预测大意
,
然
后灵活交替使用
跳读、回读、细读等方式，寻找有用的信息，验证和纠正先前的预测。其
次，对关键句子要
仔细解读
,
如文章的
首尾段和首尾句，抓住大意，确定文章的主题思想，分清层次，辨别主
题和细节。
一旦考生弄清楚文章主旨大意，
那么在做其他的细节理解题、
推理判断题和词义
猜测题的时候，都会有一个正确的方向，做题的正确率
也会大大提高。
三．其他注意事项
(
一
)
特别
关注结论性或者转折性的语言，文中出现的连词（转折
but/
however
，因果
so/
therefore
，或一些常见但在文章中间出现有一定目的的词
（
in fact, the study shows
that…, for example, in
short）
,
这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句
。
(
二
)
关注高频词
(
常为名词
)
（三）在选择正确答案的过程中，尽量要避免选择过于绝对的选项。例如：选项中包含有
all, completely, only, almost, absolutely, defini
tely
等。通常正确的答案有一定的
概括性和结论性，
过于细节的选项往往不是正确答案，
而过于笼统的选项则往往缺乏准确
性，
或者过于片面，需要我们在选择时注意。
四．一种特殊的做题方法
-----
假定标题写作法；
这是一种逆向思维的方法。
这种方法
就是先设定某一个选项为正确的文章标题，
那么，
按照
这个标题文章通常应该怎么写、
写什么呢根据标题里的核心词，
我们可以在头脑里大致确定
一下文章的结构和内容，
如果二者与阅读短文基本相同，
就可以判断该项正确；
如果
与短文
大相径庭，就可以判断该项不对。
使用这种方法的关键是找出标题中的核心词。
Passage 7 (2009
年浙江英语卷
E
篇
)
Four
people
in
England,
back
in
1953,
stared
at
photo
51.
It
wasn’t
much
–
a
picture
showing a black X. But three of these
people won the Nobel Prize for figuring out
what the photo really
showed
—
the shape of DNA. The
discovery brought fame and
fortune
to
scientists
James
Watson,
Francis
crick,
and
Maurice
Wilkins.
The
fourth,
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
上一篇：如何做高考英语阅读理解推断题
下一篇：初二英语阅读理解与完形填空教案